References

REFERENCES

Achtergarde, S., Müller, J. M., Postert, C., Wessing, I., Mayer, A., & Romer, G. (2015). Der
Zusammenhang von Bindungsmustern und der Entwicklung von Angstsymptomen im
Kindes- und Jugendalter [Attachment Patterns and their Relation to the Development
of Anxiety Symptoms in Childhood and Adolescence]. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie
und Kinderpsychiatrie, 64(7), 496–526. https://doi.org/10.13109/prkk.2015.64.7.496

Adult attachment scale (AAS). Statistics Solutions. (2024, April 17).

https://www.statisticssolutions.com/free-resources/directory-of-survey-instruments/adult-
attachment-scale-aas/

Ahuja, N. (2011). A short textbook of psychiatry (7th ed.). Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P)
Ltd.

Alschuler, K. N., & Beier, M. L. (2015). Intolerance of Uncertainty: Shaping an Agenda for Research
on Coping with Multiple Sclerosis. International journal of MS care, 17(4), 153–158.
https://doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073.2014-044

American Psychiatric Association 2022. Anxiety Disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Text Revision. American Psychiatric Association; pp. 215-231.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th
ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). The state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI). American
Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/pi/about/publications/caregivers/practice-
settings/assessment/tools/trait-state

Andrews, E. E., & Hicks, R. E. (2017). Dealing with anxiety: Relationships among interpersonal
attachment style, psychological wellbeing and trait anxiety. International Journal of
Psychological Studies, 9(4), 53. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v9n4p53

B.R., S., & Raman, V. (2020). Sociodemographic correlates of anxiety disorders in children: A cross-
sectional study in an Indian outpatient setting. Journal of Indian Association for Child and
Adolescent Mental Health, 16(3), 116–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342202003

67 | P a g e
 References

Balaram K, Marwaha R. Agoraphobia. [Updated 2023 Feb 13]. In: StatPearls [Internet].Treasure
Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554387/

Bandelow, B., & Michaelis, S. (2015). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st
century. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 17(3), 327–335.
https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/bbandelow

Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd
ed.). Guilford Press.

Barnett, M. D., Maciel, I. V., Johnson, D. M., & Ciepluch, I. (2021). Social Anxiety and Perceived
Social Support: Gender Differences and the Mediating Role of Communication Styles.
Psychological Reports, 124(1), 70-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294119900975

Bashir, A., Khurshid, S., Altaf, M., Bhatia, T., Singh, R., & Shoib, S. (2022). Assessment of Anxiety
and Depression among Adult Population of Kashmir, India: A Cross-sectional Study. Journal
of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR, 16(7), 25–29.
https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2022/53746.16649

Bavolar, J., Kacmar, P., Hricova, M., Schrötter, J., Kovacova-Holevova, B., Köverova, M., &
Raczova, B. (2021). Intolerance of uncertainty and reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Journal of General Psychology, 150(2), 143–170.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2021.1922346

Becerra, R., Gainey, K., Murray, K., & Preece, D. A. (2023). Intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety:
The role of beliefs about emotions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 324, 349–353.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.064

Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. International Universities Press.

Beckwith, H. (2021). Understandings of attachment theory for clinical practice [Doctoral

dissertation]. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/331386/Beckwith
%20-%20Thesis_HB_redacted.pdf?sequence=5

Bernstein, D. A. (1986). Anxiety, uncertainty, and coping. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(1),
88-94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.95.1.88

Boelen, P. A., & Reijntjes, A. (2009). Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety. Journal of
Anxiety Disorders, 23(1), 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.007

68 | P a g e
 References

Borkovec, T. D. (2002). Worry: A cognitive phenomenon central to anxiety disorders. In R. L. Leahy

& D. H. Hoffman (Eds.), Cognitive therapy: A guide for the practicing clinician (pp. 175-
203). Guilford Press.

Borkovec, T. D., & Roemer, L. (1995). Perceived control and the worry process. Cognitive Therapy
and Research, 19(6), 749-759.

Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety
disorder. In G. C. L. Davey & A. Wells (Eds.), Worry and its psychological disorders:
Theory, assessment, and treatment (pp. 35-58). Wiley.

