Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

EEE 415
Power System Analysis I

Three Phase Balanced Circuits

Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Introduction
• The balanced three-phase voltages consists
of three sinusoidal voltages that have
identical amplitudes and frequencies but
they are out of phase with each other by
120°.
• Three phases are notated with a,b and c in
common practice.
• Phase a is taken as a reference phase and
the phase angle of phase a’ s voltage is
assumed as zero.

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Introduction
• There are two possible phase sequence (abc) (acb)
for balanced three phase voltages; Positive sequence Negative sequence
• Positive sequence 𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂 = 𝑽𝑽𝒎𝒎 ∠𝟎𝟎° 𝑽𝑽𝒂𝒂 = 𝑽𝑽𝒎𝒎 ∠𝟎𝟎°
• Negative Sequence 𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃 = 𝑽𝑽𝒎𝒎 ∠ − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏° 𝑽𝑽𝒃𝒃 = 𝑽𝑽𝒎𝒎 ∠𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏°
𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄 = 𝑽𝑽𝒎𝒎 ∠𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏° 𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄 = 𝑽𝑽𝒎𝒎 ∠ − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏°

In three phase balanced circuits,

• If the phase sequence and one phase
voltage are known, the entire voltage
set can be determined.

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Three Phase Sources
• There are two posibility for the connection of three phase voltage source.

a a

Va
Vca Vab
n
Vc Vb

b b
c Vbc c
Y or Star Connected Source Δ Connected Source

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Three Phase Sources
with internal impedances

a a
Za
Vca Zab
Va
Zca Vab
Vc n Vb
Zc Zb
b b
Zbc
c Vbc c
The Balanced Y (or Star) Connected Source The Balanced Δ Connected Source
Z=
a Z=
b Zc Z=
ab Z=
bc Z ca
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 Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Three Phase Sources – Analysis of Y Connected Source
• Phase and Line Voltages in Y Connected Source
a Phase Voltages Line Voltages
Va = Vm ∠0° Vab= Va − Vb Vc -Vb
Va
Vab Vb= Vm ∠ − 120° Vbc= Vb − Vc Vab
n Vca
Vc Vb Vc =Vm ∠120° Vca= Vc − Va 30°
Va
b V=
ab 3 Vm ∠30°
Vbc
c
Vbc
= 3 Vm ∠ − 90°
Vb
Vca= 3 Vm ∠150°
The magnitude of the line voltage is √3 times the
magnitude of the phase voltage and the set of line
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voltages leads the set of phase voltages by 30°.
6
Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Three Phase Sources – Analysis of Y Connected Source
• Phase and Line Currents in Y Connected Source
Ia
a In Y connected sources, the phase
currents are equal to line currents.
Va
I a = I m ∠0°
n I b= I m ∠ − 120°
Vc Vb
Ib I c =I m ∠120°
b
Ic
c

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Three Phase Sources – Analysis of Δ Connected Source
• Phase and Line Voltages in Δ Connected Source

a In Δ connected sources, the phase

voltages are equal to the line voltages.

Vca Vab Vab

Vca
Vab = Vm ∠0°
Vbc= Vm ∠ − 120°
b Vca =Vm ∠120°
Vbc Vbc
c

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Three Phase Sources – Analysis of Y Connected Source
• Phase and Line Currents in Δ Connected Source
Ia Phase Currents Line Currents
a I ab = I m ∠0° I=
a I ab − I ca
Iab I bc= I m ∠ − 120° I=
b I bc − I ab
I ca =I m ∠120° I=
c I ca − I bc
Vca Vab
Ica Ia
= 3 I m ∠ − 30°
Ib
b Ib
= 3 I m ∠ − 150°
Ibc Ic
Vbc I= 3 I m ∠90°
c c

The magnitude of the line current is √3 times the

magnitude of the phase current and The set of line
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current lags the set of phase currents by 30°.
9
Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Balanced Three Phase Loads
• There are two possiblity for the connection of balanced three phase loads as
three phase sources.
• The balanced three phase loads have equal impedances in all phases.
a a

ZY
ZΔ ZΔ
n

ZY ZY
b b
ZΔ
c c
Y Connected Load Δ Connected Load
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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Balanced Three Phase Loads
a

• If the load in a three-phase circuit is connected in a ZY

delta or wye , it can be transformed into other n

connection type by using the balanced impedance
transformation. ZY ZY
b
• When the load is balanced, the impedance of each c
leg of the wye is one third the impedance of each leg Y Connected Load
of the delta. a

Z∆ ZΔ ZΔ
ZY =
3
b
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11
Δ Connected Load
Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Balanced Three Phase Loads - Analysis of Y Connected Load

