Chemistry Investigatory Project: To Study The Rate of Diffusion of Solids in Liquids

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CHEMISTRY

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

To Study the rate of Diffusion


of Solids in Liquids

Done By : Cristin Thomas

Under the guidance of: Mrs. Elizabeth Thomas

DON BODCO SCHOOL,


ALAKNANDA, NEW DELHI
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Cristin Thomas of Class XII has


successfully completed the project on “RATE OF
DIFFUSION OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS” during Academic
Year of 2024-2025, as per the guidelines issued by the
Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).

This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge in


plagiarism of any kind. The references taken in making this
project have been mentioned at this project.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Principal
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone
who contributed to the completion of this Chemistry Project.

First and foremost I would like to thank Rev. Fr. Sujith


Augustine SDB for providing the necessary facilities and
resources that enabled me to complete the project. I would
like to extend my gratitude to Mrs Elizabeth Thomas Maa’m
for her valuable guidance, support and encouragement
throughout this project. Her insights and knowledge helped
to understand the concepts and carry out the research
effectively.

Special thanks to the School Lab Assistants Mr Sourabh


Toppo & Mr Nikhil Kumar for their assistance in providing
access Laboratory materials.

Lastly, I am grateful to my family and friends for their


constant encouragement and support during the course of
this project.

Sincerely,

Cristin Thomas

Study of Diffusion of solids in Liquids


CONTENT
• Aim

• Introduction

• Properties of solutions

• Objective

• Experiment 1

• Experiment 2

• Experiment 3

• Result

• Bibliography
AIM
Study of Diffusion of solids in liquids

INTRODUCTION
When substances are brought in contact with each other they intermix, this
property is known as Diffusion. This property of diffusion takes place very
rapidly in case of gases and to a lesser extent in case of liquids, whereas
solids do not show this process of diffusion with each other. But what we
can observe in case of solids is that the diffusion of solids in liquids takes
place at a very slow rate.

If a solid is kept in contact with an excess of solvent in which it is soluble,


some portion of the solid gets dissolved. We know that this process is
known as dissolution of a solid in liquid and this process has taken place
due to the diffusion of solid particles into liquid.

A solution is a homogenous mixture of substances with variable


composition. The substance present in the major proportion is called the
solvent, whereas the substance present in the minor proportion is called the
solute. It is possible to have solutions composed of several solutes. The
process of a solute dissolving in a solute is called dissolution.

Many common mixtures (like concrete) are heterogeneous —the


components and properties of such mixtures are not distributed uniformly
throughout their structures. Conversely, solutions are said to be
homogeneous because they have uniform composition and properties.
Solutions are intimate and random homogeneous mixtures of atomic-size
chemical species, ions, or molecules.

In addition to their observed homogeneity, true solutions also have certain


other characteristics. For example, components of a solution never separate
spontaneously, even when a significant density difference exists between
the components. Solutions also pass through the finest filters unchanged.
Molecules of solute are in constant random motion due to the collision
between molecules of solute and that of the solvent. It is this physical
interaction between solute-solvent particles that leads to diffusion.

The components of a solution distribute themselves in a completely random


manner, given sufficient time. For example, a lump of sugar dropped into a
glass of water dissolves, and eventually molecules of sugar can be found
randomly distributed throughout the water, even though no mechanical
stirri ng has been employed. This phenomenon, called diffusion, is similar
to the process of diffusion that occurs with gases. The molecules of sugar
(as well as those of water) must be in constant motion in the solution. In the
case of liquid solutions, the sugar molecules do not move very far before
they encounter other molecules; diffusion in a liquid is therefore less rapid
than diffusion in a gas.

In general, three major factors—pressure, temperature, and the nature of the


solute and solvent—influence the solubility of a solute in a solvent. Not all
these factors are equally important in a specific instance.

Pressure: Changes in pressure have little effect on the solubility of solid or


liquid solutes in a liquid solvent, but pressure has a much greater influence
on the solubility of a gaseous solute. A commonly observed phenomenon
that supports this is the effervescence that occurs when the cap of a bottle
of ordinary soda water is removed. Soda water contains carbon dioxide gas
dissolved in water under pressure; when the cap is removed, the pressure of
the gas on the liquid is decreased to atmospheric pressure. Since carbon
dioxide gas leaves the solution at this lower pressure, it follows that the
solubility of carbon dioxide in water is dependent upon the pressure of the
carbo n dioxide above the liquid. The results of this simple observation are
summarized in Henry's Law, which states that at any specified temperature,
the extent to which a gas dissolves in a liquid is directly dependent upon the
pressure of the gas.

Temperature: In general, a change in temperature affects the solubility of


gaseous solutes differently than it does the solubility of solid solutes,
because the solubility of a gas in a liquid solvent decreases with increasing
temperature. With relatively few exceptions, the solubility of solids in
liquids increases with an increase in temperature. In some instances, the
increase in solubility is very large; for example, the solubility of potassium
nitrate in water at 25°C is about 31 grams of KNO 3 per 100 grams of water
and about 83 grams of KNO 3 per 100 grams of water at 50°C (122°F). On
the other hand, the solubility of some solutes, such as ordinary table salt,
shows very little dependence on temperature.
Often this difference in solubility can be used as an advantage in the
preparation, isolation, or purification of substances by the process of
crystallization. In general, it is not possible to arrive at any reliable
generalization concerning the influence of temperature upon the solubility
of liquids in liquids. In some cases the solubility increases with an increase
in temperature, in some cases it decreases, and in others there is very little
effect.

