Arab J Geosci (2012) 5:1151–1161

DOI 10.1007/s12517-011-0304-9

The use of injection wells and a subsurface barrier

in the prevention of seawater intrusion:
a modelling approach
Khomine Abedelrahem Allow

Received: 23 November 2010 / Accepted: 14 February 2011 / Published online: 1 March 2011
# Saudi Society for Geosciences 2011

Abstract Damsarkho (Latakia, Syria) coastal aquifer is Keywords Seawater intrusion . Coastal aquifer . SEAWAT .
under severe hydrological stress due to the overexploita- Injection well . Subsurface barrier
tion of a shallow groundwater table for irrigation and
tourism. Excessive pumping during the past few decades
has caused a significant lowering of groundwater levels, Introduction
which has in turn lead to seawater intrusion into the
aquifer. Meteoric infiltration and flow from the adjoining In many coastal areas, the growth of human settlements,
carbonate aquifer recharges the Damsarkho aquifer. together with the development of agricultural, industrial
Natural outflow occurs through a diffuse flow into the and tourist activities, has led to the overexploitation of
sea, while artificial outflow occurs through intensive aquifers. Such overexploitation commonly results in a rise
extraction of groundwater via wells. Water exchange in in the freshwater–saltwater interface (seawater intrusion)
the aquifer takes place both naturally (leakage) and and thus degradation of the chemical quality of groundwater.
artificially (multi-screened wells). For the purpose of Under natural conditions, the geometry of the saltwater wedge
planning and management, SEAWAT, a variable density depends on the hydraulic properties of the aquifer, the
solute transport computer code, was used to study physical properties of the two fluids (Henry 1964a, b) and
groundwater volume and quality. Seawater intrusion on aquifer geometry (Abarca et al. 2007). The Mediterranean
was represented by a three-dimensional finite difference provides many clear examples of the presence of seawater
model using the SEAWAT numerical code of Visual- intrusion (Abou Zakhem and Hafez 2003; Arfib and de
Modflow software; the conceptual model is based on Marsily 2004; Bonacci and Roje-Bonacci 1997; Chiocchini
field and laboratory data collected between 1960 and et al. 1997; El-Bihery and Lachmar 1994; Paniconi et al.
2003. Results obtained from the model establish that 2001; Petalas and Diamantis 1999), with the Spanish
seawater intrusion is essentially due to withdrawal near coast not an exception (Calvache and Pulido-Bosch 1994;
the coast during the irrigation season, which occurs Giménez and Morell 1997; Iribar and Custodio 1992; Padilla
almost entirely in the Damsarkho plain. This simulation et al. 1997a, b). This phenomenon has also been observed
also demonstrates that the use of injection wells or a on the Syrian coast north of Latakia (the Damsarkho plain).
subsurface barrier would both represent a good method The Damsarkho coastal plain is currently experiencing
with which to improve water quality and prevent seawater intrusion thanks to irrational exploitation of the
seawater intrusion. aquifer via hundreds of wells of different types, depths and
pumping rates. The first in-depth investigation of the
problem was undertaken in 2000 by Abed Rabo, who
K. A. Allow (*) specified the location and extent of the intrusion by chemical
Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry Department, analysis and measurement of groundwater levels. The next
University of Szeged,
study was carried out in 2003 by Abou Zakhem and Hafez,
6722 Egyetem utca 1,
Szeged, Hungary who used analysis of electrical conductivity and isotopic
e-mail: khomine@gmail.com elements to investigate the phenomenon. The results
1152 Arab J Geosci (2012) 5:1151–1161