Boswell, J. F., Thompson-Hollands, J., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Intolerance of
uncertainty: A common factor in the treatment of emotional disorders. Journal of Clinical
Psychology, 69(6), 630–645. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21965

Bottesi, G., Ghisi, M., Carraro, E., Barclay, N., Payne, R., & Freeston, M. H. (2016). Revising the
intolerance of uncertainty model of generalized anxiety disorder: Evidence from UK and
Italian undergraduate samples. Frontiers in Psychology, 7.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01723

Bottesi, G., Marchetti, I., Sica, C., & Ghisi, M. (2020). What is the internal structure of intolerance
of uncertainty? A network analysis approach. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 75, 102293.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102293

Bourne, E. J. (2005). The anxiety and phobia workbook (4th ed.). New Harbinger Publications.

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. Basic Books.

Brown, G., & Medcalf-Bell, R. (2022). Phoning it in: Social anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and
anxiety reduction motivations predict phone use in social situations. Human Behavior and
Emerging Technologies, 2022, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6153053

Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the
English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(8), 931–945.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00092-4

Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale: Psychometric properties of
the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(8), 931-945. https://
://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.95.1.88

69 | P a g e
 References

Burani, K., & Nelson, B. D. (2020). Gender differences in anxiety: The mediating role of sensitivity
to unpredictable threat. International journal of psychophysiology: official journal of the
International Organization of Psychophysiology, 153, 127–134.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.05.001

Caldwell, J. G., & Shaver, P. R. (2013). Mediators of the Link between Adult Attachment and
Mindfulness. Interpersonal: An International Journal on Personal Relationships, 7(2), 299–
310. https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v7i2.133

Carleton, R. N. (2012). The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders:
Theoretical and practical perspectives. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 12(8), 937–947.
https://doi.org/10.1586/ern.12.82

Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Thibodeau, M. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Asmundson,
G. J. G. (2012). Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across
anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(3), 468–479.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.011

Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical
applications (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.

Ceccon, C., & Moscardino, U. (2023). Friendship attachment style, intolerance of uncertainty, and
psychological distress among unaccompanied immigrant minors in times of COVID‐19.
Journal of Adolescence, 96(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12254

Chambers, J. A., Power, K. G., & Durham, R. C. (2004). The relationship between trait vulnerability
and anxiety and depressive diagnoses at long-term follow-up of generalized anxiety disorder.
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18(5), 587–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2003.09.001

Charpentier, C. J., Faulkner, P., Pool, E. R., Ly, V., Tollenaar, M. S., Kluen, L. M., Fransen, A.,
Yamamori, Y., Lally, N., Mkrtchian, A., Valton, V., Huys, Q. J., Sarigiannidis, I., Morrow, K.
A., Krenz, V., Kalbe, F., Cremer, A., Zerbes, G., Kausche, F. M., … O’Doherty, J. P. (2021).
How representative are neuroimaging samples? large-scale evidence for trait anxiety
differences between fmri and behaviour-only research participants. Social Cognitive and
Affective Neuroscience, 16(10), 1057–1070. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab057

70 | P a g e
 References

Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. R.
Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and
treatment (pp. 69-93). Guilford Press.

Clark, G. I., Rock, A. J., Clark, L. H., & Murray‐lyon, K. (2020). Adult attachment, worry and
reassurance seeking: Investigating the role of intolerance of uncertainty. Clinical
Psychologist, 24(3), 294–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12218

Cobos, P. L., Quintero, M. J., Ruiz-Fuentes, M., Vervliet, B., & López, F. J. (2022). The role of relief,
perceived control, and prospective intolerance of uncertainty in excessive avoidance in
uncertain-threat environments. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 179, 89–100.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.07.002

Comotti, A., Fattori, A., Greselin, F., Bordini, L., Brambilla, P., & Bonzini, M. (2023). Psychometric
Evaluation of GHQ-12 as a Screening Tool for Psychological Impairment of Healthcare
Workers Facing COVID-19 Pandemic. La Medicina del lavoro, 114(1), e2023009.
https://doi.org/10.23749/mdl.v114i1.13918

Conrad, R., Forstner, A. J., Chung, M.-L., Mücke, M., Geiser, F., Schumacher, J., & Carnehl, F.
(2021). Significance of anger suppression and preoccupied attachment in Social Anxiety
Disorder: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-
021-03098-1

Corr, R., Pelletier-Baldelli, A., Glier, S., Bizzell, J., Campbell, A., & Belger, A. (2021). Neural
mechanisms of acute stress and trait anxiety in adolescents. NeuroImage: Clinical, 29,
102543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102543

