Kinematics Dynamics QP

2 & 3.
Kinematics and Dynamics
9702/21/M/J/16/Q2
1 A ball is thrown from a point P with an initial velocity u of 12 m s–1 at 50° to the horizontal, as
illustrated in Fig. 2.1.
path of ball
Q
X =12 m s–1
50°
P horizontal
Fig. 2.1
The ball reaches maximum height at Q.
Air resistance is negligible.
(a) Calculate
(i) the horizontal component of u,
horizontal component = ................................................. m s–1 [1]
(ii) the vertical component of u.
vertical component = ................................................. m s–1 [1]
(b) Show that the maximum height reached by the ball is 4.3 m.
[2]
(c) Determine the magnitude of the displacement PQ.
displacement = ...................................................... m [4]
[Total: 8]
2 & 3. Kinematics and Dynamics
9702/21/M/J/16/Q3
2 A ball of mass 150 g is at rest on a horizontal floor, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
ball
floor
Fig. 3.1
(a) (i) Calculate the magnitude of the normal contact force from the floor acting on the ball.
force = ...................................................... N [1]
(ii) Explain your working in (i).
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The ball is now lifted above the floor and dropped so that it falls vertically, as illustrated in
Fig. 3.2.
ball
6.2 m s–1 2.5 m s–1
just before contact just after losing contact
Fig. 3.2
Just before contact with the floor, the ball has velocity 6.2 m s–1 downwards. The ball bounces
from the floor and its velocity just after losing contact with the floor is 2.5 m s–1 upwards. The
ball is in contact with the floor for 0.12 s.
(i) State Newton’s second law of motion.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Calculate the average resultant force on the ball when it is in contact with the floor.
magnitude of force = ........................................................... N
direction of force ...............................................................

[3]
(iii) State and explain whether linear momentum is conserved during the collision of the ball
with the floor.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
2 & 3. Kinematics and Dynamics 9702/23/M/J/16/Q3
5. Work, energy, and power
3 (a) Explain what is meant by gravitational potential energy and by kinetic energy.
gravitational potential energy: ...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
kinetic energy: ...........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A motion sensor is used to measure the velocity of a ball falling vertically towards the ground,
as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
motion sensor
v
A
B
ground
Fig. 3.1
The ball passes through points A and B as it falls. The ball has a mass of 1.5 kg.
The variation with time t of the velocity v of the ball as it falls from A to B is shown in Fig. 3.2.
8.0
7.0
6.0
v / m s–1
5.0
4.0
3.0
0.40 0.60 0.80 t /s
ball at position A ball at position B
Fig. 3.2
Use Fig. 3.2 to calculate, for the ball falling from A to B,
(i) the displacement,
displacement = .......................................................m [3]
(ii) the acceleration,
acceleration = ................................................. m s–2 [2]

9702/23/M/J/16/Q5
4 (a) State the law of conservation of momentum.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Two particles A and B collide elastically, as illustrated in Fig. 5.1.
y-direction
vA
A 60°
A B x-direction x-direction
500 m s–1 at rest 30°

B
vB
before collision after collision
Fig. 5.1
The initial velocity of A is 500 m s–1 in the x-direction and B is at rest.
The velocity of A after the collision is vA at 60° to the x-direction. The velocity of B after the
collision is vB at 30° to the x-direction.
The mass m of each particle is 1.67 × 10–27 kg.
(i) Explain what is meant by the particles colliding elastically.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the total initial momentum of A and B.
momentum = .....................................................N s [1]

(iii) State an expression in terms of m, vA and vB for the total momentum of A and B after the
collision
1. in the x-direction,
...........................................................................................................................................
2. in the y-direction.
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iv) Calculate the magnitudes of the velocities vA and vB after the collision.
vA = ...................................................... m s–1
vB = ...................................................... m s–1
[3]
[Total: 9]
9702/21/M/J/17/Q2
5 (a) State the two conditions for a system to be in equilibrium.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A paraglider P of mass 95 kg is pulled by a wire attached to a boat, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
parachute
paraglider
P
wire
boat
horizontal 25°
water
Fig. 2.1
The wire makes an angle of 25° with the horizontal water surface. P moves in a straight line
parallel to the surface of the water.
The variation with time t of the velocity v of P is shown in Fig. 2.2.
10.0
8.0
v / m s–1
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
t /s
Fig. 2.2
(i) Show that the acceleration of P is 1.4 m s–2 at time t = 5.0 s.
[2]
(ii) Calculate the total distance moved by P from time t = 0 to t = 7.0 s.
distance = .......................................................m [2]
(iii) Calculate the change in kinetic energy of P from time t = 0 to t = 7.0 s.
change in kinetic energy = ........................................................ J [2]
(iv) The tension in the wire at time t = 5.0 s is 280 N.
Calculate, for the horizontal motion,
1. the vertical lift force F supporting P,
F = ....................................................... N [3]
2. the force R due to air resistance acting on P in the horizontal direction.
R = ....................................................... N [3]
[Total: 14]
9702/22/M/J/17/Q2
6 (a) Define velocity.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A ball of mass 0.45 kg leaves the edge of a table with a horizontal velocity v, as shown in
Fig. 2.1.
ball
v
path of ball
1.25 m
table
1.50 m floor
horizontal
Fig. 2.1
The height of the table is 1.25 m. The ball travels a distance of 1.50 m horizontally before
hitting the floor.
Calculate, for the ball,
(i) the horizontal velocity v as it leaves the table,
v = ..................................................m s–1 [3]

(ii) the velocity just as it hits the floor,
magnitude of velocity = .......................................................m s–1
angle to the horizontal = ............................................................. °

[4]
(iii) the kinetic energy just as it hits the floor,
kinetic energy = ........................................................ J [2]
(iv) the loss in gravitational potential energy as it falls from the table to the floor.
loss in potential energy = ........................................................ J [2]
(c) Explain why the kinetic energy of the ball in (b)(iii) does not equal the loss of gravitational
potential energy in (b)(iv).
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 13]
9702/22/M/J/17/Q4
7 (a) State Newton’s first law of motion.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) An object A of mass 100 g is moving in a straight line with a velocity of 0.60 m s–1 to the right.
An object B of mass 200 g is moving in the same straight line as object A with a velocity of
0.80 m s–1 to the left, as shown in Fig. 4.1.
A B
0.60 m s–1 0.80 m s–1
100 g 200 g
Fig. 4.1
Objects A and B collide. Object A then moves with a velocity of 0.40 m s–1 to the left.
(i) Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of B after the collision.
magnitude of velocity = ..................................................m s–1 [2]
(ii) The collision between A and B is inelastic.
Explain how the collision is inelastic and still obeys the law of conservation of energy.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 4]
5 (a) Define the frequency of a sound wave.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A sound wave travels through air. Describe the motion of the air particles relative to the
direction of travel of the sound wave.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
9702/23/M/J/17/Q2
8 (a) State Newton’s second law of motion.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A constant resultant force F acts on an object A. The variation with time t of the velocity v for
the motion of A is shown in Fig. 2.1.
9.0
v / m s–1
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
t /s
Fig. 2.1
The mass of A is 840 g.
Calculate, for the time t = 0 to t = 4.0 s,
(i) the change in momentum of A,
change in momentum = ............................................. kg m s–1 [2]
(ii) the force F.
F = ....................................................... N [1]
(c) The force F is removed at t = 4.0 s. Object A continues at constant velocity before colliding
with an object B, as illustrated in Fig. 2.2.
A B
840 g 730 g at rest
Fig. 2.2
Object B is initially at rest. The mass of B is 730 g.

The objects A and B join together and have a velocity of 4.7 m s–1.
(i) By calculation, show that the changes in momentum of A and of B during the collision are
equal and opposite.
[2]
(ii) Explain how the answers obtained in (i) support Newton’s third law.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) By reference to the speeds of A and B, explain whether the collision is elastic.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 9]
9702/21/M/J/18/Q2
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A block of weight 15 N hangs by a wire from a remotely controlled aircraft, as shown in
Fig. 2.1.
aircraft
wire
block
weight 15 N
Fig. 2.1
The aircraft is used to move the block only in a vertical direction. The force on the block due
to air resistance is negligible.
The variation with time t of the vertical velocity v of the block is shown in Fig. 2.2.
The velocity is taken to be positive in the upward direction.
4.0
3.0
v / m s–1
2.0
1.0
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
t/s
–1.0
–2.0
–3.0
–4.0
–5.0
–6.0
–7.0
Fig. 2.2
(i) Determine, for the block,
1. the displacement from time t = 0 to t = 3.0 s,
magnitude of displacement = ........................................................... m
direction of displacement ...............................................................

