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Binary Operations For SS3 Mathematics

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79 views2 pages

Binary Operations For SS3 Mathematics

Uploaded by

Arinze Samson
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BINARY OPERATIONS

Binary operations involve combining two elements (numbers) to produce another


element. A binary operation on a set (S) is a rule that assigns to each ordered pair of elements in S
a unique element in S. Common pair of elements in S a unique element in S. Common symbols used
for binary operations are: ∗, ⊗, ⊝, etc.
These operations are fundamental in Mathematics and are used in various fields such as
algebra, computer science and logic.

PROPERTIES OF BINARY OPERATIONS


1. Closure Property: A binary operation ∗ on a non-empty set X possesses closure property, if
𝑝 ∈ 𝑋, 𝑞 ∈ 𝑋 ⇒ 𝑝 ⋇ 𝑞 ∈ 𝑋.
Example: A binary operation ∗ is defined on the set 𝑆 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} by 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦.
Find: (a) 2 ∗ 4 (b) 3 ∗ 1 (c) 0 ∗ 3 (d) Is the set 𝑆 closed under the operation ∗?
Solution
a. 2 ∗ 4, that is, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4,
𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦
2 ∗ 4 = 2 + 4 − 2(4) = 6 − 8 = −2
b. 3 ∗ 1 = 3 + 1 − 3(1) = 4 − 3 = 1
c. 0 ∗ 3 = 0 + 3 − 0(3) = 3 − 0 = 3
d. Since 2 ∗ 4 gave a resultant of −2 and −2 ∉ 𝑆, therefore, the operation ∗ is not closed in S.

2. Commutativity Property: If a non-empty set S is closed under the binary operation ∗, for all
𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑆, then the operation ∗ is commutative if 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑏 ∗ 𝑎. Therefore, a binary operation is
commutative if the order of combination does not affect the result.
Example: The operation ∗ on the set ℝ of real numbers is defined by: 𝑝 ∗ 𝑞 = 𝑝3 + 𝑞 𝑒 − 3𝑝𝑞. Is
the operation commutative?
Solution
3 3
𝑝 ∗ 𝑞 = 𝑝 + 𝑞 − 3𝑝𝑞
The commutative condition of 𝑝 ∗ 𝑞 = 𝑞 ∗ 𝑝.
Hence, 𝑞 ∗ 𝑝 = 𝑞 3 + 𝑝3 − 3𝑞𝑝. This will give the same result as 𝑝 ∗ 𝑞 under the
operation ∗.
In conclusion, 𝑝 ∗ 𝑞 = 𝑞 ∗ 𝑝, therefore, the operation is commutative.

3. Associativity Property: If a non-empty set S is closed under a binary operation ∗, that is, 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈
𝑆, then the binary operation ∗ is associative if (𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐 = 𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗ 𝑐), such that 𝑐 also belongs
to 𝑆.
Suppose ℕ be the set of natural numbers and multiplication be the binary operation. Let
𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 5, 𝑐 = 3.
𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐) = 4 × (5 × 3) = 4 × 15 = 60 and (𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐 = (4 × 5) × 3 = 20 × 3 = 60.
Therefore, we can say that multiplication is associative.
4. Distributive Property: Let ∗ and ⊖ be two binary operations defined on a non-empty set A.
The binary operations are distributive if 𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ⊖ 𝑐) = (𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ⊝ (𝑎 ∗ 𝑐).
Consider ∗ to be multiplication and ⊖ be subtraction. Let 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 5, 𝑐 = 4. Then,
𝑎 ∗ ⊖ 𝑐) = 2 × (5 − 4) = 2 × 1 = 2 and (𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ⊖ (𝑎 ∗ 𝑐) = (2 × 5) − (2 × 4) = 10 −
(𝑏
8 = 2. Therefore, the binary operations are distributive.

5. Identity Property: If A be the non-empty set and ∗ be the binary operation on A. An element
𝑒 is the identity element of 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, if 𝑎 ∗ 𝑒 = 𝑎 = 𝑒 ∗ 𝑎. If the binary operation is addition (+),
then 𝑒 = 0, and if ∗ is multiplication (×), 𝑒 = 1.

6. Inverse Property: If a binary operation ∗ on a set A which satisfies 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑏 ∗ 𝑎 = 𝑒, for all


𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑎−1 is invertible if for 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑏 ∗ 𝑎 = 𝑒, 𝑎−1 = 𝑏. For instance, 1 is invertible when
∗ is multiplication.

Points to note:
a. Many sets that you might be familiar to are closed under certain binary operators, whereas
many are not. Thus, the set of odd integers remains closed under multiplication, as the
product of two odd integers is always odd. However, it is not closed under addition, as the
sum of two odd numbers is never odd.
b. A non-binary operation refers to a mathematical process which only requires one number to
achieve something. Examples of binary operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division, while examples of non-binary operations consist of square roots, factorials, as
well as absolute values.
c. An identity element in a binary operation refers to a special kind of element of a set with
regards to a binary operation on that set, that leaves an element of the set unaffected when
combined with it. We use this concept in algebraic structures like groups and rings.

Study Work: Go through all the work that we have done for the term, identify your weak points
and note them down for the revision classes.

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