Costache, M. E., Frick, A., Månsson, K., Engman, J., Faria, V., Hjorth, O., Hoppe, J. M., Gingnell,
M., Frans, Ö., Björkstrand, J., Rosén, J., Alaie, I., Åhs, F., Linnman, C., Wahlstedt, K.,
Tillfors, M., Marteinsdottir, I., Fredrikson, M., & Furmark, T. (2020). Higher- and lower-
order personality traits and cluster subtypes in social anxiety disorder. PLOS ONE, 15(4).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232187

Crocq, M. (2015). A history of anxiety: From Hippocrates to DSM. Dialogues in Clinical

Neuroscience, 17(3), 319-325. https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2015.17.3/macrocq

Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., Weitz, E., Andersson, G., & van Straten, A. (2016). Psychotherapy for
generalized anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 43, 130-140.

71 | P a g e
 References

Cupid, J., Stewart, K. E., Sumantry, D., & Koerner, N. (2021). Feeling safe: Judgements of safety
and anxiety as a function of worry and intolerance of uncertainty. Behaviour Research and
Therapy, 147, 103973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103973

Davis, A. M., & Carnelley, K. B. (2023). Attachment: The what, the why, and the long-term effects.
Frontiers for Young Minds, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2023.809060

de Visser, L., van der Knaap, L. J., van de Loo, A. J. A. E., van der Weerd, C. M. M., Ohl, F., & van
den Bos, R. (2010). Trait anxiety affects decision-making differently in healthy men and
women: Towards gender-specific endophenotypes of anxiety. Neuropsychologia, 48(6),
1598–1606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.01.027

Derin, S., Selman, S. B., Alyanak, B., & Soylu, N. (2022). The role of adverse childhood experiences
and attachment styles in social anxiety disorder in adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology
and Psychiatry, 27(3), 644–657. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045221078085

Dilmac, B., Hamarta , E., & Arslan , C. (2009). Analysing the Trait Anxiety and Locus of Control of
Undergraduates in Terms of Attachment Styles. Educational Sciences Theory & Practice, 9.

Disorders in the 21st century, Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17:3, 327-335, DOI:
10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/bbandelow

Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (2000). Treatment of gad. Behavior Modification, 24(5), 635–657.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445500245002

Dugas, M. J., & Robichaud, M. (2007). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for generalized anxiety
disorder: From science to practice. Routledge.

Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (2001). Generalized anxiety disorder
and intolerance of uncertainty: A preliminary test of a conceptual model. Journal of Anxiety
Disorders, 15(3), 209-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(01)00053-1

Dugas, M. J., Sexton, K. A., Hebert, E. A., Bouchard, S., Gouin, J.-P., & Shafran, R. (2022).
Behavioral experiments for intolerance of uncertainty: A randomized clinical trial for adults
with generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 53(6), 1147–1160.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2022.05.003

Eaton, W. W., Bienvenu, O. J., & Miloyan, B. (2018). Specific phobias. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(8),
678–686. https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30169-X

72 | P a g e
 References

Ein-Dor, T., Mikulincer, M., Doron, G., & Shaver, P. R. (2010). The attachment paradox: How can so
many of us (the insecure ones) have no adaptive advantages? Perspectives on Psychological
Science, 5(2), 123–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610362349

Endler, N. S., & Kocovski, N. L. (2001). State and trait anxiety revisited. Journal of Anxiety
Disorders, 15(3), 231–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6185(01)00060-3

Eng, W., Heimberg, R. G., Hart, T. A., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2001). Attachment in
individuals with social anxiety disorder: The relationship among adult attachment styles,
social anxiety, and depression. Emotion, 1(4), 365–380. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-
3542.1.4.365

ERUYAR, Ş., & YILMAZ, M. (2023). Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator on the relationship
between adult attachment and PTSD. OPUS Journal of Society Research.
https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1350680

Eysenck, M. W. (2000). A cognitive approach to trait anxiety. European Journal of Personality,

14(5), 463–476.https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0984(200009/10)14:5<463::aid-
per393>3.3.co;2-v

Fattouh, N., Haddad, C., Salameh, P., Sacre, H., Hallit, R., Soufia, M., Hallit, S., & Obeid, S. (2022).
A national study of the association of attachment styles with depression, social anxiety, and
suicidal ideation among Lebanese adolescents. The Primary Care Companion For CNS
Disorders, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.21m03027

Fearon, R. P., & Roisman, G. I. (2022). Attachment anxiety and the persistence of anxiety disorders:
A longitudinal perspective. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78(4), 789–801.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23245

Feldman, R. S. (2018). Development across the life span (8th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.