[3]
2. the change in gravitational potential energy from time t = 0 to t = 3.0 s.
change in gravitational potential energy = ....................................................... J [2]
(ii) Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the block at time t = 2.0 s.
acceleration = ................................................. m s–2 [2]
(iii) Use your answer in (b)(ii) to show that the tension T in the wire at time t = 2.0 s is 20 N.
[2]
(iv) The wire has a cross-sectional area of 2.8 × 10–5 m2 and is made from metal of Young
modulus 1.7 × 1011 Pa. The wire obeys Hooke’s law.
Calculate the strain of the wire at time t = 2.0 s.
strain = .......................................................... [3]
(v) At some time after t = 3.0 s the tension in the wire has a constant value of 15 N.
State and explain whether it is possible to deduce that the block is moving vertically
after t = 3.0 s.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 15]
9702/21/M/J/18/Q3
10 (a) State what is meant by the mass of a body.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Two blocks travel directly towards each other along a horizontal, frictionless surface. The
blocks collide, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
0.40 m s–1 0.25 m s–1 0.20 m s–1 v

block A block B
mass mass mass mass
3M M 3M M
before after
Fig. 3.1
Block A has mass 3M and block B has mass M.

Before the collision, block A moves to the right with speed 0.40 m s–1 and block B moves to
the left with speed 0.25 m s–1.
After the collision, block A moves to the right with speed 0.20 m s–1 and block B moves to the
right with speed v.
(i) Use Newton’s third law to explain why, during the collision, the change in momentum of
block A is equal and opposite to the change in momentum of block B.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Determine speed v.
v = ................................................. m s–1 [3]

(iii) Calculate, for the blocks,
1. the relative speed of approach,
relative speed of approach = ...................................................... m s–1
2. the relative speed of separation.
relative speed of separation = ...................................................... m s–1

[2]
(iv) Use your answers in (b)(iii) to state and explain whether the collision is elastic or
inelastic.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 9]
9702/22/M/J/18/Q2
11 (a) State the principle of conservation of momentum.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) A stationary firework explodes into three different fragments that move in a horizontal plane,
as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.
7.0 m s–1
3.0M
A B
θ θ
2.0M 1.5M
6.0 m s–1 8.0 m s–1
Fig. 2.1
The fragment of mass 3.0M has a velocity of 7.0 m s–1 perpendicular to line AB.
The fragment of mass 2.0M has a velocity of 6.0 m s–1 at angle θ to line AB.
The fragment of mass 1.5M has a velocity of 8.0 m s–1 at angle θ to line AB.
(i) Use the principle of conservation of momentum to determine θ.
θ = ........................................................ ° [3]
(ii) Calculate the ratio

kinetic energy of fragment of mass 2.0M .
kinetic energy of fragment of mass 1.5M
ratio = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
9702/22/M/J/18/Q3
12 A child on a sledge slides down a steep hill and then travels in a straight line up an ice-covered
slope, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
ice-covered
child and sledge slope
total mass 70 kg B
18 m s–1
Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)
The sledge passes point A with speed 18 m s–1 at time t = 0 and then comes to rest at point B. The
child applies a brake to the sledge at point B. The brake does not keep the sledge stationary and
it immediately slides back down the slope towards A.
The variation with time t of the velocity v of the sledge from t = 0 to t = 24 s is shown in Fig. 3.2.
20
v / m s–1
10
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 t / s
–10
Fig. 3.2
(a) State the time taken for the sledge to travel from A to B.
time = ........................................................ s [1]

(b) Determine the displacement of the sledge up the slope from point A at time t = 24 s.
displacement = .......................................................m [3]
(c) Show that the acceleration of the sledge as it moves from B back towards A is 0.50 m s–2.
[2]
(d) The child and sledge have a total mass of 70 kg. The component of the total weight of the
child and sledge that acts down the slope is 80 N.
Determine
(i) the frictional force on the sledge as it moves from B towards A,
frictional force = ....................................................... N [2]
(ii) the angle θ of the slope to the horizontal.
θ = ........................................................ ° [2]
5. Work, energy, and power 9702/22/M/J/18/Q5
13 A solid cylinder is lifted out of oil by a wire attached to a motor. Fig. 5.1 shows two different
positions X and Y of the cylinder during the lifting process.
beam
motor
wire
cylinder at
position Y
velocity
surface of oil
0.020 m s–1
cylinder at
position X
oil
Fig. 5.1
The motor is fixed to an overhead beam.

The cylinder has cross-sectional area 0.018 m2, length 1.2 m and weight 560 N.
The density of the oil is 940 kg m–3.
Throughout the lifting process, the cylinder moves vertically upwards with a constant velocity of
0.020 m s–1. The viscous force of the oil acting on the cylinder is negligible.
(a) Calculate the density of the cylinder.
density = ............................................... kg m–3 [2]
(b) For the cylinder at position X, show that the upthrust due to the oil is 200 N.
[2]
(c) Calculate, for the moving cylinder at position X,
(i) the tension in the wire,
tension = ....................................................... N [1]
(ii) the power output of the motor.
power = ...................................................... W [2]
(d) The cylinder is raised with constant velocity from position X to position Y.
(i) State and explain the variation, if any, of the power output of the motor as the cylinder is
raised. Numerical values are not required.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) The rate of energy output of the motor is less than the rate of increase of gravitational
potential energy of the cylinder. Without calculation, explain this difference.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 11]
9702/23/M/J/18/Q2
14 (a) State what is meant by work done.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A diver releases a solid sphere of radius 16 cm from the sea bed. The sphere moves vertically
upwards towards the surface of the sea.
The weight of the sphere is 20 N. The upthrust acting on the sphere is 170 N. The upthrust
remains constant as the sphere moves upwards.
(i) Calculate the density of the material of the sphere.
density = ............................................... kg m–3 [2]
(ii) Briefly explain the origin of the upthrust acting on the sphere.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Calculate the acceleration of the sphere as it is released from rest.
acceleration = ................................................. m s–2 [2]

(iv) The viscous (drag) force D acting on the sphere is given by
D = kr 2v 2
where r is the radius of the sphere and v is its speed.

The constant k is equal to 810 kg m–3.
Determine the constant (terminal) speed reached by the sphere.
speed = ................................................. m s–1 [3]
(v) The diver releases a different sphere that moves with a constant speed of 6.30 m s–1
directly towards a stationary ship. The sphere emits sound of frequency 4850 Hz. The
ship detects sound of frequency 4870 Hz as the sphere moves towards it.
Determine, to three significant figures, the speed of the sound in the water.
speed = ................................................. m s–1 [2]
[Total: 11]

15 A ball is thrown vertically upwards towards a ceiling and then rebounds, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
ceiling
speed 3.8 m s–1 ball leaving

ceiling
ball thrown speed 9.6 m s–1

upwards
Fig. 3.1
The ball is thrown with speed 9.6 m s–1 and takes a time of 0.37 s to reach the ceiling. The ball is
then in contact with the ceiling for a further time of 0.085 s until leaving it with a speed of 3.8 m s–1.
The mass of the ball is 0.056 kg. Assume that air resistance is negligible.
(a) Show that the ball reaches the ceiling with a speed of 6.0 m s–1.
[1]
(b) Calculate the height of the ceiling above the point from which the ball was thrown.
height = ...................................................... m [2]
(c) Calculate
(i) the increase in gravitational potential energy of the ball for its movement from its initial
position to the ceiling,
increase in gravitational potential energy = ....................................................... J [2]

(ii) the decrease in kinetic energy of the ball while it is in contact with the ceiling.
decrease in kinetic energy = ....................................................... J [2]
(d) State how Newton’s third law applies to the collision between the ball and the ceiling.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(e) Calculate the change in momentum of the ball during the collision.
change in momentum = .................................................... N s [2]
(f) Determine the magnitude of the average force exerted by the ceiling on the ball during the
collision.
average force = ...................................................... N [2]
[Total: 13]
9702/21/M/J/19/Q2
16 A block X slides along a horizontal frictionless surface towards a stationary block Y, as illustrated
in Fig. 2.1.
momentum
0.40 kg m s–1
X Y
surface
Fig. 2.1
There are no resistive forces acting on block X as it moves towards block Y. At time t = 0, block X
has momentum 0.40 kg m s−1. A short time later, the blocks collide and then separate.
The variation with time t of the momentum of block Y is shown in Fig. 2.2.
0.60
0.50 block Y
momentum / kg m s–1
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 t / ms
– 0.10
– 0.20
– 0.30
– 0.40
– 0.50
– 0.60
Fig. 2.2
(a) Define linear momentum.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Use Fig. 2.2 to:
(i) determine the time interval over which the blocks are in contact with each other
time interval = .................................................... ms [1]
(ii) describe, without calculation, the magnitude of the acceleration of block Y from:
1. time t = 80 ms to t = 100 ms
....................................................................................................................................
2. time t = 100 ms to t = 120 ms.
....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Use Fig. 2.2 to determine the magnitude of the force exerted by block X on block Y.
force = ...................................................... N [2]
(d) On Fig. 2.2, sketch the variation of the momentum of block X with time t from t = 0 to
t = 160 ms. [3]
[Total: 9]
9702/22/M/J/19/Q2
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A car of mass 850 kg tows a trailer in a straight line along a horizontal road, as shown in
Fig. 2.1.
car
trailer tow-bar mass 850 kg
horizontal road
Fig. 2.1
The car and the trailer are connected by a horizontal tow-bar.
The variation with time t of the velocity v of the car for a part of its journey is shown in Fig. 2.2.
15
14
v / m s –1
13
12
11
10
8
0 5 10 15 20 25
t /s
Fig. 2.2
(i) Calculate the distance travelled by the car from time t = 0 to t = 10 s.
distance = ...................................................... m [2]
(ii) At time t = 10 s, the resistive force acting on the car due to air resistance and friction is
510 N. The tension in the tow-bar is 440 N.
For the car at time t = 10 s:
1. use Fig. 2.2 to calculate the acceleration
acceleration = ................................................ m s−2 [2]
2. use your answer to calculate the resultant force acting on the car
resultant force = ...................................................... N [1]
3. show that a horizontal force of 1300 N is exerted on the car by its engine
[1]
4. determine the useful output power of the engine.
output power = ..................................................... W [2]