obtained in these two studies have confirmed the existence Subsurface barriers
of intrusion.
The deterioration of groundwater quality is currently a Defined as underground semi-impervious or impervious
limiting factor for local economic growth; agriculture has structures constructed in coastal aquifers, subsurface bar-
either been completely abandoned or has been directed riers are used to simultaneously impede the inland
towards crops which can tolerate brackish water. infiltration of seawater and increase the groundwater
The intrusion of seawater in coastal aquifers was first storage capacity of an aquifer.
conceptualised independently by Badon-Ghijben (1889) Subsurface barriers are generally located between the
and Herzberg (1901), who assumed hydrostatic equilibrium, area of seawater and the production wells, and are
immiscible fluids and the existence of a sharp interface constructed parallel to the coast. Since they work on the
between fresh- and saltwater in a homogeneous unconfined same basis as a dam across a river, to engineers they are
aquifer. Both authors found that the depth of the freshwater– also known as ‘underground dams’.
saltwater interface below sea level (zs) is forty times the Not only may barriers completely stop the encroachment
water level above sea level (1): of seawater, their function as dams means water also
collects behind them, although complete depth of cut-off
rf
Zs ¼ hf ð1Þ is required for a barrier to be effective with respect to the
rs  rf latter. These two benefits of subsurface barriers can be
achieved simultaneously, with the cost highly dependent on
Where ρf is the density of freshwater, ρs is the density of the depth of cut-off, length of wall and specific material
saltwater and hf is the elevation of the water table above sea availability.
level.
Due to molecular diffusion and hydrodynamic disper- Artificial recharge
sion, fresh- and saltwater are actually miscible liquids:
the contact between the two fluids is therefore a Todd (1980) defines artificial recharge as the augmentation
transition zone rather than a sharp interface. The of the natural movement of surface water into underground
situation is further complicated by the fact that saltwater formations. A variety of artificial recharge techniques are
intrusion itself changes the fluid density, so that this currently available, including water spreading and recharge
parameter varies in space and time as a function of wells (Todd 1980). The chosen construction method
changes in concentration, temperature and pressure in the depends on several factors, such as topography, geology,
fluid. Furthermore, the porous medium itself is usually soi1 conditions and the availability of water surrounding
stochastically heterogeneous. In order to properly repro- the area.
duce the mechanism of saltwater encroachment, a Application of the surface-spreading technique is depen-
variable density flow and transport modelling approach dent upon several factors, with the foremost often being the
is therefore generally adopted. This study presents a cost and availability of land. The cost of land is an
conceptual and numerical model devised for the simula- important issue, particularly in urban areas, since availability
tion of the hydrodynamics of the multi-aquifer system of of land for flooding is a necessary condition of the
the Damsarkho plain. The model will be used for method. Another factor to be considered is the type of soi1
hydrodynamic simulation and appropriate management (Todd 1980), with gravel or grave1 and sand strongly
of local water resources, with the aquifer system recommended, as the effectiveness of the surface spreading
representing a good example of the recent saltwater technique is questionable where clogging problems are
intrusion of coastal plains. encountered (Bear 1972).
The rate of infiltration is high only at the beginning of
the operation and decreases considerably after reaching
Potential solutions to saltwater intrusion peak levels. This decrease is caused mainly by the filling of
soil pores by water. Saturated soil conditions reduce the
A variety of different measures are commonly used to pore space available for, and thus the rate of, water
control seawater intrusion and protect groundwater infiltration.
resources, although the overriding principle of most is Another method of artificial recharge is the use of
to increase the flow of fresh groundwater and/or reduce recharge wells; a technique involving the transfer of
the flow of saltwater. As such, there are a number of water from the surface into an aquifer. The type of well
methods with which to prevent saltwater contamination employed may be an ordinary pumping well or one
of groundwater, including subsurface barriers and artifi- specially designed for the purpose. Particularly attractive
cial recharge. are dual-purpose wells which have two functions: to
Arab J Geosci (2012) 5:1151–1161 1153