The magnitude of the line voltage is √3 times the magnitude

Ia of the phase voltage and the set of line voltages leads the set
of phase voltages by 30°.
a
Phase Voltages Line Voltages
ZY Va Va = Vm ∠0° V=
ab 3 Vm ∠30°
Vab Vb= Vm ∠ − 120° Vbc
= 3 Vm ∠ − 90°
n Vca
Vc Vb Vc =Vm ∠120°
Ib Vca= 3 Vm ∠150°
ZY ZY
b In Y connected sources, the phase currents are equal to phase
Ic Vbc currents.
c
I a = I m ∠0°
I b= I m ∠ − 120°
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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Balanced Three Phase Loads - Analysis of Y Connected Load

In Δ connected sources, the phase voltages are equal to the

Ia line voltages.
a Vab = Vm ∠0°
Iab Vbc= Vm ∠ − 120°
ZΔ ZΔ Vab Vca =Vm ∠120°
Ica Vca The magnitude of the line current is √3 times the magnitude
Ib of the phase current and the set of line current lags the set of
b phase currents by 30°.
ZΔ Ibc Ic Vbc Phase Currents Line Currents
c
I ab = I m ∠0° Ia
= 3 I m ∠ − 30°
I bc= I m ∠ − 120° Ib
= 3 I m ∠ − 150°
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c 13
Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Connection Types

• Three-phase sources and loads can be either Y or Δ connected.

• We have 4 possible connection types;

• Y-Y connection
• Y-Δ connection
• Δ-Y connection
• Δ-Δ connection

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Analysis of Y-Y Circuit
IaA ZaA
a A

Zga
I0 Z0 ZYa VAN
Va’n
Vc’n n Vb’n N
VBN VCN
Zgc Zgb IbB ZbB
b B ZYb ZYc
IcC ZcC
c C

• In addition to the phase line conductors, a neutral wire is added to connect the
neutral of source to load. This neutral conductor is possible only in Y-Y
connection.
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 Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Analysis of Y-Y Circuit

IaA
• Va’n, Vb’n and Vc’n is the internal phase
ZaA
a A voltage of each source phases.
Zga • Zga, Zgb and Zgc represent the internal
I0 Z0 ZYa VAN impedance associated with each phase
Va’n of source.
Vc’n n Vb’n N
VBN VCN • ZaA, ZbB and ZcC is the impedance of the
Zgc Zgb IbB
b ZbB
B ZYb ZYc lines connecting a phase of the source.
IcC
c ZcC C • Z0 is the impedance of the neutral
conductor connecting the source
neutral to the load neutral to a phase of
the load
• ZYa, ZYb and ZYc represent the impedance
of each phase of the load.
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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Analysis of Y-Y Circuit
IaA ZaA
a A

Zga
I0 Z0 ZYa VAN
Va’n
Vc’n n Vb’n N
VBN VCN
Zgc Zgb IbB ZbB
b B ZYb ZYc
IcC ZcC
c C

• Using the source neutral as the reference node and letting VN denote the node
voltage between the nodes N and n, we find the node-voltage equation of circuit as;
VN VN − Va ' n VN − Vb ' n VN − Vc ' n
+ + + 0
=
Z 0 ZYa + Z aA + Z ga ZYb + Z bB + Z gb ZYc + Z cC + Z gc
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 Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Analysis of Y-Y Circuit

IaA
In balanced circuit conditions,
a ZaA
A
• Va’n, Vb’n and Vc’n are a set of balanced
Zga three-phase voltages.
I0 ZYa VAN
Va’n
Z0 • The impedance of each phase of the
n N
voltage source is the same. Zga=Z gb=Zgc.
Vc’n Vb’n
VBN VCN
Zgc Zgb IbB • The impedance of each line (or phase)
ZbB ZYb ZYc
b B conductor is the same. ZaA=ZbB=ZcC.
IcC ZcC
c C • The impedance of each phase of the
load is the same. ZYa=ZYb=ZYc.
• Therefore, for a balanced three phase
circuit,
=VN 0=
& I0 0
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 Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Analysis of Y-Y Circuit

IaA ZaA
• When the system is balanced, the
a A
three line currents are equal to;
Zga
I0 Z0 ZYa VAN
Va’n Va ' n
n N
I aA =
Vc’n Vb’n
VBN VCN ZYa + Z aA + Z ga
Zgc Zgb IbB ZbB ZYb ZYc
b B
Vb ' n
IcC
c ZcC C I bB =
ZYb + Z bB + Z gb
Vc ' n
I cC =
ZYc + Z cC + Z gc

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Analysis of Y-Y Circuit
In Y-Y Circuit configuration,
• The three phase voltages of source form a balanced set of three-phase voltage
and the source voltage in each phase is equal in amplitude and frequency and is
120° out of phase with the other two phase voltages.
• The three line currents form a balanced set of three-phase currents; that is, the
current in each line is equal in amplitude and frequency and is 120° out of phase
with the other two line currents.