4. Forces, density, and pressure
18 A cylindrical disc of mass 0.24 kg has a circular cross-sectional area A, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
cross-sectional force X
area A 8.9 N
constant
30° speed 0.60 m s–1
disc, disc
mass 0.24 kg ground
Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2
The disc is on horizontal ground, as shown in Fig. 3.2. A force X of magnitude 8.9 N acts on the
disc in a direction of 30° to the horizontal. The disc moves at a constant speed of 0.60 m s−1 along
the ground.
(a) Determine the rate of doing work on the disc by the force X.
rate of doing work = ..................................................... W [2]
(b) The force X and the weight of the disc exert a combined pressure on the ground of 3500 Pa.
Calculate the cross-sectional area A of the disc.
A = .................................................... m2 [3]
(c) Newton’s third law describes how forces exist in pairs. One such pair of forces is the weight of
the disc and another force Y. State:
(i) the direction of force Y
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) the name of the body on which force Y acts.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
9702/21/M/J/20/Q2
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A delivery company suggests using a remote-controlled aircraft to drop a parcel into the
garden of a customer. When the aircraft is vertically above point P on the ground, it releases
the parcel with a velocity that is horizontal and of magnitude 5.4 m s–1. The path of the parcel
is shown in Fig. 2.1.
5.4 m s–1
parcel X
path of parcel
h
P Q horizontal
ground
d
The parcel takes a time of 0.81 s after its release to reach point Q on the horizontal ground.
Assume air resistance is negligible.
(i) On Fig. 2.1, draw an arrow from point X to show the direction of the acceleration of the
parcel when it is at that point. [1]
(ii) Determine the height h of the parcel above the ground when it is released.
h = ..................................................... m [2]
(iii) Calculate the horizontal distance d between points P and Q.
d = ..................................................... m [1]
(c) Another parcel is accidentally released from rest by a different aircraft when it is hovering at a
great height above the ground. Air resistance is now significant.
(i) On Fig. 2.2, draw arrows to show the directions of the forces acting on the parcel as it
falls vertically downwards. Label each arrow with the name of the force.
velocity parcel
Fig. 2.2
[2]
(ii) By considering the forces acting on the parcel, state and explain the variation, if any,
of the acceleration of the parcel as it moves downwards before it reaches constant
(terminal) speed.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Describe the energy conversion that occurs when the parcel is falling through the air at
constant (terminal) speed.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 11]
9702/22/M/J/20/Q2
20 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows the velocity–time graph for an object moving in a straight line.
v
velocity
0
0 t time
Fig. 2.1
(i) Determine an expression, in terms of u, v and t, for the area under the graph.
area = .......................................................... [1]
(ii) State the name of the quantity represented by the area under the graph.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A ball is kicked with a velocity of 15 m s–1 at an angle of 60° to horizontal ground. The ball
then strikes a vertical wall at the instant when the path of the ball becomes horizontal, as
shown in Fig. 2.2.
path of
ball
vertical
velocity wall
15 m s–1
ball
60°
horizontal
ground
Assume that air resistance is negligible.

(i) By considering the vertical motion of the ball, calculate the time it takes to reach the wall.
time = ...................................................... s [3]
(ii) Explain why the horizontal component of the velocity of the ball remains constant as it
moves to the wall.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Show that the ball strikes the wall with a horizontal velocity of 7.5 m s–1.
[1]
(c) The mass of the ball in (b) is 0.40 kg. It is in contact with the wall for a time of 0.12 s and
rebounds horizontally with a speed of 4.3 m s–1.
(i) Use the information from (b)(iii) to calculate the change in momentum of the ball due to
the collision.
change in momentum = ........................................... kg m s–1 [2]
(ii) Calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted on the ball by the wall.
average force = ..................................................... N [1]
[Total: 10]
9702/23/M/J/20/Q2
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A skier is pulled in a straight line along horizontal ground by a wire attached to a kite, as
shown in Fig. 2.1.
kite
wire
skier
mass 89 kg
28°
horizontal
ground
The mass of the skier is 89 kg. The wire is at an angle of 28° to the horizontal. The variation
with time t of the velocity v of the skier is shown in Fig. 2.2.
5.0
4.0
v / m s–1
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
t/s
Fig. 2.2
(i) Use Fig. 2.2 to determine the distance moved by the skier from time t = 0 to t = 5.0 s.
distance = ..................................................... m [2]

(ii) Use Fig. 2.2 to show that the acceleration a of the skier is 0.80 m s–2 at time t = 2.0 s.
[2]
(iii) The tension in the wire at time t = 2.0 s is 240 N.
Calculate:
1. the horizontal component of the tension force acting on the skier
horizontal component of force = ..................................................... N [1]
2. the total resistive force R acting on the skier in the horizontal direction.
R = ..................................................... N [2]
(iv) The skier is now lifted upwards by a gust of wind. For a few seconds the skier moves
horizontally through the air with the wire at an angle of 45° to the horizontal, as shown
in Fig. 2.3.
45°
horizontal
By considering the vertical components of the forces acting on the skier, determine the
new tension in the wire when the skier is moving horizontally through the air.
tension = ..................................................... N [2]

[Total: 10]
9702/21/M/J/21/Q2
22 A person uses a trolley to move suitcases at an airport. The total mass of the trolley and suitcases
is 72 kg.
(a) The person pushes the trolley and suitcases along a horizontal surface with a constant speed
of 1.4 m s–1 and then releases the trolley. The released trolley moves in a straight line and
comes to rest. Assume that a constant total resistive force of 18 N opposes the motion of the
trolley and suitcases.
(i) Calculate the power required to overcome the total resistive force on the trolley and
suitcases when they move with a constant speed of 1.4 m s–1.
power = ..................................................... W [2]
(ii) Calculate the time taken for the trolley to come to rest after it is released.
time = ...................................................... s [3]
(b) At another place in the airport, the trolley and suitcases are on a slope, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
trolley and suitcases
18 N
F, 54 N
X
slope
9.5 m Y
The person releases the trolley from rest at point X. The trolley moves down the slope in a
straight line towards point Y. The distance along the slope between points X and Y is 9.5 m.
The component F of the weight of the trolley and suitcases that acts along the slope is 54 N.
Assume that a constant total resistive force of 18 N opposes the motion of the trolley and
suitcases.
(i) Calculate the speed of the trolley at point Y.
speed = ................................................ m s–1 [3]
(ii) Calculate the work done by F for the movement of the trolley from X to Y.
work done = ...................................................... J [1]
(iii) The trolley is released at point X at time t = 0.
On Fig. 2.2, sketch a graph to show the variation with time t of the work done by F for the
movement of the trolley from X to Y.
Numerical values of the work done and t are not required.
work
done
0
0 t
Fig. 2.2
[2]
(c) The angle of the slope in (b) is constant. The frictional forces acting on the wheels of the
moving trolley are also constant.
Explain why, in practice, it is incorrect to assume that the total resistive force opposing the
motion of the trolley and suitcases is constant as the trolley moves between X and Y.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 12]
9702/22/M/J/21/Q2
23 A ball is thrown vertically downwards to the ground, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.
ball
speed u
path of
ball 1.5 m
speed 8.7 m s–1

ground
Fig. 2.1
The ball is thrown with speed u from a height of 1.5 m. The ball then hits the ground with speed
8.7 m s–1. Assume that air resistance is negligible.
(a) Calculate speed u.
u = ................................................. m s–1 [2]
(b) State how Newton’s third law applies to the collision between the ball and the ground.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) The ball is in contact with the ground for a time of 0.091 s. The ball rebounds vertically and
leaves the ground with speed 5.4 m s–1. The mass of the ball is 0.059 kg.
(i) Calculate the magnitude of the change in momentum of the ball during the collision.
change in momentum = .................................................... N s [2]