The nature of solute and solvent: Crystalline substances consist of a


regular arrangement of atoms, molecules, or ions; in the latter case, the
forces that hold the crystal together are electrostatic in nature. For an ionic
crystal to dissolve in water, the water molecules must be able to shield the
charges of the positive and negative ions from each other. The attractive
forces between the ions in solution are less than those in the solid state
because of the solvent molecules; hence , the ions behave more or less
independently in solution. In general, the relative solubilities of ionic
substances are a measure of the magnitude of the electrostatic forces that
hold the crystals together.

Properties of Solutions
Pure liquids have a set of characteristic physical properties (melting point,
vapour pressure at a given temperature, etc.). Solutions in a solvent exhibit
these same properties, but the values differ from those of the pure solvent
because of the presence of the solute. Moreover, the change observed in
these properties in going from the pure solvent to a solution is dependent
only upon the number of solute molecules; these properties are called
colligative properties. The properties of a solvent that show a predictable
change upon th e addition of a solute are melting point, boiling point,
vapour pressure, and osmotic pressure.

Melting and boiling points. Solutions exhibit higher boiling points and
lower melting points than the parent solvent. The increase in boiling point
and decrease in melting point is dependent upon the number of solute
particles in the solution. The greater the number of solute particles (i.e., the
concentration), the greater will be the boiling point elevation and melting
point depression. A common application of this effect in some parts of the
world is in the use of antifreeze solutions in the cooling systems of
automobiles in cold climates.
"Antifreeze" compounds are usually organic liquids that are miscible with
water so that large freezing point effects can be attained.

Vapor pressure: All liquids exhibit a vapor pressure, the magnitude of


which depends on the temperature of the liquid. For example, water boils at
100°C, which means that at 100°C the vapor pressure of water is equal to
the atmospheric pressure allowing bubbles of gaseous water (steam) to
escape from the liquid state. However, the vapor pressure of a solution (at
any temperature) is less than that of the solvent. Thus, boiling water ceases
to boil upon the addition of salt because the salt solution has a lower vapour
pressure than pure water. The salt solution will eventually boil when the
temperature of the solution increases bringing about an increase in vapour
pressure sufficient to again form bubbles. Note in this example that the
boiling point of water increases with the addition of salt; thus, the boiling
point elevation and the vapour pressure depression are related.

OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate that rate of diffusion depends upon the following
factors:-

Temperature: As temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the


particles increases. Thus, the speed of particles also increases, which in turn
increases the rate of diffusion.

Size of the particle: As the size of particle increases, rate of diffusion


decreases. This is because the particles become less mobile in the solvent.

Mass of the particle: As the mass of the particle increases, the rate of
diffusion decreases; as the particle becomes less mobile.
EXPERIMENT 1
To study diffusion when copper sulphate is brought in contact with water
(liquid)

REQUIREMENTS:
Copper sulphate crystals, 100ml beaker.

PROCEDURE:
• Ø Take about 2g of copper sulphate crystals in 100ml beaker.
• Ø Add about 50ml of water and allow it to stand for few minutes.
• Ø Note the development of blue colour in water.
• Ø Allow to stand further till it is observed that all copper sulphate
disappears.
• Ø Note the blue colour change in water.

CONCLUSION:
When solids such as copper sulphate, potassium permanganate are brought
in contact with liquids such as water, intermixing of substances, i.e.
diffusion takes place.
EXPERIMENT 2
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion of solids in
liquids

REQUIREMENTS:
Copper sulphate crystals, 200ml beaker, watch glass, wire gauge, burner,
tripod stand, thermometer and stop watch.

PROCEDURE:
• Ø Take 5g of copper sulphate each in three beakers.
• Ø Pour 100ml of distilled water slowly in one of the beakers.
• Ø Cover this beaker with a watch glass.
• Ø Pour 100ml of cold water in a second beaker slowly.
• Ø Place a third beaker containing 100ml of water on a tripod stand for
heating.
• Ø Observe the diffusion process which begins in all the beakers.
• Ø Record the time taken for the dissolution of copper sulphate in all the
three cases.

OBSERVATIONS:
Sl. No. Temperature of Time Taken in
water Minutes
1. 25 0C 15 Min.
2. 10 0C 20 Min.
3. 70 0C 10 Min.

CONCLUSION:
The rate of diffusion of copper sulphate in water is in the order as given
below:

Beaker 3 > Beaker 2 > Beaker 1

Thus, the rate of diffusion varies directly with temperature.


EXPERIMENT 3
To study the effect of size of particles on the rate of diffusion of solids in
liquids

REQUIREMENTS:
Graduated 100ml measuring cylinders, copper sulphate crystals of different
sizes, stop watch

PROCEDURE:
• Ø Add 50ml of water to each of the three cylinders.
• Ø Take 5g each of big size, medium size, small size crystals of copper
sulphate and add them separately in three cylinders.
• Ø Allow to stand for some time.
• Ø Note the time taken for blue colour to reach an y fixed mark in each
of the cylinders and note the observations.

OBSERVATION:
Sl. No. Crystal size Time Taken in
Minutes
1. Big 20 Min.
2. Medium 15 Min.
3. Small 10 Min.

CONCLUSION:
The rate of diffusion of copper sulphate in water is in the order as given
below:

Beaker 3 > Beaker 2 > Beaker 1

Thus, smaller particles undergo diffusion more quickly than bigger


particles.
RESULT
• Ø When solids such as copper sulphate, potassium permanganate are
brought in contact with liquid such as water, intermixing of the substances,
i.e. diffusion takes place.

• Ø The rate of diffusion varies directly with temperature.

• Ø Small particles undergo diffusion more quickly than bigger particles.


BIBLIOGRAPHY

 CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY (H C
VERMA)
 CHEMISTRY CLASS XII NCERT
 SLIDESHARE.COM
 SCRIBD.COM
 PDFCOFFEE.COM
 TURITO.COM

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