Fernandes, B., Newton, J., & Essau, C. A. (2021). The mediating effects of self-esteem on anxiety
and emotion regulation. Psychological Reports, 125(2), 787–803.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294121996991

Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2009). Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD:
Emotional processing of traumatic experiences. Guilford Press.

73 | P a g e
 References

Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report
measures of adult attachment. Journal of personality and social psychology, 78(2), 350–365.
https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.78.2.350

Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., & Gagnon, F. (1994). The role of uncertainty in the genesis and
maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32(5), 435-
441.

Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people
worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17(6), 791–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-
8869(94)90048-5

Garcia, R. (2017). Neurobiology of fear and specific phobias. Learning & Memory, 24(9),
462–471. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.044115.116

Gillath, O., Karantzas, G., & Fraley, R. C. (2021). Emotional support as a mediator in attachment and
anxiety linkages. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, Article 110608.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110608

Gillath, O., Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2005). An attachment-theoretical approach to

compassion and altruism. Advances in Personality Science, 11(2), 227–250.

Goldstein-Piekarski, A. N., Williams, L. M., & Humphreys, K. (2016). A trans-diagnostic review of

anxiety disorder comorbidity and the impact of multiple exclusion criteria on studying
clinical outcomes in anxiety disorders. Translational psychiatry, 6(6), e847.
https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.108

Gray, E., Sweller, N., & Boag, S. (2024). Child abuse and neglect and obsessive–compulsive
personality traits: Effects of attachment, intolerance of uncertainty, and Metacognition.
Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-024-00644-3

Gu, Y., Gu, S., Lei, Y., & Li, H. (2020). From uncertainty to anxiety: How uncertainty fuels anxiety
in a process mediated by intolerance of uncertainty. Neural Plasticity, 2020, 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8866386

Guo, L., & Ash, J. (2020). Anxiety and attachment styles: A systematic review. Proceedings of the
2020 4th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS
2020), 1005–1012. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200826.207

74 | P a g e
 References

Hamilton, M., Maier, W., Buller, R., Philipp, M., & Heuser, I. (1970, January 1). Hamilton Anxiety
Rating Scale (HAM-A). Psychology Tools. https://psychology-tools.com/test/hamilton-
anxiety-rating-scale

Hantsoo, L., & Epperson, C. N. (2017). Anxiety Disorders Among Women: A Female Lifespan
Approach. Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing), 15(2), 162–172.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20160042

HasanTehrani, R., & Moharami, J. (2024). Predicting neuroticism traits based on various attachment
styles and psychological well-being with the mediation of uncertainty intolerance in college
students. Journal of Psychological Science, 23(137), 1205-1223. 10.52547/JPS.23.137.1205

Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The
process and practice of mindful change. Guilford Press.

Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hope, D. A., & Schneier, F. R. (2014). Social anxiety disorder:
Clinical features and treatment. In G. S. K. S. R. G. Heimberg (Ed.), Social anxiety: Clinical,
developmental, and social perspectives (4th ed., pp. 3-27). Elsevier.

Hendriks, S. M., Spijker, J., Licht, C. M., Hardeveld, F., de Graaf, R., Batelaan, N. M., Penninx, B.
W., & Beekman, A. T. (2016). Long-term disability in Anxiety Disorders. BMC Psychiatry,
16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0946-y

Hofmann, S. G. (2007). Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder. Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 16(6), 209-213.

Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The Efficacy of
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and
Research, 36(5), 427-440.

Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based
Stress Reduction: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2),
169-183.