(ii) Determine the magnitude of the average resultant force that acts on the ball during the
collision.
average resultant force = ...................................................... N [1]
(iii) Use your answer in (c)(ii) to calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted by the
ground on the ball during the collision.
average force = ...................................................... N [2]
(d) The ball was thrown downwards at time t = 0 and hits the ground at time t = T.
On Fig. 2.2, sketch a graph to show the variation of the speed of the ball with time t from t = 0
to t = T. Numerical values are not required.
speed
0
0 T
t
Fig. 2.2
[1]
(e) In practice, air resistance is not negligible.
State and explain the variation, if any, with time t of the gradient of the graph in (d) when air
resistance is not negligible.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 12]
9702/23/M/J/21/Q2
24 (a) Define acceleration.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A stone falls vertically from the top of a cliff. Fig. 2.1 shows the variation with time t of
the
velocity v of the stone.
40
v / m s–1
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
t/s
Fig. 2.1
(i) Explain, with reference to forces acting on the stone, the shape of the curve in Fig. 2.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Use Fig. 2.1 to determine the speed of the stone when the resultant force on it is zero.
speed = ................................................ m s–1 [1]

(iii) Use Fig. 2.1 to calculate the approximate height through which the stone falls between
t = 0 and t = 30 s.
height = ..................................................... m [3]
(iv) On Fig. 2.2, sketch the variation with t of the acceleration a of the stone between t = 0
and t = 30 s.
20
a / m s–2
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
t/s
Fig. 2.2
[Total: 11]
9702/21/M/J/22/Q1
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A rock of mass 7.5 kg is projected vertically upwards from the surface of a planet. The rock
leaves the surface of the planet with a speed of 4.0 m s–1 at time t = 0. The variation
with time t of the velocity v of the rock is shown in Fig. 1.1.
4
v / m s–1
3
0
0 1 2 3 4
t/s
–1
–2
–3
Fig. 1.1
Assume that the planet does not have an atmosphere and that the viscous force acting on the
rock is always zero.
(i) Determine the height of the rock above the surface of the planet at time t = 4.0 s.
height = ..................................................... m [3]

(ii) Determine the change in the momentum of the rock from time t = 0 to time t = 4.0 s.
change in momentum = ................................................... N s [2]
(iii) Determine the weight W of the rock on this planet.
W = ..................................................... N [2]
(c) In practice, the planet in (b) does have an atmosphere that causes a viscous force to act on
the moving rock.
State and explain the variation, if any, in the resultant force acting on the rock as it moves
vertically upwards.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 10]
9702/22/M/J/22/Q3
26 A man standing on a wall throws a small ball vertically upwards with a velocity of 5.6 m s–1. The
ball leaves his hand when it is at a height of 3.1 m above the ground, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
ball
velocity 5.6 m s–1
man
3.1 m wall
ground
(a) Show that the ball reaches a maximum height above the ground of 4.7 m.
[2]
(b) The man does not catch the ball as it falls.
Calculate the time taken for the ball to fall from its maximum height to the ground.
time taken = ...................................................... s [2]

(c) The ball leaves the man’s hand at time t = 0 and hits the ground at time t = T.
On Fig. 3.2, sketch a graph to show the variation of the velocity v of the ball with time t from
t = 0 to t = T. Numerical values of v and t are not required. Assume that v is positive in the
upward direction.
0
0 T
t
Fig. 3.2
[3]
(d) State what is represented by the gradient of the graph in (c).
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) The man now throws a second ball with the same velocity and from the same height as the
first ball. The mass of the second ball is greater than that of the first ball. Assume that air
resistance is still negligible.
For the first and second balls, compare:
(i) the magnitudes of their accelerations
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the speeds with which they hit the ground.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]
9702/22/M/J/22/Q4
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Two balls, X and Y, move along a horizontal frictionless surface, as shown from above in
Fig. 4.1.
3.0 kg X
4.0 m s–1
θ 3.7 m s–1
A B A X Y B
θ
4.8 m s–1
2.5 kg Y
Fig. 4.1 (not to scale) Fig. 4.2 (not to scale)
Ball X has a mass of 3.0 kg and a velocity of 4.0 m s–1 in a direction at angle θ to a line AB.
Ball Y has a mass of 2.5 kg and a velocity of 4.8 m s–1 in a direction at angle θ to the line AB.
The balls collide and stick together. After colliding, the balls have a velocity of 3.7 m s–1 along
the line AB on the horizontal surface, as shown in Fig. 4.2.
(i) By considering the components of the momenta along the line AB, calculate θ.
θ = ....................................................... ° [3]
(ii) By calculation of kinetic energies, state and explain whether the collision of the balls is
inelastic or perfectly elastic.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 7]
9702/23/M/J/22/Q2
28 An archer releases an arrow towards a target at a velocity of 65.0 m s–1 at an angle of 4.30° above
the horizontal, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
arrow, speed
65.0 m s–1 4.30°
centre of target
target
archer 1.66 m
70.0 m
ground
When released, the tip of the arrow is a horizontal distance of 70.0 m from the target and 1.66 m
above the horizontal ground.
The arrow hits the centre of the target.
Assume that air resistance is negligible and that all the mass of the arrow is at its tip.
(a) Show that the time taken for the arrow to reach the target is 1.08 s.
[2]
(b) Calculate the height of the centre of the target above the ground.
height above ground = ...................................................... m [3]

(c) By considering energy changes, state and explain how the final kinetic energy of the arrow as
it hits the target compares with its initial kinetic energy immediately after release. A numerical
calculation is not required.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 7]
9702/23/M/J/22/Q3
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A constant driving force of 2400 N acts on a car of mass 1200 kg. The car accelerates from
rest in a straight line along a horizontal road.
Assume that the resistive forces acting on the car are negligible.
(i) Calculate the acceleration of the car.
acceleration = ................................................ m s–2 [1]
(ii) On Fig. 3.1, sketch a graph showing the variation with time t of the velocity v of the car
for the first 20 seconds of its motion.
Label this line A.
50
40
v / m s–1
30
20
10
0
0 4 8 12 16 20
t/s
Fig. 3.1
[2]
(c) In reality, a resistive force due to air resistance acts on the car in (b). This resistive force
increases with speed until it becomes equal in magnitude to the driving force at time t = 12 s.
(i) On Fig. 3.1, sketch a second line to show the variation with time t of the velocity v of the
car for the first 20 seconds of its motion. Label this line B. [3]
(ii) At time t = 20 s, the driving force is increased to 3000 N and remains constant at this
value.
Describe how the velocity of the car changes due to this increase in the driving force.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
9702/21/M/J/23/Q3
30 A block is pulled in a straight line along a rough horizontal surface by a varying force X, as
shown in Fig. 3.1.
momentum p
block
force X rough horizontal
surface
Fig. 3.1
Air resistance is negligible. Assume that the frictional force exerted on the block by the surface is
constant and has magnitude 2.0 N.
The variation with time t of the momentum p of the block is shown in Fig. 3.2.
6
p / kg m s–1
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t/s
Fig. 3.2
(a) State Newton’s second law of motion.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Use Fig. 3.2 to determine, for the block at time t = 2.0 s, the magnitude of:
(i) the resultant force on the block
resultant force = ...................................................... N [1]
(ii) the force X.
X = ...................................................... N [1]
(c) On Fig. 3.3, sketch a graph to show the variation of force X with time t from t = 0 to t = 6.0 s.
4.0
3.5
3.0
X/N
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t/s
Fig. 3.3
[3]
[Total: 6]
9702/22/M/J/23/Q3
31 A block is pulled by a force X in a straight line along a rough horizontal surface, as shown in
Fig. 3.1.
velocity
total resistive
force 0.80 N X horizontal surface
Fig. 3.1
Assume that the total resistive force opposing the motion of the block is 0.80 N at all speeds of the
block.
The variation with time t of the magnitude of the force X is shown in Fig. 3.2.
2.0
X/N
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t/s
Fig. 3.2
(a) (i) Define force.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Determine the change in momentum of the block from time t = 0 to time t = 3.0 s.
change in momentum = ............................................ kg m s–1 [2]

(b) (i) Describe and explain the motion of the block between time t = 3.0 s and time t = 6.0 s.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Force X produces a total power of 2.0 W when moving the block between time t = 3.0 s
and time t = 6.0 s.
Calculate the distance moved by the block during this time interval.
distance = ...................................................... m [3]
(c) The block is at rest at time t = 0.
On Fig. 3.3, sketch a graph to show the variation of the momentum of the block with time t
from t = 0 to t = 6.0 s.
Numerical values of momentum are not required.
momentum
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t/s
Fig. 3.3
[2]
[Total: 10]
1. Physical quantities and units 9702/23/M/J/23/Q1
32 A well has a depth of 36 m from ground level to the surface of the water in the well, as shown in
Fig. 1.1.
ground
36 m
well
surface of water
A student wishes to find the depth of the well. The student plans to drop a stone down the well
and record the time taken from releasing the stone to hearing the splash made by the stone as it
enters the water.
(a) Assume that air resistance is negligible and that the stone is released from rest.
Calculate the time taken for the stone to fall from ground level to the surface of the water.
time = ...................................................... s [2]

