Tissues

Arvin C. Diamante
Master Teacher II
Nicolas L. Galvez Memorial Integrated National High School
September14, 2022
Tissues

 Tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and

that function together as a unit.
 A nonliving material, called the intercellular matrix,
fills the spaces between the cells.
 This may be abundant in some tissues and minimal in
others.
I. ANIMAL TISSUES
Four (4) General Categories
of Animal Tissues
 a. epithelial
 b. connective
 c. muscle
 d. nerve
A. Epithelial Tissues

 Epithelial tissues form the outer covering of the skin

and also lines the body cavity.
 They perform various functions such as absorption,
protection, sensation, and secretion.
 Epithelia that is composed of a single layer of cells are
called simple epithelia; epithelial tissue composed of
multiple layers is called stratified epithelia.
 Naming or classifying epithelial
tissue

1. First Name
a. Simple
b. Stratified
c. Pseudostratified

2. Second name
a. Cuboidal
b. Squamous
c. Columnar
Table 1. Different Types of
Epithelial Tissues
Squamous epithelia cells (a) have a slightly irregular shape,
and a small, centrally located nucleus. These cells can be
stratified into layers, as in (b) this human cervix specimen.

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells

line tubules in the mammalian
kidney, where they are involved
in filtering the blood.
Simple columnar
epithelial cells
absorb material
from the
digestive tract.
Goblet cells
secret mucous
into the
digestive tract
lumen.

Transitional epithelia
of the urinary
bladder undergo
changes in thickness
depending on how
full the bladder is.
B. Connective Tissues

 Connective tissues bind structures together, form a

framework and support for organs and the body as a
whole, store fat, transport substances, protect against
disease, and help repair tissue damage.
 Connective tissues are characterized by an abundance
of intercellular matrix with relatively few cells.
 They occur throughout the body.
Table 2. Different Types of
Connective Tissues
 Loose connective tissue is composed of loosely Fibrous connective tissue from the tendon has
woven collagen and elastic fibers. The fibers and strands of collagen fibers lined up in parallel.
other components of the connective tissue matrix
are secreted by fibroblasts.

Hyaline cartilage consists of a matrix with cells Adipose is a connective tissue made up of cells
called chondrocytes embedded in it. The called adipocytes. Adipocytes have small nuclei
chondrocytes exist in cavities in the matrix called localized at the cell edge.
lacunae.
 (a) Compact bone is a dense matrix on the outer surface of bone. Spongy bone, inside the compact
bone, is porous with web-like trabeculae. (b) Compact bone is organized into rings called osteons.
Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels are found in the central Haversian canal. Rings of
lamellae surround the Haversian canal. Between the lamellae are cavities called lacunae. Canaliculi
are microchannels connecting the lacunae together. (c) Osteoblasts surround the exterior of the
bone. Osteoclasts bore tunnels into the bone and osteocytes are found in the lacunae.
Blood is a connective tissue that has a fluid matrix, called plasma,
and no fibers. Erythrocytes (red blood cells), the predominant cell
type, are involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Also present are various leukocytes (white blood cells) involved in
immune response.
C. Muscle Tissues

 There are three (3) types of muscle in animal bodies:

smooth, skeletal, and cardiac.
 They differ by the presence or absence of striations or
bands, the number and location of nuclei, whether they
are voluntarily or involuntarily controlled, and their
location within the body.
Table 3. Different Types of
Muscle Tissues
 Smooth muscle cells do not have striations, while skeletal muscle
cells do. Cardiac muscle cells have striations, but, unlike the
multinucleate skeletal cells, they have only one nucleus. Cardiac
muscle tissue also has intercalated discs, specialized regions
running along the plasma membrane that join adjacent cardiac
muscle cells and assist in passing an electrical impulse from cell to
cell.
1. Smooth Muscle Tissues

 Smooth muscle does not have striations in its cells. It

has a single, centrally located nucleus.
 Constriction of smooth muscle occurs under involuntary,
autonomic nervous control and in response to local
conditions in the tissues.
 The walls of blood vessels, the tubes of the digestive
system, and the tubes of the reproductive systems are
composed of mostly smooth muscle.
2. Skeletal Muscle Tissues

 Skeletal muscle has striations across its cells caused by

the arrangement of the contractile proteins actin and
myosin.
 These muscle cells are relatively long and have multiple
nuclei along the edge of the cell.
 Skeletal muscle is under voluntary, somatic nervous
system control and is found in the muscles that move
bones.
3. Cardiac Muscle Tissues

 Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart.

