General Physics (Phys 1011), Lecture note Acc year 2024/2025 GC
Chapter three, Kinematics in Two Dimensions
The motion of a particle in a plane is called 2-dimensional motion. Some examples are: Projectile motion, Circular motion, motion in a plane (planar motion) A position vector (𝑟⃗) defines a point's location in space relative to a reference point, typically the origin. In two-dimensional space, it is represented as 𝑟⃗ = (𝑥, 𝑦), where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are the coordinates along the 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes, respectively. 1. Displacement, Velocity and acceleration in two dimensions Position (Displacement) Suppose a particle moves in a plane along the curve as shown in figure. At time 𝑡1 the particle is at point P and at some later time 𝑡2 , the particle is at Q. As the particle moves from P to Q in the time interval ∆𝑡 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 , the position vector changes from 𝑟2 to 𝑟1. from the triangle rule of vector addition, we can write 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑂𝑄 → 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑂𝑄 − 𝑂𝑃
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑟2 - 𝑟1 or ∆𝑟 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 Here 𝑟1 = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑦1 𝑗̂ and 𝑟2 = 𝑥2 𝑖̂ + 𝑦2 𝑗̂ 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑗̂ = ∆𝑥𝑖̂ + ∆𝑦𝑗̂ hence ∆𝑟 = ∆𝑥𝑖 + ∆𝑦𝑗: where ∆𝑥 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) and ∆𝑦 = (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) So, we see here that motion in an 𝑥, 𝑦 plane can be simplified into two separate motions; one in the x-direction and one in the y-direction. • Velocity: rate of change of position, everything is the same as in one-dimensional kinematics except that we must now use full vector notation rather than positive and negative signs to indicate the direction of motion. We define the particle’s average velocity during the time interval ∆𝑡 as the ratios of the displacement of that time interval. ∆𝑟⃗ ∆𝑥⃗ ⃗⃗ ∆𝑦 𝑉𝑎𝑣 = 𝑉𝑎𝑣,𝑥 = and 𝑉𝑎𝑣,𝑦 = ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
∆𝑟⃗ ∆𝑥𝑖 ∆𝑦𝑖
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = = + ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 𝛥𝑟̅ The instantaneous velocity 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 is defined as the limit of the average velocity 𝛥𝑡 as 𝛥𝑡 approaches zero: ∆𝑟 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 lim = lim [( 𝑖 + 𝑗), 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗 ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
1 | Page Bogale. T General Physics (Phys 1011), Lecture note Acc year 2024/2025 GC
The direction of the instantaneous velocity vector is along a line that is tangent to the object’s path and in the direction of its motion.
• Acceleration: An object’s average acceleration during a time interval 𝛥𝑡 is the change in
⃗⃗ divided by 𝛥𝑡, or its velocity 𝛥𝑉 Average acceleration has components given by
When the average acceleration of a particle changes during different time intervals, it is useful to define its instantaneous acceleration. The instantaneous acceleration 𝑎⃗ is defined as the limiting ̅ 𝛥𝑉 value of the ratio as 𝛥𝑡 approaches zero: 𝛥𝑡
1. Which of the following objects can’t be accelerating?
a. An object moving with a constant speed; b. an object moving with a constant velocity; c. an object moving along a curve. 2. Explain whether the following particles do or do not have an acceleration: a. a particle moving in a straight line with constant speed and b. a particle moving around a curve with constant speed. 2. Projectile motion: Projectile motion refers to the movement of a ball or body through the air, influenced only by its weight and air resistance.
In analyzing projectile motion, here are the assumptions:
1. Neglecting Air Resistance: The effects of air resistance are often ignored, meaning the only force acting on the projectile after it is launched is gravity. 2. Constant Acceleration Due to Gravity (𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠2 )
Fig. The parabolic trajectory of a
particle that leaves the origin with a velocity of 𝑉0
In projectile motion, we observe
both horizontal and vertical movements, which operate independently. Horizontally, the motion is uniform (𝑎̅𝑥 = 0) with constant velocity, while vertically, the motion is uniformly accelerating (𝑎̅𝑦 =
2 | Page Bogale. T General Physics (Phys 1011), Lecture note Acc year 2024/2025 GC
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) with constant acceleration. We assume that at 𝑡 = 0, the projectile leaves the origin with an initial velocity 𝑉0 at launching angle 𝜃.
where 𝑉̅𝑜𝑥 is the initial velocity (at 𝑡 = 0) in the x-direction and 𝑉̅𝑜𝑦 is the initial velocity in the y-direction.
whereas the horizontal displacement is simply
horizontal and vertical displacement of the motion which is mathematically
Examples
1. Drive equation for
(a) The maximum height to which a projectile rise above the horizontal plan of the projection (b) The maximum horizontal displacement (Range) (c) The total time taken by the object to return to the same level.