Hussain, A., Dar, M. A., Shah, M. S., & Roub, F. (2024). An epidemiological study of psychiatric
disorders in Kashmir. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 13(3), 845–850.
https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_593_21

Iannattone, S., Spaggiari, S., Di Riso, D., & Bottesi, G. (2024a). Profiles of intolerance of
uncertainty, separation anxiety, and negative affectivity in emerging adulthood: A person-

75 | P a g e
 References

centered approach. Journal of Affective Disorders, 345, 51–58.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.108

Javdan, M., & Shahri, F. (2023). Defense mechanisms, impaired emotion regulation and intolerance
of uncertainty in students with and without social anxiety: A comparative study. Iranian
Evolutionary and Educational Psychology, 5(1), 171–181.
https://doi.org/10.52547/ieepj.5.1.171

Javeed Ahmad, & Pirzada M Amin. (2023). Anxiety and its correlates among youth in Kashmir: A
cross-sectional study. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 8(1), 573–580.
https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.8.1.0100

Jayasankar, P., Suhas, S., Nirisha, L. P., Philip, S., Manjunatha, N., Rao, G. N., Gururaj, G.,
Varghese, M., & Benegal, V. (2023). Current prevalence and determinants of generalized
anxiety disorder from a nationally representative, population-based survey of India. Indian
Journal of Psychiatry, 65(12), 1244–1248.
https://doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_824_23

Jenkinson, R., Milne, E., & Thompson, A. (2020). The relationship between intolerance of
uncertainty and anxiety in autism: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Autism,
24(8), 1933–1944. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320932437

Jin, L., Zamudio, G., Wang, C. D., & Lin, S. (2024). Insecure attachment and eating disorder
symptoms: Intolerance of uncertainty and emotion regulation as mediators. Journal of
Clinical Psychology, 80(7), 1673–1688. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23685

Johnson, S. M. (2009). Attachment theory and emotionally focused therapy for individuals and
couples. In J. H. Obegi & E. Berant (Eds.), Attachment theory and research in clinical work
with adults (pp. 410–433). Guilford Press.

Kalin, N. H. (2020). The Critical Relationship Between Anxiety and Depression. American Journal
of Psychiatry, 177(5), 365–367. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20030305

Kayastha, M., Tikka, R., Ram, S., Dubey, A., & Tikka, A. (2014). Attachment styles and anxiety
among adolescents in rural India. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2(1), 45–53

Kaynak, H., Turan, A., & Demir, Y. (2022). Locus of control as a mediator of the relationships
between motivational systems and trait anxiety. Psychological Reports, 127(4), 1533–1560.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221139707

76 | P a g e
 References

Kim, Y.-K. (2020). Anxiety disorders: Rethinking and understanding recent discoveries (1st ed.).
Springer Singapore Springer.

Klein Hofmeijer-Sevink, M., Batelaan, N. M., van Megen, H. J. G. M., Penninx, B. W., Cath, D. C.,
van den Hout, M. A., & van Balkom, A. J. L. M. (2012). Clinical relevance of comorbidity in
anxiety disorders: A report from the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety (NESDA).
Journal of Affective Disorders, 137(1–3), 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.008

Knowles, K. A., & Olatunji, B. O. (2020). Specificity of trait anxiety in anxiety and depression:
Meta-analysis of the state-trait anxiety inventory. Clinical Psychology Review, 82, 101928.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101928

Konnopka, A., & König, H. (2019). Economic burden of anxiety disorders: A systematic review and
meta-analysis. PharmacoEconomics, 38(1), 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-019-
00849-7

Kramer, S. (2021). (rep.). Religious Composition of India (pp. 1–47). Pew Research Center.
Retrieved October 12, 2024, from
https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2021/09/PF_09.21.21_Religious-
Composition-of-India-FULL.pdf.

Ladouceur, R., Freeston, M. H., & Dugas, M. J. (2000). Worry and generalized anxiety disorder.
Guilford Press

Lauriola, M., Manunza, A., Mosca, O., & Trentini, C. (2024). Reactions to Uncertainty: Exploring
the Interplay Between Intolerance of Uncertainty, Attachment Styles, and Psychological
Symptoms. Psychology Hub, 41. https://doi.org/10.13133/2724-2943/18414

Leichsenring, F., & Leweke, F. (2017). Social anxiety disorder. New England Journal of Medicine,
376(23), 2255–2264. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmcp1614701

Li X, Sun P and Li L (2022) Adult attachment and trait anxiety among Chinese college students: A
multiple mediation model. Front. Public Health 10:912128. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.912128

Liotti, G. (2017). Disorganized attachment and its relevance to relational trauma. In M. F. Solomon
& D. J. Siegel (Eds.), Healing trauma: Attachment, mind, body, and brain (pp. 172–189). W.
W. Norton & Company.

Locke, A. B., Kirst, N., & SHULTZ, C. G. (2015). Diagnosis and Management of Generalized
Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults. American Family Physician, 91(9).