discharge and recharge water from/to the aquifer. Use of is the volumetric flow rate of sources and sinks per unit
a dual-purpose well is economically preferable to the volume of aquifer (1/T).
construction of a specialised recharge well. The general The governing transport equation can be written as
purpose of recharge wells is to overcome the high cost of  
@ ðqCk Þ @ @Ck @ X
the water spreading technique in areas where suitable ¼ qDij  ðqviCk Þ þ qsCsk þ Rn
land is scarce and/or expensive. qt @X @Xj @Xi
In addition to clogging problems, several other ð3Þ
difficulties are associated with the recharge well tech-
nique. For instance, a large amount of dissolved air is Where Ck is the dissolved concentration of species k (M/L3),
carried together with recharge water, whilst water Dij is the hydrodynamics dispersion tensor (L2/T), Cks is the
quality research has indicated that a variety of bacteria concentration of the source or sink flux for species k (M/L3)
are also found in recharge water. Under certain circum- and ΣRn is the chemical reaction term (ML3/T).
stances, bacteria can grow quickly and eventually reduce
the filtering area of the well screen (Civan 2007; van
Beek et al. 2009) The study area
Problems associated with injection wells include the fact
that a relatively large number of wells are required, high The Damsarkho coastal plain is located north of the town of
maintenance costs are necessary to prevent plugging of Latakia, Syria and is composed of marine and alluvial
wells, and most importantly, a source of freshwater is sediments which cover an area of about 40 km2. The study
required. area is characterised by a Mediterranean climate, with wet
winters and dry summers, while the average annual rainfall
varies from 800 to 1,000 mm/year (Selkhozpromexport
Overview of the SEAWAT package 1979). The Damsarkho plain is characterised by the
in VISUALMODFLOW presence of good aquifers, which consist of loose sands,
gravelly sands, sandstone, limestone and sandy gravelly
The SEAWAT-2000 software package enables modelling clay. With an average thickness of around 25 m, these
of groundwater, coupling flow and transport (Langevin aquifers are in direct contact with seawater. A geological
and Guo 2002), using the flow and transport equations of map of the study area is provided in Fig. 1.
two widely accepted codes; MODFLOW (Harbaugh et al. The main geometric–structural and hydrogeological
2000; Mcdonald and Harbaugh 1988) and MT3DS characteristics of the Damsarkho multi-aquifer system were
(Zhang and Wang 1998). Some modifications are also reconstructed on the basis of a general geological recon-
employed to include density effects based on the extended struction and the 17 geological wells located across the
Boussinesq assumptions. The governing flow and trans- plain (Fig. 2). The system is composed of five layers (sandy
port equations in SEAWAT-2000 are shown in (2) and (3). clay, limestone, sandy clay with gravels, marl and dolo-
Since the programme has been used previously to mite), although these layers occasionally combine to form a
simulate variable density flow through complex geolog- single-layer aquifer. The study area and geological sections
ical conditions, it was applied in the present study to are illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3. As shown in Fig. 3, the most
predict the behaviour of groundwater flow, in the search interesting aquifer with respect to this study is the limestone
for the best solution to seawater intrusion into the aquifer, which has large hydraulic conductivity levels due
Damsarkho aquifer. The governing flow equation can be to the presence of karst phenomena (Abed Rabo 2000).
written as Before salinisation of groundwater took place, the area
" !# was affected by the natural hydraulic gradient, in which
@ @hf r rf @z @hf @hf @r groundwater movement was seaward. Minor inland seawa-
rKf þ ¼ rSf þq þ@  rsqs
@Xi @Xi rf @Xi @t @t @t ter intrusion did occur due to the hydrodynamic balance
ð2Þ between fresh and saline waters, but this scenario changed
with the intensive exploitation of groundwater. Although
where Xi is the i th orthogonal coordinate, Kf is the major intrusion of seawater was initiated with the develop-
equivalent freshwater hydraulic conductivity (L/T), Sf is ment of agriculture at the beginning of the 1970s, interest in
the equivalent freshwater specific storage (1/L), ℎf is the this problem at the time consisted only of reports and
equivalent freshwater head, T is the time (T), θ is the general recommendations.
effective porosity (dimensionless), ρsf is the density of Over time the demand for water greatly increased, and with
source and sink (M/L3), qs is the volumetric flow rate of the number of unlicensed wells randomly extracting ground-
sources and sinks per unit volume of aquifer (1/T) and qs water also increasing, the problem has only been exacerbated.
1154 Arab J Geosci (2012) 5:1151–1161

Fig. 1 Location and geological map of the study area (after Ponikarov 1966)