2. An Alaskan rescue plane drops a package of emergency rations to stranded hikers, as shown in the following figure below. The plane is traveling horizontally at 60 m/s at a height of 80 m above the ground. Neglect air resistance. (a) Where does the package strike the ground relative to the point at which it was released? (b) What are the horizontal and vertical components of the velocity of the package just before it hits the ground? (c) What is the angle of the impact?
3 | Page Bogale. T General Physics (Phys 1011), Lecture note Acc year 2024/2025 GC
Circular motion is a type of motion in a plane in which a particle moves around a fixed point such that its distance from a fixed point is constant.
Uniform Circular Motion
Suppose a car moves on a circular path uniformly, as shown in the figure a, below. The velocity vector is always tangent to the path of the object and perpendicular to the radius of the circular path. There is an acceleration vector (centripetal acceleration (centripetal means centre- seeking)) in such motion and is always perpendicular to the path and points toward the center of the circle.
4 | Page Bogale. T General Physics (Phys 1011), Lecture note Acc year 2024/2025 GC
The particle moves once around a circle of radius 𝑟 and travels the circumference of 2𝜋𝑟 is represented by:
Thus, the average angular velocity (𝜔𝑎𝑣 ), the rate
at which a particle's angular position is changing as it moves around a circle, is mathematically defined as:
∆𝜃 𝜃𝑓 − 𝜃𝑖 𝜔𝑎𝑣 = = ∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖
This formula is completely analogous to the
definition of velocity in terms of position and rad/s, rev/s, and rev/min are all common units.
In the case of uniform circular motion, the magnitude of centripetal acceleration(𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛 ) is
constant and this acceleration comes due to changing direction rather than changing speed. Acceleration vector points toward the center of the circle see fig below.
5 | Page Bogale. T General Physics (Phys 1011), Lecture note Acc year 2024/2025 GC
Note: Centripetal acceleration is constant during
uniform circular motion, but the direction of acceleration is constantly changing. Thus, the constant-acceleration kinematics equations do not apply to circular motion.
The instantaneous value of 𝝎 is the limit in which
Δ𝑡 →0. Similarly, the angular acceleration is defined as, ∆𝜔 𝜔𝑓 − 𝜔𝑖 𝛼𝑎𝑣 = = ∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖
Furthermore, all of the constant acceleration formulae and understanding of graphs of position versus time are completely analogous (𝑥 → 𝜃, 𝑣⃗ → 𝜔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎⃗ → 𝛼).
Note that in angular problems counterclockwise is positive. It is also possible to get the relations between linear and angular kinematics.
𝑠 = ∆𝜃𝑟, and ⃗⃗ = ∆𝑆 = 𝑟 ∆𝜃 = 𝑟𝜔 𝑉 and also 𝑎⃗ = ∆𝑉 =𝑟 ∆𝜔 = 𝑟𝛼 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
Example:
1. The planet Mars takes approximately 687 Earth days to complete one orbit around the Sun. What is its angular velocity ω? Given that the average distance from Mars to the Sun is about 2.28×1011 meters, what is the linear velocity of Mars with respect to the Sun?
6 | Page Bogale. T General Physics (Phys 1011), Lecture note Acc year 2024/2025 GC
2. A car travels in a circular path with a radius of 30 𝑚𝑚. The speed of the car increases uniformly from 10 𝑚/𝑠 to 15 𝑚/𝑠 over a period of 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠. Calculate the angular acceleration of the car.
the path; however, the acceleration vector 𝒂 is at some angle to the path. At each of three points A, B, and C.
The total acceleration vector 𝒂⃗⃗ can be
written as the vector sum of the radial (𝒂̅𝒓) and tangential (𝒂̅𝒕) component vectors:
𝑎⃗ = 𝑎⃗𝑡 + 𝑎⃗𝑟 The tangential acceleration component causes the change in the speed of the particle. This component is parallel to the tangential velocity and is given by:
∆𝑣𝑡 𝑎⃗𝑡 = ∆𝑡 The radial acceleration component arises from the change in direction of the velocity vector and is given by
𝑣2 𝑎⃗𝑟 = 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑟 Where 𝑟 is the radius of curvature and magnitude of 𝑎 ⃗ is given by:
2 2 |⃗𝑎 ⃗⃗| = √⃗𝑎 ⃗⃗𝑟 + ⃗𝑎 ⃗⃗𝑡
7 | Page Bogale. T General Physics (Phys 1011), Lecture note Acc year 2024/2025 GC
Example
1. A motorcycle accelerates uniformly at 0.25 m/s² along a curved track with a radius of 40m. At the top of a hill, the motorcycle's velocity is horizontal with a magnitude of 8.0 m/s. Determine magnitude and direction of the total acceleration vector of the motorcycle at that moment.