(b) The time recorded by the student using a stop-watch is not equal to the time in (a).
Suggest three possible reasons, other than the effect of air resistance, for this difference.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) The student repeats the experiment three times and uses the results to calculate the depth of
the well. The values are shown in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1
1st experiment 2nd experiment 3rd experiment
depth / m 54.4 53.9 54.1
The true depth of the well is 36.0 m. Explain why these results may be described as precise
but not accurate.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 7]
9702/23/M/J/23/Q2
33 A sphere floats in equilibrium on the surface of sea water of density 1050 kg m−3, as shown in
Fig. 2.1.
sphere
sea water, density 1050 kg m–3
Fig. 2.1
(a) 21% of the volume of the sphere is below the surface of the water.
Calculate the density of the sphere.
density = .............................................. kg m−3 [2]
(b) The sphere is now held so that its entire volume is below the surface of the water. The sphere
is then released.
(i) Calculate the initial acceleration of the sphere.
acceleration = ................................................ m s−2 [3]

(ii) The sphere accelerates upwards but remains entirely below the surface of the water.
State and explain what happens to the acceleration of the sphere as its velocity begins
to increase.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 8]
9702/23/M/J/23/Q3
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) A firework is initially stationary. It explodes into three fragments A, B and C that move in a
horizontal plane, as shown in the view from above in Fig. 3.1.
6.0 m s–1
fragment B
2m
fragment C 4.0 m s–1

3m
m θ fragment A
Fig. 3.1
Fragment A has a mass of 3m and moves away from the explosion at a speed of 4.0 m s–1.
Fragment B has a mass of 2m and moves away from the explosion at a speed of 6.0 m s−1 at
right angles to the direction of A.
Fragment C has a mass of m and moves away from the explosion at a speed v and at an
angle θ as shown in Fig. 3.1.
Calculate:
(i) the angle θ
θ = ........................................................° [3]
(ii) the speed v.
v = ................................................ m s−1 [2]
(c) The firework in (b) contains a chemical that has mass 5.0 g and has chemical energy per unit
mass 700 J kg−1. When the firework explodes, all of the chemical energy is transferred to the
kinetic energy of fragments A, B and C.
(i) Show that the total chemical energy in the firework is 3.5 J.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the mass m.
m = .................................................... kg [3]
[Total: 11]
9702/22/O/N/16/Q2
35 A ball of mass 0.030 kg moves along a curved track, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
ball
mass 0.030 kg speed
1.3 m s–1
A
wall
0.31 m
Fig. 2.1
The speed of the ball is 1.3 m s–1 when it is at point A at a height of 0.31 m.
The ball moves down the track and collides with a vertical wall at point B. The ball then rebounds
back up the track. It may be assumed that frictional forces are negligible.
(a) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy of the ball in moving from point A to
point B.
change in gravitational potential energy = ....................................................... J [2]
(b) Show that the ball hits the wall at B with a speed of 2.8 m s–1.
[3]
(c) The change in momentum of the ball due to the collision with the wall is 0.096 kg m s–1. The
ball is in contact with the wall for a time of 20 ms.
Determine, for the ball colliding with the wall,
(i) the speed immediately after the collision,
speed = ................................................. m s–1 [2]
(ii) the magnitude of the average force on the ball.
force = ...................................................... N [2]
(d) State and explain whether the collision is elastic or inelastic.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) In practice, frictional effects are significant so that the actual increase in kinetic energy of the
ball in moving from A to B is 76 mJ. The length of the track between A and B is 0.60 m.
Use your answer in (a) to determine the average frictional force acting on the ball as it moves
from A to B.
frictional force = ...................................................... N [2]
[Total: 12]
1. Physical quantities and units 9702/21/O/N/17/Q1
36 (a) The drag force FD acting on a sphere moving through a fluid is given by the expression
FD = Kρv 2
where K is a constant,
ρ is the density of the fluid
and v is the speed of the sphere.
Determine the SI base units of K.
base units ...........................................................[3]
(b) A ball of weight 1.5 N falls vertically from rest in air. The drag force FD acting on the ball is
given by the expression in (a). The ball reaches a constant (terminal) speed of 33 m s–1.
Assume that the upthrust acting on the ball is negligible and that the density of the air is
uniform.
For the instant when the ball is travelling at a speed of 25 m s–1, determine
(i) the drag force FD on the ball,
FD = ...................................................... N [2]
(ii) the acceleration of the ball.
acceleration = ................................................. m s–2 [2]

(c) Describe the acceleration of the ball in (b) as its speed changes from zero to 33 m s–1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 10]
9702/21/O/N/17/Q2
37 The variation with time t of the velocity v of two cars P and Q is shown in Fig. 2.1.
car Q
30
v / m s–1
car P
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
t/s
Fig. 2.1
The cars travel in the same direction along a straight road.

Car P passes car Q at time t = 0.
(a) The speed limit for cars on the road is 100 km h–1. State and explain whether car Q exceeds
the speed limit.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Calculate the acceleration of car P.
acceleration = ................................................. m s–2 [2]

(c) Determine the distance between the two cars at time t = 12 s.
distance = ...................................................... m [3]
(d) From time t = 12 s, the velocity of each car remains constant at its value at t = 12 s.
Determine the time t at which car Q passes car P.
t = ....................................................... s [2]
[Total: 8]
9702/22/O/N/17/Q3
4. Forces, density, and pressure
38 A spring is attached at one end to a fixed point and hangs vertically with a cube attached to the
other end. The cube is initially held so that the spring has zero extension, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
spring with
zero extension
cube
weight 4.0 N
5.1 cm
5.1 cm
water
density 1000 kg m–3 7.0 cm
Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2
The cube has weight 4.0 N and sides of length 5.1 cm. The cube is released and sinks into water
as the spring extends. The cube reaches equilibrium with its base at a depth of 7.0 cm below the
water surface, as shown in Fig. 3.2.
The density of the water is 1000 kg m–3.
(a) Calculate the difference in the pressure exerted by the water on the bottom face and on the
top face of the cube.
difference in pressure = ..................................................... Pa [2]
(b) Use your answer in (a) to show that the upthrust on the cube is 1.3 N.
[2]
(c) Calculate the force exerted on the spring by the cube when it is in equilibrium in the water.
force = ....................................................... N [1]
(d) The spring obeys Hooke’s law and has a spring constant of 30 N m–1.
Determine the initial height above the water surface of the base of the cube before it was
released.
height above surface = .................................................... cm [3]
(e) The cube in the water is released from the spring.
(i) Determine the initial acceleration of the cube.
acceleration = ..................................................m s–2 [2]
(ii) Describe and explain the variation, if any, of the acceleration of the cube as it sinks in the
water.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 12]
9702/23/O/N/17/Q3
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Ball A moves with speed v along a horizontal frictionless surface towards a stationary ball B,
as shown in Fig. 3.1.
6.0 m s–1
4.0 kg A
v initial path θ
A B
of ball A 30°
4.0 kg 12 kg
12 kg B
3.5 m s–1
Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 (not to scale)
Ball A has mass 4.0 kg and ball B has mass 12 kg.

The balls collide and then move apart as shown in Fig. 3.2.
Ball A has velocity 6.0 m s–1 at an angle of θ to the direction of its initial path.
Ball B has velocity 3.5 m s–1 at an angle of 30° to the direction of the initial path of ball A.
(i) By considering the components of momentum at right-angles to the direction of the initial
path of ball A, calculate θ.
θ = ........................................................ ° [3]
(ii) Use your answer in (i) to show that the initial speed v of ball A is 12 m s–1.
Explain your working.
[2]
(iii) By calculation of kinetic energies, state and explain whether the collision is elastic or
inelastic.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 10]
9702/21/O/N/18/Q1
40 (a) Define
(i) displacement,
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) acceleration.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A remote-controlled toy car moves up a ramp and travels across a gap to land on another
ramp, as illustrated in Fig. 1.1.
path of car
5.5 m s–1
car
ramp P ramp Q
d ground
θ
Fig. 1.1
The car leaves ramp P with a velocity of 5.5 m s–1 at an angle θ to the horizontal. The
horizontal component of the car’s velocity as it leaves the ramp is 4.6 m s–1. The car lands at
the top of ramp Q. The tops of both ramps are at the same height and are distance d apart.
(i) Show that the car leaves ramp P with a vertical component of velocity of 3.0 m s–1.
[1]
(ii) Determine the time taken for the car to travel between the ramps.
time taken = ....................................................... s [2]

(iii) Calculate the horizontal distance d between the tops of the ramps.
d = ...................................................... m [1]
(iv) Calculate the ratio
kinetic energy of the car at its maximum height