All of this has lead to a decrease in the levels of groundwater, Recharge of the Damsarkho aquifer derives primarily
as well as in the abundance of freshwater flowing seaward. from direct infiltration of rainfall and deep percolation of
With measurements of groundwater indicating that levels in excess irrigation and surface water, but also partially from
some wells are lower than the sea surface, seawater has moved underground recharge in the eastern part of the aquifer. The
into the land through the permeable aquifer formations. aquifers of the Damsarkho plain are shallow groundwater
The gradual increase in salinity is noticeable at both the reservoirs, in which the general movement of water is
centre and boundaries of the plain, especially in summer slightly seaward.
months thanks to increased pumping (Abed Rabo 2000).
The phenomenon of salinisation has generally been
neglected, despite resulting in the deterioration of 35 % of Mesh discretisation
citrus trees and the destruction of large areas cultivated with
fruit trees and crops, as well as the impairment of the physical Based on the SEAWAT code (Langevin and Guo 2002), the
and chemical properties of soil due to the high concentration model developed simulates transient variable density
of sodium ions in well water (Abed Rabo 2000). groundwater flow and solute transport for the period from
The main source of irrigation water in the region varies 1966 to 2010, using a database developed by Abed Rabo
seasonally, with more rain water used in winter and extracted (2000). Regularly spaced finite difference 50×50 m cells on
groundwater in the summer months. There are more than 700 the horizontal plane are used, with the final grid consisting
wells in the Damsarkho plain, with depths ranging from 2 to of 120 rows and 120 columns in the horizontal, and five
40 m and a mean pumping rate of around 15 L/s. regularly spaced layers in the vertical direction (Fig. 4).
Arab J Geosci (2012) 5:1151–1161 1155

Fig. 2 Aerial photograph of the

Damsarkho plain showing the
locations of geological wells and
sections, with the co-ordinates
given in metres (adapted from
Google Earth)

Model boundaries and aquifer parameters Initial head levels were taken from those measured in
groundwater obtained from pumping wells (Abed Rabo
A constant head value was attributed to cells along the 2000). The resulting piezometric map is shown in Fig. 5.
coastline in which groundwater was in contact with the sea Flow conditions were used to determine inflows and
surface. The flux, assigned to the eastern boundary of the outflows, which varied in time and space. These were thus
aquifer (Abed Rabo 2000; Kovács and Szanyi 2004), was also employed to simulate meteoric infiltration in the model
determined via use of the general head boundary. (areal recharge). Effective precipitation was initially estimated

Fig. 3 Geological sections

through selected pumping
wells. The locations of the sec-
tions are shown in Fig. 2. Note
that all wells discharge from the
second limestone layer
1156 Arab J Geosci (2012) 5:1151–1161

Fig. 4 Three-dimensional grid

of the study area, showing the
location of the comparison
section and point. Position of
first and second wells shown in
Fig. 2

according to Abed Rabo (2000) on a daily basis, depending basis of information provided from an earlier survey of the
on (transient) simulation conditions. A discharge condition area (Abed Rabo 2000).
was assigned to those wells exploiting the aquifer, and was Hydraulic properties (hydraulic conductivity, porosity
estimated using statistical data and distributed according to and specific yield of the five layers included in the model)
the density of the respective wells. The ability of VISUAL- were estimated using the EnviroBrowser programme
MODFLOW to simulate hydraulic connections between (groundwater data management programme; GEOREF
aquifer layers through multi-screened wells was exploited Systems Ltd); these parameters are shown in Table 1.
to specify discharge rates. Due to the lack of reliable data Well discharge ranged between 3 and 20 l/s, with most
regarding surface water and groundwater withdrawal for exploitation occurring in the dry months. Concentrations of
agricultural purposes, these quantities were estimated on the solids were assigned as 0 g/l on the eastern boundary and

Fig. 5 Piezometric map of the

Damsarkho plain after Abed
Rabo (2000)
Arab J Geosci (2012) 5:1151–1161 1157

Table 1 The hydraulic proper-

ties of the five model layers Layer Porosity (1) Hydraulic conductivity (m/s) Specific yield (1)

Sandy clay 0.25 5.00e-7 0.07

Limestone 0.18 1.50e-4 0.05
Sand, clay, gravel 0.30 9.00e-5 0.25
Marl 0.25 4.05e-6 0.25
Dolomite 0.18 7.80e-4 0.05