77 | P a g e
 References

Marganska, A., Gallagher, M., & Miranda, R. (2013). Adult attachment, emotion dysregulation, and
symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry, 83(1), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajop.12001

Maron, E., & Nutt, D. (2018). Biological markers of generalized anxiety disorder. FOCUS, 16(2),
210–218. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.16205

Marsh, H. J., Rock, A. J., & Clark, G. I. (2024). Adult attachment and OCD symptoms: The
mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty and beliefs about losing control. Clinical
Psychologist, 28(2), 155–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/13284207.2024.2336962

McNally, R. J. (2002). Anxiety sensitivity and panic disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 52(10), 938–
946. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01475-0

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), the University of Kashmir, Institute of Mental Health and
Neurosciences (IMHANS). 2016. Muntazar: Kashmir Mental Health Survey Report 2015.
MSF, New Delhi, India

Michael, T., Zetsche, U., & Margraf, J. (2007). Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders. Psychiatry, 6(4),
136–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mppsy.2007.01.007

Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change
(2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

Mishra, Shailendra Kumar; Srivastava, Mona; Tiwary, Narendra K; Kumar, Abhinit, (2016).
Prevalence of depression and anxiety among children in rural and suburban areas of Eastern
Uttar Pradesh: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 7(1):p
21-26, Jan–Feb 2018. | DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_248_17

Mofrad, S., Abdullah, R., & Uba, I. (2010). Attachment patterns and separation anxiety symptom.
Asian Social Science, 6(11). https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v6n11p148

Morrison, A. S., & Heimberg, R. G. (2013). Social Anxiety and Social Anxiety Disorder. Annual
Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 249–274. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185631

Mróz, M., Gross, J. J., & Brytek-Matera, A. (2022). Trait anxiety and unhealthy eating in adult
women: The mediating role of cognitive instability. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, 20(1), 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010296

78 | P a g e
 References

Mundy, E. A., Weber, M., Rauch, S. L., Killgore, W. D. S., Simon, N. M., Pollack, M. H., & Rosso, I.
M. (2015). Adult Anxiety Disorders in Relation to Trait Anxiety and Perceived Stress in
Childhood. Psychological Reports, 117(2), 473–489.
https://doi.org/10.2466/02.10.PR0.117c17z6

Munir S, Takov V. Generalized Anxiety Disorder. [Updated 2022 Oct 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441870/

Muris, P. (2002). Relationships between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety disorders and
depression in a normal adolescent sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(2),
337–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00027-7

Nielsen, S. K., Lønfeldt, N., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Hageman, I., Vangkilde, S., & Daniel, S. I.
(2017). Adult attachment style and anxiety – the mediating role of Emotion Regulation.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 218, 253–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.047

Ninomiya, A., Sado, M., Park, S., Fujisawa, D., Kosugi, T., Nakagawa, A., Shirahase, J., & Mimura,
M. (2019). Effectiveness of mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy in patients with anxiety
disorders in secondary‐care settings: A randomized controlled trial. Psychiatry and Clinical
Neurosciences, 74(2), 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12960

Nolte, T., Guiney, J., Fonagy, P., Mayes, L. C., & Luyten, P. (2011). Interpersonal stress regulation
and the development of anxiety disorders: an attachment-based developmental
framework. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 5, 55.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00055

Nordahl, H., Hjemdal, O., Hagen, R., Nordahl, H. M., & Wells, A. (2019). What lies beneath trait-
anxiety? testing the self-regulatory executive function model of vulnerability. Frontiers in
Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00122

Norr, A. M., Oglesby, M. E., Capron, D. W., Raines, A. M., Korte, K. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013).
Evaluating the unique contribution of intolerance of uncertainty relative to other cognitive
vulnerability factors in anxiety psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(1), 136-
142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.063

Norr, A. M., Oglesby, M. E., Capron, D. W., Raines, A. M., Korte, K. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013).
Evaluating the unique contribution of intolerance of uncertainty relative to other cognitive

79 | P a g e
 References

vulnerability factors in anxiety psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(1), 136-

142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.063

Noyes R Jr (2001).Comorbidity in generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2001
Mar;24(1):41-55. doi: 10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70205-7. PMID: 11225508.