.
kinetic energy of the car as it leaves ramp P
ratio = ........................................................... [3]
(c) Ramp Q is removed. The car again leaves ramp P as in (b) and now lands directly on the
ground. The car leaves ramp P at time t = 0 and lands on the ground at time t = T.
On Fig. 1.2, sketch the variation with time t of the vertical component vy of the car’s velocity
from t = 0 to t = T. Numerical values of vy and t are not required.
vy
0
0 T tt
Fig. 1.2
[2]
[Total: 11]
9702/21/O/N/18/Q2
41 A wooden block moves along a horizontal frictionless surface, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
45 m s –1 2.0 m s –1 block
steel ball
mass 85 g
mass 4.0 g
horizontal
surface
Fig. 2.1
The block has mass 85 g and moves to the left with a velocity of 2.0 m s –1. A steel ball of mass
4.0 g is fired to the right. The steel ball, moving horizontally with a speed of 45 m s –1, collides
with the block and remains embedded in it. After the collision the block and steel ball both have
speed v.
(a) Calculate v.
v = ................................................ m s –1 [2]
(b) (i) For the block and ball, state
1. the relative speed of approach before collision,
relative speed of approach = ...................................................... m s–1
2. the relative speed of separation after collision.
relative speed of separation = ...................................................... m s–1

[1]
(ii) Use your answers in (i) to state and explain whether the collision is elastic or inelastic.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Use Newton’s third law to explain the relationship between the rate of change of momentum
of the ball and the rate of change of momentum of the block during the collision.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 6]
9702/22/O/N/18/Q3
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The propulsion system of a toy car consists of a propeller attached to an electric motor, as
illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
propeller
moving air
0.045 m
speed 1.8 m s–1 electric motor of car
0.045 m body of car
ground
Fig. 3.1
The car is on horizontal ground and is initially held at rest by its brakes. When the motor is
switched on, it rotates the propeller so that air is propelled horizontally to the left. The density
of the air is 1.3 kg m–3.
Assume that the air moves with a speed of 1.8 m s–1 in a uniform cylinder of radius 0.045 m.
Also assume that the air to the right of the propeller is stationary.
(i) Show that, in a time interval of 2.0 s, the mass of air propelled to the left is 0.030 kg.
[2]
(ii) Calculate
1. the increase in the momentum of the mass of air in (b)(i),
increase in momentum = ......................................................... N s
2. the force exerted on this mass of air by the propeller.
force = ........................................................... N
[3]
(iii) Explain how Newton’s third law applies to the movement of the air by the propeller.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(iv) The total mass of the car is 0.20 kg. The brakes of the car are released and the car
begins to move with an initial acceleration of 0.075 m s–2.
Determine the initial frictional force acting on the car.
frictional force = ...................................................... N [2]
[Total: 11]
9702/23/O/N/18/Q3
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A toy rocket consists of a container of water and compressed air, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
container
compressed
air
water
density 1000 kg m–3
nozzle
radius 7.5 mm
Fig. 3.1
Water is pushed vertically downwards through a nozzle by the compressed air. The rocket
moves vertically upwards.
The nozzle has a circular cross-section of radius 7.5 mm. The density of the water
is 1000 kg m–3. Assume that the water leaving the nozzle has the shape of a cylinder of radius
7.5 mm and has a constant speed of 13 m s–1 relative to the rocket.
(i) Show that the mass of water leaving the nozzle in the first 0.20 s after the rocket launch
is 0.46 kg.
[2]
(ii) Calculate
1. the change in the momentum of the mass of water in (b)(i) due to leaving the nozzle,
change in momentum = .......................................................... N s
2. the force exerted on this mass of water by the rocket.
force = ............................................................ N
[3]
(iii) State and explain how Newton’s third law applies to the movement of the rocket by the
water.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(iv) The container has a mass of 0.40 kg. The initial mass of water before the rocket is
launched is 0.70 kg. The mass of the compressed air in the rocket is negligible. Assume
that the resistive force on the rocket due to its motion is negligible.
For the rocket at a time of 0.20 s after launching,
1. show that its total mass is 0.64 kg,
2. calculate its acceleration.
acceleration = ...................................................... m s–2

[3]
[Total: 11]
9702/21/O/N/19/Q3
44 A small remote-controlled model aircraft has two propellers, each of diameter 16 cm.
Fig. 3.1 is a side view of the aircraft when hovering.
body of
16 cm 16 cm
aircraft
propeller propeller
air air
speed speed
7.6 m s–1 7.6 m s–1
Fig. 3.1
Air is propelled vertically downwards by each propeller so that the aircraft hovers at a fixed
position. The density of the air is 1.2 kg m–3. Assume that the air from each propeller moves with
a constant speed of 7.6 m s–1 in a uniform cylinder of diameter 16 cm. Also assume that the air
above each propeller is stationary.
(a) Show that, in a time interval of 3.0 s, the mass of air propelled downwards by one propeller is
0.55 kg.
[3]
(b) Calculate:
(i) the increase in momentum of the mass of air in (a)
increase in momentum = ................................................... N s [1]
(ii) the downward force exerted on this mass of air by the propeller.
force = ..................................................... N [1]

(c) State:
(i) the upward force acting on one propeller
force = ..................................................... N [1]
(ii) the name of the law that explains the relationship between the force in (b)(ii) and the
force in (c)(i).
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Determine the mass of the aircraft.
mass = .................................................... kg [1]
(e) In order for the aircraft to hover at a very high altitude (height), the propellers must propel the
air downwards with a greater speed than when the aircraft hovers at a low altitude. Suggest
the reason for this.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f) When the aircraft is hovering at a high altitude, an electric fault causes the propellers to stop
rotating. The aircraft falls vertically downwards. When the aircraft reaches a constant speed
of 22 m s–1, it emits sound of frequency 3.0 kHz from an alarm. The speed of the sound in the
air is 340 m s–1.
Determine the frequency of the sound heard by a person standing vertically below the falling
aircraft.
frequency = .................................................... Hz [2]
[Total: 11]
9702/22/O/N/19/Q2
45 (a) Define acceleration.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A steel ball of diameter 0.080 m is released from rest and falls vertically in air, as illustrated in
Fig. 2.1.
position of ball steel ball of

when released diameter 0.080 m
0.280 m
horizontal
position P beam of light of
of ball negligible width
A horizontal beam of light of negligible width is a vertical distance of 0.280 m below the bottom
of the ball when it is released. The ball falls through and breaks the beam of light.
(i) Explain why the force due to air resistance acting on the ball may be neglected when
calculating the time taken for the ball to reach the beam of light.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the time taken for the ball to fall from rest to position P where the bottom of the
ball touches the beam of light.
time taken = ....................................................... s [2]

(iii) Determine the time interval during which the beam of light is broken by the ball.
time interval = ....................................................... s [2]
(c) A different ball is released from the same position as the steel ball in (b). This ball has the
same diameter but a much lower density. For this ball, the force due to air resistance cannot
be neglected as the ball falls.
State and explain the change, if any, to the time interval during which the beam of light is
broken by the ball.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]
9702/22/O/N/19/Q3
46 (a) State Newton’s third law of motion.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) A block X of mass mX slides in a straight line along a horizontal frictionless surface, as shown
in Fig. 3.1.
speed 5v speed v
mass mX mass mY
X Y X Y
Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2
The block X, moving with speed 5v, collides head-on with a stationary block Y of mass mY.
The two blocks stick together and then move with common speed v, as shown in Fig. 3.2.
mY
(i) Use conservation of momentum to show that the ratio is equal to 4.
mx
[2]
(ii) Calculate the ratio
total kinetic energy of X and Y after collision

.
total kinetic energy of X and Y before collision
ratio = ......................................................... [3]

(iii) State the value of the ratio in (ii) for a perfectly elastic collision.
ratio = ......................................................... [1]
(c) The variation with time t of the momentum of block X in (b) is shown in Fig. 3.3.
momentum
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
t / ms
Fig. 3.3
Block X makes contact with block Y at time t = 20 ms.
(i) Describe, qualitatively, the magnitude and direction of the resultant force, if any, acting
on block X in the time interval:
1. t = 0 to t = 20 ms
...........................................................................................................................................
2. t = 20 ms to t = 40 ms.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) On Fig. 3.3, sketch the variation of the momentum of block Y with time t from
t = 0 to t = 60 ms. [3]
[Total: 14]
9702/23/O/N/19/Q4
47 A ball X moves along a horizontal frictionless surface and collides with another ball Y, as illustrated
in Fig. 4.1.
X vX
0.300 kg
60.0°
A B A X Y B
60.0°
Y 6.00 m s–1
0.200 kg BEFORE COLLISION AFTER COLLISION
Fig. 4.1 (not to scale) Fig. 4.2 (not to scale)
Ball X has mass 0.300 kg and initial velocity vX at an angle of 60.0° to line AB.
Ball Y has mass 0.200 kg and initial velocity 6.00 m s–1 at an angle of 60.0° to line AB.
The balls stick together during the collision and then travel along line AB, as illustrated in Fig. 4.2.
(a) (i) Calculate, to three significant figures, the component of the initial momentum of ball Y
that is perpendicular to line AB.
component of momentum = ............................................ kg m s–1 [2]
(ii) By considering the component of the initial momentum of each ball perpendicular to
line AB, calculate, to three significant figures, vX.
vX = .................................................m s–1 [1]
(iii) Show that the speed of the two balls after the collision is 2.4 m s–1.
[2]
(b) The two balls continue moving together along the horizontal frictionless surface towards a
spring, as illustrated in Fig. 4.3.
balls of total spring of spring constant 72 N m–1

mass 0.500 kg
2.4 m s–1
horizontal
surface X Y
Fig. 4.3
The balls hit the spring and remain stuck together as they decelerate to rest. All the kinetic
energy of the balls is converted into elastic potential energy of the spring. The energy E
stored in the spring is given by
E = 1 kx 2
2
where k is the spring constant of the spring and x is its compression.
The spring obeys Hooke’s law and has a spring constant of 72 N m–1.
(i) Determine the maximum compression of the spring caused by the two balls.
maximum compression = ...................................................... m [3]