40 g/l on the coast. The most important boundaries are The results calculated by the model approximate well
shown in Fig. 6. with published data (Abou Zakhem and Hafez 2003), so it
The concentration and density of freshwater were taken as can be concluded that the model will produce sufficiently
0 and 1,000 kg/l, respectively, while the concentration and accurate simulations of both intrusion amelioration techni-
density of seawater were 35 and 1,027 kg/l, respectively. ques and their effects on seawater intrusion (until 2020).
Analysis of these results will then enable identification of
the most effective control method.
Results and discussion
Subsurface barrier
This study simulated the period from 1960 to 2010, using
available data (Abed Rabo 2000; Abou Zakhem and Hafez After installation of the subsurface barrier in the model
2003; Syrian Irrigation Ministry, unpublished) to follow (thickness 1 m, hydraulic conductivity 1.5 10−9 m/s), it can
both past and current seawater intrusion. The results of the be observed that the inland movement of seawater intrusion
model were then compared with measured field data in is stopped, and in some places also pushed back seaward.
order to check its validity. The projected change between 2010 and 2020 is shown in
a section drawn through the first and second wells (Fig. 8).
Possible solutions From analysis of Fig. 8, the following points can be
drawn:
As mentioned previously, although many methods of
preventing seawater intrusion are available, two such 1. The salinity of groundwater is significantly reduced
procedures will be tested separately here. To determine between the first well and the subsurface barrier.
the effectiveness of each method, their expected effects 2. A decrease in salinity can be observed in all layers,
were simulated up to the year 2020, with the results from although the decline in the fourth and fifth layers is less
each simulation then compared with each other. The than that occurring in the other layers.
suggested places of injection wells and subsurface barrier 3. The salt concentration at the top of the wall is much
are shown in Fig. 7. smaller than at the bottom.

Fig. 6 Schematic cross-section

of the modelled area, showing
the most important boundaries
used in the model
1158 Arab J Geosci (2012) 5:1151–1161

Fig. 7 Aerial photograph of the

Damsarkho plain showing the
locations of pumping and
injection wells and subsurface
barrier, with the co-ordinates
given in metres (adapted from
Google Earth)

4. The hydraulic balance values at the sea boundary According to these results, it can be concluded that use
illustrate the effectiveness of this technique, with the of a subsurface barrier represents a good solution preventing
flow entering inland through this boundary decreasing seawater intrusion into the Damsarkho plain region. However
by more than four times (Table 2). there is one disadvantage of the method, since with the water

Fig. 8 Simulated change in

TDS concentration (mg/l) in the
section drawn through the first
and second wells after installa-
tion of a subsurface barrier (a
2010, b 2020)
Arab J Geosci (2012) 5:1151–1161 1159

Table 2 Simulated hydraulic balance of the Damsarkho area

Time Layer Sea Recharge (m3) well Storage

In (m3) Out (m3) In (m3) Out (m3) In (m3) Out (m3)

a January 2010 1 1 253 34,416 0 0 3,684 5,175

2 2,178 171,777 30,972 0 0 9,459 4,161
3 36,993 6,202 1,260 0 0 605 1,701
4 420 50 540 0 0 88 146
5 76,095 1,670 3,121 0 0 4,770 843
August 2010 1 0.3 191 0 0 0 27,930 0.3
2 2,187 12,761 0 0 73,146 74,607 0
3 26,801 4,325 0 0 1,686 4,761 0.2
4 311 37 0 0 0 357 0
5 62,118 751 0 0 2,223 7,155 0
b January 2020 1 0 64 8,820 0 0 3 14,931
2 600 28,067 10,668 0 0 0 33,558
3 5,385 1,428 465 0 0 0 2,072
4 40 11 173 0 0 0 152
5 5,955 648 969 0 0 0 2,775
August 2020 1 0 59 0 0 0 26,412 0.3
2 774 22,818 0 0 73,146 59,493 247
3 6,247 581 0 0 1,685 4,002 0
4 31 5 0 0 0 329 0
5 7,980 243 0 0 2,223 5,016 0
c January 2020 1 0.3 100 8,871 0 0 0 10,998
2 1,524 54,210 10,611 0 0 0 42,795
3 13,650 2,190 450 0 0 0 3,111
4 105 21 175 0 0 0 203
5 16,053 1,161 960 0 0 0 3,930
August 2020 1 0 125 0 0 0 11,166 0
2 633 97,248 0 62,370 80,910 49,008 0
3 8,451 8,439 0 20,940 1,686 3,237 0
4 59 87.9 0 4 0.3 204 0
5 8,079 8,820 0 2,916 2,223 4,194 0

a Before using solutions, b after using subsurface barrier, c after using injection wells