O’Bryan, E. M., Stevens, K. T., Bimstein, J. G., Jean, A., Mammo, L., & Tolin, D. F. (2021).
Intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety symptoms: Examining the indirect effect through
anxiety sensitivity among adults with anxiety-related disorders. Journal of Psychopathology
and Behavioral Assessment, 44(2), 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-021-09912-0

ÖZTEKE KOZAN, H. İ., & ARSLAN, C. (2022). Social anxiety among college students: Predictive
roles of attachment insecurity and emotional schemas. International Journal of Psychology
and Educational Studies, 9(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.52380/ijpes.2022.9.1.387

Panchyshyn, V., Tekok-Kilic, A., Frijters, J. C., & Tardif-Williams, C. (2023). Sensory sensitivity,
intolerance of uncertainty and sex differences predicting anxiety in emerging adults. Heliyon,
9(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14071

Penninx, B. W., Pine, D. S., Holmes, E. A., & Reif, A. (2021). Anxiety disorders. Lancet (London,
England), 397(10277), 914–927. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00359-7

Pfaltz, M. C., Michael, T., & Gross, J. J. (2022). Attachment styles and anxiety in university students:
Links to stress and coping mechanisms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 85, Article 102543.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102543

Pini, S., Abelli, M., Troisi, A., Siracusano, A., Cassano, G. B., Shear, K. M., & Baldwin, D. (2014).
The relationships among separation anxiety disorder, adult attachment style and agoraphobia
in patients with panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(8), 741–746.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.06.010 Protocol - intolerance of uncertainty scale
(IUS). PhenX Toolkit. (n.d.). https://www.phenxtoolkit.org/protocols/view/650701

Rebello, T. J., Keeley, J. W., Kogan, C. S., Sharan, P., Matsumoto, C., Kuligyna, M., Domínguez-
Martínez, T., Stona, A.-C., Grenier, J., Huang, J., Zhong, N., Stein, D. J., Emmelkamp, P.,
Chakrabarti, S., Andrews, H. F., & Reed, G. M. (2019). Anxiety and fear-related disorders in
the ICD-11: Results from a global case-controlled field study. Archives of Medical Research,
50(8), 490–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.12.012

80 | P a g e
 References

Reiss, S. (1997). Trait anxiety: It's not what you think it is. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(2), 201-
214. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6185(97)00006-6

Ren, L., Wei, Z., Li, Y., Cui, L.-B., Wang, Y., Wu, L., Wei, X., Peng, J., Li, K., Jin, Y., Li, F., Yang,
Q., & Liu, X. (2021). The relations between different components of intolerance of
uncertainty and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder: A network analysis. BMC
Psychiatry, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03455-0

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). Synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/Clinical
psychiatry. Wolters Kluwer Health.

Safren, S. A., Gershuny, B. S., Marzol, P., Otto, M. W., & Pollack, M. H. (2002). History of
childhood abuse in panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. The
Journal of nervous and mental disease, 190(7), 453–456. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-
200207000-00005

San Martín, C., Laborda, M. A., Miguez, G., Sánchez, A., Vervliet, B., & Quezada-Scholz, V.
(2023a). Relation among, trait anxiety, intolerance to uncertainty and early maltreatment
experiences on fear discrimination learning and avoidance generalization online task. Journal
of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 81, 101886.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101886

Satici, B., Saricali, M., Satici, S. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty and mental
wellbeing: Serial mediation by rumination and fear of covid-19. International Journal of
Mental Health and Addiction, 20(5), 2731–2742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00305-
0

Schimmenti, A., & Bifulco, A. (2013). Linking lack of care in childhood to anxiety disorders in
emerging adulthood: The role of Attachment Styles. Child and Adolescent Mental Health,
20(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12051

Serapinas, D., & Narbekovas, A. (2022). Marital Status and Level of Depression and
Anxiety. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 34(6), 60–66.
https://doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2022/v34i631314

Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2007). Attachment-related psychodynamics. Attachment & Human
Development, 9(3), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730701455463

81 | P a g e
 References

Shihata, S., McEvoy, P. M., & Mullan, B. A. (2017). Pathways from uncertainty to anxiety: An
evaluation of a hierarchical model of trait and disorder-specific intolerance of uncertainty on
anxiety disorder symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 45, 72–79.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.12.001

Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines.

Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039

Spence, S. H., & Rapee, R. M. (2016). The etiology of Social Anxiety Disorder: An evidence-based
model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 86, 50–67.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.007

Ströhle A, Gensichen J, Domschke K (2018): The diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders.
Dtsch Arztebl Int 2018; 115: 611–20. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0611

Tamannaeifar, M., & Sanatkarfar, M. (2017). Social Anxiety Study based on coping styles and
attachment styles. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 5(2), 115–122.
https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jpcp.5.2.

Vander Haegen, M., & Etienne, A.-M. (2016). Cognitive processes across anxiety disorders related to
intolerance of uncertainty: Clinical Review. Cogent Psychology, 3(1), 1215773.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2016.1215773

Veerapa, E., Grandgenevre, P., El Fayoumi, M., Vinnac, B., Haelewyn, O., Szaffarczyk, S., Vaiva, G.,
& D’Hondt, F. (2020). Attentional bias towards negative stimuli in healthy individuals and
the effects of trait anxiety. Scientific Reports, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-
68490-5

Vowels, L. M., Vowels, M. J., Carnelley, K. B., Millings, A., & Gibson‐Miller, J. (2023). Toward a
causal link between attachment styles and mental health during the covid‐19 pandemic.
British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 605–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12428

Wang, Z., Liu, S., Xu, X., Xiao, Y., Yang, M., Zhao, X., Jin, C., Hu, F., Yang, S., Tang, B., Song, C.,
& Wang, T. (2022). Gut microbiota associated with effectiveness and responsiveness to
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in improving trait anxiety. Frontiers in Cellular and
Infection Microbiology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.719829

82 | P a g e
 References

Weger, M., & Sandi, C. (2018). High anxiety trait: A vulnerable phenotype for stress-induced
depression. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 87, 27–37.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.01.012

Wells, A., & Carter, K. E. (2009). Maladaptive thought control strategies in generalized anxiety
disorder, major depressive disorder, and nonpatient groups and relationships with trait
anxiety. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 2(3), 224–234.
https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2009.2.3.224

Wilson, E. J., Abbott, M. J., & Norton, A. R. (2023). The impact of psychological treatment on
intolerance of uncertainty in generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-
analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 97, 102729.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102729

World Health Organization. Child maltreatment (2020). etc. [16,17]. 8th

June https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment.

Wright, C. J., Clark, G. I., Rock, A. J., & Coventry, W. L. (2017). Intolerance of uncertainty mediates
the relationship between adult attachment and worry. Personality and Individual
Differences, 112, 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.039

Wroblewski, A., Hollandt, M., Yang, Y., Ridderbusch, I. C., Pietzner, A., Szeska, C., Lotze, M.,
Wittchen, H.-U., Heinig, I., Pittig, A., Arolt, V., Koelkebeck, K., Rothkopf, C. A., Adolph, D.,
Margraf, J., Lueken, U., Pauli, P., Herrmann, M. J., Winkler, M. H., … Richter, J. (2022).
Sometimes I feel the fear of uncertainty: How intolerance of uncertainty and Trait Anxiety
Impact Fear Acquisition, extinction and the return of fear. International Journal of
Psychophysiology, 181, 125–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.09.001

Yang, C., Zhang, Y., Lu, M., Ren, J., & Li, Z. (2020). White matter structural brain connectivity of
young healthy individuals with high trait anxiety. Frontiers in Neurology, 10.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.01421

Yao, Z., Pang, L., Xie, J., Shi, S., & Ouyang, M. (2023). The relationship between social anxiety and
self-injury of junior high school students: Mediation by intolerance of uncertainty and
moderation by self-esteem. Frontiers in Public Health, 11.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1046729

83 | P a g e
 References

Zemestani, M., Heshmati, R., Comer, J. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2022). Intolerance of uncertainty as a
transdiagnostic vulnerability to anxiety disorders in youth. Current Psychology, 42(31),
26966–26978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03645-3

Zeng, X., Liu, J., & Jiang, H. (2023). Association between adult attachment and mental health states
among healthcare workers: The mediating role of social support. Frontiers in Psychology, 14,
Article 1124689. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1124689

Zhao, H., Zhou, M., Liu, Y., Jiang, J., & Wang, Y. (2023). Recent advances in anxiety disorders:
Focus on animal models and pathological mechanisms. Animal Models and Experimental
Medicine, 6(6), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1002/ame2.12360

Zhou, Y., Cao, Z., Yang, M. et al. Comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and its association with
quality of life in patients with major depressive disorder. Sci Rep 7, 40511 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40511 Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S.
(1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.

84 | P a g e