 Like skeletal muscle, it has cross striations in its cells,
but cardiac muscle has a single, centrally located
nucleus.
 It is not under voluntary control but can be influenced
by the autonomic nervous system to speed up or slow
down.
 An added feature to cardiac muscle cells is a line than
extends along the end of the cell as it abuts the next
cardiac cell in the row. This line is called an
intercalated disc: it assists in passing electrical impulse
efficiently from one cell to the next and maintains the
strong connection between neighboring cardiac cells.
D. Nervous Tissues

 Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and

nerves.
 Nervous tissues are made of cells specialized to receive
and transmit electrical impulses from specific areas of
the body and to send them to specific locations in the
body.
 It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many
body activities.
 A nerve consists of neurons and glial cells.
 The neuron has projections called dendrites that receive signals
and projections called axons that send signals. Also shown are two
types of glial cells: astrocytes regulate the chemical environment
of the nerve cell, and oligodendrocytes insulate the axon so the
electrical nerve impulse is transferred more efficiently.
 stem

leaf

root

II. PLANT TISSUES

Four (4) General Categories
of Plant Tissues
 Dermal Tissues
 Vascular Tissues
 Ground Tissues
A. Dermal Tissues

 Dermal tissue covers and protects the plant, and

controls gas exchange, and water absorption (in roots).
 Dermal tissue covers the plant and can be found on the
outer layer of roots, stems and leaves. Its main
functions are transpiration, gas exchange, and defense.
 Dermal tissue of the stems and leaves is covered by a
waxy cuticle that prevents evaporative water loss.
 Dermal tissue covers the outside of a plant.
 protects the plant
 secretes cuticle of leaves
 forms outer bark of trees
 Stomata are specialized pores that allow gas exchange
through holes in the cuticle. Unlike the stem and
leaves, the root epidermis is not covered by a waxy
cuticle which would prevent absorption of water.
 Root hairs, which are extensions of root epidermal
cells, increase the surface area of the root, greatly
contributing to the absorption of water and minerals.
 Trichomes, or small hair-like or spikey outgrowths of
epidermal tissue, may be present on the stem and
leaves, and aid in defense against herbivores.
Openings called stomata (singular: stoma) allow a plant to take up
carbon dioxide and release oxygen and water vapor. The (a)
colorized scanning-electron micrograph shows a closed stoma of a
eudicot. Each stoma is flanked by two guard cells that regulate its
(b) opening and closing. The guard cells are more curved when the
stoma is open compared to when it is closed. The (c) guard cells sit
within the layer of epidermal cells
 Roots hairs are cylindrical
extensions of root epidermal
cells that are important for
acquisition of nutrients, microbe
interactions, and plant
anchorage.

Trichomes are epidermal

appendages found on the stems
and leaves of many plants
that store and secrete secondary
metabolites in a species- and
cultivar-specific fashion. The
accumulation of these toxic
compounds at the plant's
surface may provide a first line
of defense against insects,
pathogens, and herbivores.
B. Vascular Tissues

 Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and sugars

to different parts of the plant.
 Vascular tissue is made of two specialized conducting
tissues: xylem and phloem.
 Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and organic
compounds.
 two networks of hollow tubes
 xylem transports water and minerals
 phloem transports photosynthetic products
 Xylem tissue transports water and nutrients from the
roots to different parts of the plant, and also plays a
role in structural support in the stem.
 Phloem tissue transports organic compounds from the
site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant.
 The xylem and phloem always lie adjacent to each
other in a vascular bundle.
Table 4. Difference between
Xylem and Phloem
C. Ground Tissues

 Ground tissue carries out different functions based on

the cell type and location in the plant.
 Ground tissue is often divided into three cell types:
collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and parenchyma.
 Ground tissue is found inside a plant.
 provides support
 stores materials in roots and stems
 most commonly made of parenchyma
1. Parenchyma

 Parenchyma cells are the most common plant cell type.

 store starch, oils and water
 help heal wounds to the plant
 have thin flexible walls
2. Collenchyma

• Collenchyma cells provide support to a growing plant.

 they are strong and flexible.
 celery strings are strands of collenchyma.
 they have unevenly thick cell walls.
•
3. Schlerenchyma

• Sclerenchyma cells are the strongest plant cell type.

 second cell wall hardened by lignin
 die when they reach maturity
 used by humans to make linen and rope