table in the zone behind the wall rising due to the several factors; the most important of which being the
accumulation of water, this area may become swamp as a location and length of screen, the volume of injected water,
result. as well as the hydraulic conductivity of the targeted layer.
The projected change from 2010 to 2020 after the
Injection wells introduction of an injection well is shown in a section
drawn through the first and second production wells
Applied throughout the world in the prevention of saltwater (Fig. 9).
intrusion, injection systems operate on the principle that water From analysis of Fig. 9, the following points can be
injected through a well increases pressure in the surrounding drawn:
area, thus raising the level of the water table relative to the sea
(Badon-Ghijben 1889; Herzberg 1901). Shallow injection 1. The salinity of groundwater is significantly reduced,
wells were introduced in the model between the sea and with the decline more marked than that achieved using
production wells, with a screen in the range of −20 to −40 m, the subsurface barrier.
a distance of 500 m between them and an injection yield of 2. As was the case with the subsurface barrier method,
about 11 l/s. The effectiveness of injection wells depends on salinity decreased in all layers. This decline was steeper
1160 Arab J Geosci (2012) 5:1151–1161

Fig. 9 Simulated change in

TDS concentration (mg/l) in the
section drawn through the first
and second production wells
after the introduction of injec-
tion wells (a 2010, b 2020). See
Fig. 2 for the relative position of
pumping and injection wells on
the Damsarkho plain

in the second layer due to its greater thickness and well method, with flow entering landward through this
hydraulic conductivity. boundary decreasing. This decline is greater in deeper
3. Changes in the hydraulic balance at the sea boundary layers (Table 2).
clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the injection
Comparison of seawater intrusion prevention techniques

In order to compare the effectiveness of the two solutions to

seawater intrusion, salinity changes in all layers were
tracked over a period of 10 years at a point 100 m from
the subsurface dam and from the injection well (see Fig. 4
for location of comparison point). The results of this
comparison are presented in Fig. 10.
Analysis of this comparison reveals that in both cases,
the salt content is significantly reduced in all layers.
However, this decrease is greater after introduction of the
injection wells than the subsurface barrier.

Conclusion

The deterioration of groundwater quality in the Damsarkho

coastal aquifer is mainly the result of saltwater intrusion.
This intrusion, which has been caused by excessive
groundwater abstraction and lowering of freshwater levels,
has been amplified by the hydrogeological characteristics of
Fig. 10 Relative decrease in salinity with depth over ten years at the
comparison point, after introduction of each seawater intrusion allevia- the formation, with highly permeable areas of the aquifer in
tion method. Solid line subsurface barrier, dotted line injection system contact with the sea.
Arab J Geosci (2012) 5:1151–1161 1161

SEAWAT has proved to be a useful tool with which to Harbaugh AW, Banta ER, Hill MC (2000) MODFLOW-2000,
the US Geological Survey modular ground water model—
simulate the transition zone of the Damsarkho coastal user guide to modularization concepts and the Ground-
aquifer. The results obtained from the model have been Water Flow Process. US Geology Survey Open-File Report
used to identify locations for a potential subsurface barrier 00–92
and a number of reinjection wells, as well as to predict the Henry HR (1964a) Effects of dispersion on salt encroachment in
coastal aquifers. Water-Supply Paper 1613-C, Sea Water in
pattern of future intrusion, if the current excessive rate of Coastal Aquifers: C71-84, U.S. Geological Survey
abstraction continues. Henry HR (1964b) Interfaces between salt water and fresh water in
From our results, it can be confirmed that both the coastal aquifers. Water-Supply Paper 1613-C, Sea Water in
subsurface barrier and injection systems represent good Coastal Aquifers: C35-70, U.S. Geological Survey
Herzberg A (1901) Die Wasserversorgung einiger Nordseebaeder
solutions to the seawater intrusion problem. Installation of a {The water supply of selected North Sea towns}. ZF Gasbeleucht
subsurface barrier is suggested as being the most economic, Wasserversorg 44:815–819
despite its initial high cost, since it would not have to be Iribar V, Custodio E (1992) Advancement of seawater intrusion in the
repaired over time. Although the injection well method is Llobregat delta aquifer. In: Custodio E, Galofre A (eds) SWIM
study and modelling of saltwater intrusion into aquifers.
projected as being the most effective practical solution, CIMNE–UPC, Barcelona, pp 35–50
problems remain regarding the source of the injected water Kovacs B, Szanyi J (2004) Hidrodinamikai és transzport modellezés I.
and the potentially high future repair costs. és II. Miskolci egyetem, Miskoc. Hungary
Langevin CD, Guo W (2002) User’s guide to SEAWAT, A computer
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