(ii) On Fig. 4.4, sketch graphs to show the variation with compression x of the spring, from
zero to maximum compression, of:
1. the magnitude of the deceleration a of the balls
2. the kinetic energy Ek of the balls.
Numerical values are not required.
a Ek
0 0
0 x 0 x
[3]
Fig. 4.4
[Total: 11]
2 & 3. Kinematics and Dynamics 9702/21/O/N/20/Q2
48 A small block is lifted vertically upwards by a toy aircraft, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.
aircraft
string
velocity block
Fig. 2.1
As the block is moving upwards, the string breaks at time t = 0. The block initially continues
moving upwards and then falls and hits the ground at time t = 0.90 s. The variation with time t of
the velocity v of the block is shown in Fig. 2.2.
1.96
v / m s–1
0
0 0.20 t/s 0.90
–6.86
Fig. 2.2
(a) State the feature of the graph in Fig. 2.2 that shows the block has a constant acceleration.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Use Fig. 2.2 to determine the height of the block above the ground when the string breaks at
time t = 0.
height = ..................................................... m [3]

(c) The block has a weight of 0.86 N.
Calculate the difference in gravitational potential energy of the block between time t = 0 and
time t = 0.90 s.
difference in gravitational potential energy = ...................................................... J [2]
(d) On Fig. 2.3, sketch a line to show the variation of the distance moved by the block with time t
from t = 0 to t = 0.20 s. Numerical values of distance are not required.
distance
moved
0
0 0.20
t/s
Fig. 2.3
[2]
(e) A block of greater mass is now released from the same height with the same upward velocity.
Air resistance is still negligible.
State and explain the effect, if any, of the increased mass on the speed with which the block
hits the ground.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 9]
9702/21/O/N/20/Q3
49 (a) Define force.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A ball falls vertically downwards towards a horizontal floor and then rebounds along its original
path, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
ball reaching ball leaving

speed the floor speed the floor
3.8 m s–1 1.7 m s–1
Fig. 3.1
The ball reaches the floor with speed 3.8 m s–1. The ball is then in contact with the floor for a
time of 0.081 s before leaving it with speed 1.7 m s–1. The mass of the ball is 0.062 kg.
(i) Calculate the loss of kinetic energy of the ball during the collision.
loss of kinetic energy = ...................................................... J [2]
(ii) Determine the magnitude of the change in momentum of the ball during the collision.
(iii) Show that the magnitude of the average resultant force acting on the ball during the
collision is 4.2 N.
[1]
(iv) Use the information in (iii) to calculate the magnitude of:
1. the average force of the floor on the ball during the collision
average force = .......................................................... N
2. the average force of the ball on the floor during the collision.
average force = .......................................................... N

[2]
[Total: 8]
9702/22/O/N/20/Q1
50 (a) Complete Table 1.1 by putting a tick (3) in the appropriate column to indicate whether the
listed quantities are scalars or vectors.
Table 1.1
quantity scalar vector

acceleration
density
temperature
momentum
[2]
(b) A toy train moves along a straight section of track. Fig. 1.1 shows the variation with time t of
the distance d moved by the train.
0.6
0.5
d/m
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3
t/s
Fig. 1.1
(i) Describe qualitatively the motion of the train between time t = 0 and time t = 1.0 s.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Determine the speed of the train at time t = 2.0 s.
speed = ................................................ m s−1 [2]
(c) The straight section of track in (b) is part of the loop of track shown in Fig. 1.2.
track
Fig. 1.2
The train completes exactly one lap of the loop.
State and explain the average velocity of the train over the one complete lap.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 6]
4. Forces, density, and pressure 9702/22/O/N/20/Q2
51 (a) A cylinder is suspended from the end of a string. The cylinder is stationary in water with the
axis of the cylinder vertical, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
cylinder string
weight 0.84 N
water h
density 1.0 × 103 kg m–3
0.031 m
The cylinder has weight 0.84 N, height h and a circular cross-section of diameter 0.031 m.
The density of the water is 1.0 × 103 kg m−3. The difference between the pressures on the top
and bottom faces of the cylinder is 520 Pa.
(i) Calculate the height h of the cylinder.
h = ..................................................... m [2]
(ii) Show that the upthrust acting on the cylinder is 0.39 N.
[2]
(iii) Calculate the tension T in the string.
T = ..................................................... N [1]
(b) The string is now used to move the cylinder in (a) vertically upwards through the water. The
variation with time t of the velocity v of the cylinder is shown in Fig. 2.2.
12.5
10.0
v / cm s–1
7.5
5.0
2.5
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
t/s
Fig. 2.2
(i) Use Fig. 2.2 to determine the acceleration of the cylinder at time t = 2.0 s.
acceleration = ................................................ m s−2 [2]
(ii) The top face of the cylinder is at a depth of 0.32 m below the surface of the water at time
t = 0.
Use Fig. 2.2 to determine the depth of the top face below the surface of the water at time
t = 4.0 s.
depth = ..................................................... m [2]

(c) The cylinder in (b) is released from the string at time t = 4.0 s. The cylinder falls, from rest,
vertically downwards through the water. Assume that the upthrust acting on the cylinder
remains constant as it falls.
(i) State the name of the force that acts on the cylinder when it is moving and does not act
on the cylinder when it is stationary.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State and explain the variation, if any, of the acceleration of the cylinder as it falls
downwards through the water.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 12]
9702/23/O/N/20/Q3
52 A ball is fired horizontally with a speed of 41.0 m s–1 from a stationary cannon at the top of a hill.
The ball lands on horizontal ground that is a vertical distance of 57 m below the cannon, as shown
in Fig. 3.1.
ball,
cannon initial speed
41.0 m s–1
path of
ball
57 m
horizontal
ground
Assume air resistance is negligible.
(a) Show that the time taken for the ball to reach the ground, after being fired, is 3.4 s.
[2]
(b) Calculate the horizontal distance of the ball from the cannon at the point where the ball lands
on the ground.
horizontal distance = ..................................................... m [1]
(c) Determine the magnitude of the displacement of the ball from the cannon at the point where
the ball lands on the ground.
displacement = ..................................................... m [2]

(d) The ball leaves the cannon at time t = 0.
On Fig. 3.2, sketch a graph to show the variation of the magnitude v of the vertical component
of the velocity of the ball with time t from t = 0 to t = 3.4 s.
Numerical values are not required.
0
0 t/s 3.4
Fig. 3.2
[1]
(e) The cannon recoils horizontally with a speed of 0.340 m s–1 when it fires the ball. The total
mass of the ball and the cannon is 1480 kg. Assume that no external horizontal forces act on
the ball-cannon system.
Determine, to three significant figures, the mass of the ball.
mass = .................................................... kg [2]
(f) The cannon now fires a ball of smaller mass. Assume that air resistance is still negligible.
State and explain the change, if any, to the graph in Fig. 3.2 due to the decreased mass of
the ball.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 10]
9702/21/O//N/21/Q2
53 (a) Define momentum.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Two balls X and Y, of equal diameter but different masses 0.24 kg and 0.12 kg respectively,
slide towards each other on a frictionless horizontal surface, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
mass 0.24 kg mass 0.12 kg
X Y
2.3 m s–1 2.3 m s–1
frictionless
surface
Fig. 2.1
Both balls have initial speed 2.3 m s–1 before they collide with each other. Fig. 2.2 shows the
variation with time t of the force FY exerted on ball Y by ball X during the collision.
400
FY / N
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
t / ms
–200
– 400
Fig. 2.2
(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of ball X before the collision.
kinetic energy = ...................................................... J [3]

(ii) The area enclosed by the lines and the time axis in Fig. 2.2 represents the change in
momentum of ball Y during the collision.
Determine the magnitude of the change in momentum of ball Y.
(iii) Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of ball Y after the collision.
velocity = ................................................ m s–1 [2]
(c) On Fig. 2.3, sketch the variation with time t of the force FX exerted on ball X by ball Y during
the collision in (b).
400
FX / N
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
t / ms
–200
– 400
Fig. 2.3
[3]
[Total: 11]
1. Physical quantities and units
9702/23/O/N/21/Q3
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A remote-controlled toy aircraft is flying horizontally in a wind. Fig. 3.1 shows the velocity
vectors, to scale, of the wind and of the aircraft in still air.
north
wind velocity 54°