Thus,
• If the source voltage of phase a or line current flow from phase a is calculated and
the phase sequence is known, the other phase voltages or line currents can be
calculated.

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Analysis of Y-Y Circuit
• In balanced three phase conditions, the neutral conductor has been replaced by a
perfect short circuit and three phase Y-Y connected circuit can be degraded to
single phase equvalent circuit by using the phase relationships in three phase
balanced circuit.
IaA ZaA
a A

Zga
ZYa
Va’n
n N

Single Line Equivalent Circuit of Y-Y Connection

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Analysis of Y-Δ Circuit
IaA ZL
a A

Zg IΔab

Va’n Vab ZΔ ZΔ Vca

Vc’n n Vb’n IΔca

Zg Zg IbB ZL
b B ZΔ
IcC ZL IΔbc Vbc
c C
Using the balanced three phase circuit relationships,
• Delta connected load can be transformed into Y connected load and Y-Δ
connected circuit can be represented as Y-Y connected circuit to analyze three
phase circuit using single line equivalent circuit.
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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Analysis of Y-Δ Circuit

ZLa IaA=(√3IΔab)ej(-30°)
a A

Zg
VAN=(Vab/√3)ej(-30°) ZY=ZΔ/3
Va’n
n N

Single Line Equivalent Circuit of Y-Δ Connection

for the positive phase sequence

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Analysis of Δ -Y Circuit
IaA ZL
a A
Ia’b’

Vc’a’ ZgΔ ZY VAN

ZgΔ Va’b’
N
Ic’a’ VBN VCN
IbB ZL
b B ZY ZY
ZgΔ Ib’c’ IcC ZL
Vb’c’ c C
Using the balanced three phase circuit relationships,
• Delta connected source can be transformed into Y connected source and Δ-Y
connected circuit can be represented as Y-Y connected circuit to analyze three
phase circuit using single line equivalent circuit.
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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Analysis of Δ -Y Circuit

IaA=(√3Ia’b’)ej(-30°) ZL
a A

ZgY=(ZgΔ)/3
VAN ZY
j(-30°)
Va’n=(Va’b’/√3)e
n N

Single Line Equivalent Circuit of Δ-Y Connection

for the positive phase sequence

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Analysis of Δ - Δ Circuit
IaA ZL
a A
Ia’b’ IΔAB

Vc’a’ ZgΔ
VAB ZΔ ZΔ VCA
ZgΔ
IΔCA
IbB ZL ZΔ
b B
ZgΔ Ib’c’ IcC ZL IΔBC VBC
Vb’c’ c C
Using the balanced three phase circuit relationships,
• Δ connected source and load can be transformed into Y connected source and Δ-
Δ connected circuit can be represented as Y-Y connected circuit to analyze three
phase circuit using single line equivalent circuit.
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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Analysis of Δ - Δ Circuit

ZLa IaA=(√3Ia’b’)ej(-30°)=(√3IΔAB)ej(-30°)
a A

ZgY=(ZgΔ)/3
VAN=(VAB/√3)ej(-30°) ZY=ZΔ/3
j(-30°)
Va’n=(Va’b’/√3)e
n N

Single Line Equivalent Circuit of Δ –Δ Connection

for the positive phase sequence

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Three Phase Power Calculations for Y Connected Load
• For Y connected load, the active powers of
each phase is calculated as;

• In Y connected balanced three phase load

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Three Phase Power Calculations for Y Connected Load
• The total active power delivered to the
balanced Y connected load is simply three
times the power per phase as;

• The total active power is expressed in terms of

the line voltage and current as;

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Three Phase Power Calculations for Y Connected Load
• The reactive power associated with any one
phase of a balanced Y-connected load is as;

• The total reactive power a balanced Y-connected

load is as;

• The complex power of any phase and total

complex power a balanced Y-connected load are
as;

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Three Phase Power Calculations for Δ Connected Load
• For Δ connected load, the active powers of
each phase is calculated as;

• In Δ connected balanced three phase load

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Three Phase Power Calculations for Δ Connected Load

• The total active power delivered to the

balanced Δ connected load is;

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Three Phase Power Calculations for Δ Connected Load
• The expressions for reactive power and
complex power of balanced Δ connected load
also have the same form as those developed
for the Y load:

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Problem 1

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Problem 2
• Three identical impedances ZΔ = 20∟60°Ω are connected in Δ to a balanced three
phase 208-V source by three identical line conductors with impedance
ZL=0.8+j0.6 Ω per line.
(a) Calculate the line-to-line voltage at the load terminals.
(b) Repeat part (a) when a Δ-connected capacitor bank with reactance –j20 Ω per
phase is connected in parallel with the load.

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Problem 3

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Three Phase Balanced Circuits
Problem 4

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

EEE 415
Power System Analysis I

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