23 m s–1
aircraft velocity
in still air
42 m s–1
Fig. 3.1
The velocity of the aircraft in still air is 42 m s–1 to the north. The velocity of the wind is 23 m s–1
in a direction of 54° east of south.
Determine the magnitude of the resultant velocity of the aircraft.
magnitude of velocity = ................................................ m s–1 [2]

(c) The engine of the aircraft in (b) stops. The aircraft then glides towards the ground with a
constant velocity at an angle θ to the horizontal, as illustrated in Fig. 3.2.
X
aircraft, 280 m
weight 46 N
glide path horizontal

θ
of aircraft Y
The aircraft has a weight of 46 N and travels a distance of 280 m from point X to point Y. The
change in gravitational potential energy of the aircraft for its movement from X to Y is 6100 J.
Assume that there is now no wind.
(i) Calculate angle θ.
θ = ....................................................... ° [3]
(ii) Calculate the magnitude of the force acting on the aircraft due to air resistance.
force = ..................................................... N [2]

2 & 3. Kinematics and Dynamics 9702/21/O/N/22/Q2
6. Deformation of solids
55 A steel ball is projected horizontally from the top of a table, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
ball
table
4.9 m s–1
path of
ball edge of table
ground
180 cm
The ball is projected horizontally at a speed of 4.9 m s–1. The ball lands on the ground a horizontal
distance of 180 cm from the edge of the table.
(a) (i) Calculate the time taken for the ball to reach the ground.
time = ...................................................... s [1]
(ii) Calculate the vertical component of the velocity of the ball as it hits the ground.
velocity = ................................................ m s–1 [2]

(iii) Determine the magnitude and the angle to the horizontal of the velocity of the ball as it
hits the ground.
magnitude of velocity = ...................................................... m s–1
angle to the horizontal = ............................................................ °

[3]
(b) The ball is projected by means of a compressed spring which is attached to a fixed block as
shown in Fig. 2.2.
ball
x0
frictionless fixed
track block
spring
Fig. 2.2
The ball is placed on a frictionless track in front of the spring. The ball is then pulled back so
that the spring has compression x0.
When the spring is released, the ball is projected horizontally as shown in Fig. 2.3.
ball
spring
Fig. 2.3
The variation with compression x of the applied force F for the spring is shown in Fig. 2.4.
F/N
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
x / cm
Fig. 2.4
The ball is a uniform sphere of steel of diameter 0.016 m and mass 0.017 kg.
(i) Calculate the density of the steel.
density = .............................................. kg m–3 [3]
(ii) All of the elastic potential energy in the spring is converted into kinetic energy of the ball.
The speed of the ball as it leaves the spring is 4.9 m s–1.
Show that the maximum elastic potential energy of the spring is 0.20 J.
[2]
(iii) Use Fig. 2.4 to determine the spring constant k of the spring.
k = ............................................... N m–1 [2]
(iv) Use your answer in (b)(iii) and the value of energy given in (b)(ii) to determine the
compression x0 of the spring.
x0 = ..................................................... m [2]
(c) The steel ball is replaced by a polystyrene ball of the same diameter but of much lower mass.
The spring is given compression x0 and is then released.
Air resistance on this ball is not negligible after it leaves the spring.
Explain:
(i) why this ball leaves the spring with a greater speed than that of the steel ball
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) why this ball takes a longer time to reach the ground than the steel ball.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 17]
9702/22/O/N/22/Q2
56 A spherical balloon is filled with a fixed mass of gas. A small block is connected by a string to the
balloon, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
balloon
string
block
ground
The block is held on the ground by an external force so that the string is vertical. The density of
the air surrounding the balloon is 1.2 kg m–3. The upthrust acting on the balloon is 0.071 N. The
upthrust acting on the string and block is negligible.
(a) By using Archimedes’ principle, calculate the radius r of the balloon.
r = ..................................................... m [2]
(b) The total weight of the balloon, string and block is 0.053 N.
The external force holding the block on the ground is removed so that the released block is
lifted vertically upwards by the balloon.
Calculate the acceleration of the block immediately after it is released.
acceleration = ................................................ m s–2 [3]

(c) The balloon continues to lift the block. The string breaks as the block is moving vertically
upwards with a speed of 1.4 m s–1. After the string breaks, the detached block briefly continues
moving upwards before falling vertically downwards to the ground. The block hits the ground
with a speed of 3.6 m s–1.
Assume that the air resistance on the block is negligible.
(i) By considering the motion of the block after the string breaks, calculate the height of the
block above the ground when the string breaks.
height = ..................................................... m [2]
(ii) The string breaks at time t = 0 and the block hits the ground at time t = T.
On Fig. 2.2, sketch a graph to show the variation of the velocity v of the block with time t
from t = 0 to t = T.
Numerical values of t are not required. Assume that v is positive in the upward direction.
3
v / m s–1
2
0
0 T
–1 t
–2
–3
–4
Fig. 2.2
[2]
[Total: 9]
9702/23/O/N/22/Q2
57 The engine of a toy rocket pushes gases vertically downwards and this results in the rocket
accelerating vertically upwards from the ground.
The rocket starts to move from rest at time t = 0. The variation with time t of the vertical velocity v
of the rocket for the first 0.30 s of the flight is shown in Fig. 2.1.
20
v / m s–1
15
10
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
t/s
Fig. 2.1
As the rocket moves, the thrust force T provided by the rocket engine is 16 N.
Assume that the mass of the rocket is constant for this part of its flight.
(a) For this part of the rocket’s flight:
(i) show that the acceleration of the rocket is 55 m s–2
[1]
(ii) state an expression for the resultant force F experienced by the rocket in terms of the
thrust force T and the weight W of the rocket
[1]
(iii) calculate the mass of the rocket.
mass = .................................................... kg [2]
(b) At time t = 0.30 s, a small piece of metal separates from the rocket.
Calculate:
(i) the height of the rocket above the ground at t = 0.30 s
height = ..................................................... m [2]
(ii) the speed at which the piece of metal strikes the ground.
speed = ................................................ m s–1 [3]
[Total: 9]

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2 & 3.

Kinematics and Dynamics

The ball reaches maximum height at Q.

Air resistance is negligible.

(i) the horizontal component of u,

horizontal component = ................................................. m s–1 [1]

(ii) the vertical component of u.

vertical component = ................................................. m s–1 [1]

(c) Determine the magnitude of the displacement PQ.

displacement = ...................................................... m [4]

force = ...................................................... N [1]

(ii) Explain your working in (i).

6.2 m s–1 2.5 m s–1

just before contact just after losing contact

magnitude of force = ........................................................... N

direction of force ...............................................................

gravitational potential energy: ...................................................................................................

kinetic energy: ...........................................................................................................................

ball at position A ball at position B

Use Fig. 3.2 to calculate, for the ball falling from A to B,

(i) the displacement,

displacement = .......................................................m [3]

(ii) the acceleration,

acceleration = ................................................. m s–2 [2]

(b) Two particles A and B collide elastically, as illustrated in Fig. 5.1.

500 m s–1 at rest 30°

before collision after collision

The initial velocity of A is 500 m s–1 in the x-direction and B is at rest.

The mass m of each particle is 1.67 × 10–27 kg.

(i) Explain what is meant by the particles colliding elastically.

(ii) Calculate the total initial momentum of A and B.

momentum = .....................................................N s [1]

The variation with time t of the velocity v of P is shown in Fig. 2.2.

(ii) Calculate the total distance moved by P from time t = 0 to t = 7.0 s.

distance = .......................................................m [2]

(iii) Calculate the change in kinetic energy of P from time t = 0 to t = 7.0 s.

change in kinetic energy = ........................................................ J [2]

(iv) The tension in the wire at time t = 5.0 s is 280 N.

Calculate, for the horizontal motion,

1. the vertical lift force F supporting P,

2. the force R due to air resistance acting on P in the horizontal direction.

6 (a) Define velocity.

Air resistance is negligible.

Calculate, for the ball,

(i) the horizontal velocity v as it leaves the table,

v = ..................................................m s–1 [3]

magnitude of velocity = .......................................................m s–1

angle to the horizontal = ............................................................. °

(iii) the kinetic energy just as it hits the floor,

kinetic energy = ........................................................ J [2]

loss in potential energy = ........................................................ J [2]

(i) Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of B after the collision.

magnitude of velocity = ..................................................m s–1 [2]

(ii) The collision between A and B is inelastic.

5 (a) Define the frequency of a sound wave.

The mass of A is 840 g.

Calculate, for the time t = 0 to t = 4.0 s,

(i) the change in momentum of A,

change in momentum = ............................................. kg m s–1 [2]

(ii) the force F.