MILK

SUBSTITUTES

 INTRODUCTION‘
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 PRODUCTION PROCESS
 TYPES
 USES
 ITEMS USED TO MAKE THEM
 WHAT ARE THE HARMFUL ITEMS USED
 HARMFUL EFFECTS ON CHILDREN
 ITS STAND IN INDIA
 WHAT IS ITS SALES AND REVENUE
 ITS GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
 THE MAJOR THREE CONTROVERSIES
 THE GUIDELINES OF WHO
  CASE STUDY ON A SURVEY

1. INTRODUCTION
Milk powder, also known as powdered milk, is a dairy product created by evaporating
milk to dryness. This process removes the moisture content, resulting in a
lightweight, shelf-stable powder that retains the nutritional properties of liquid milk.
Milk powder is available in various forms, including whole, skimmed, and non-fat
versions, making it versatile for different culinary and dietary needs.

It serves as a convenient alternative to fresh milk, especially in regions where

refrigeration is limited or where long shelf life is desired. Milk powder can be easily
reconstituted with water to create liquid milk for drinking or cooking, and it is
commonly used in baking, cooking, and as an ingredient in infant formulas. Its
convenience, nutritional value, and long shelf life make it a staple in many
households and food industries worldwide.

2. Historical background
Dry milk has been known in some parts of the world for many centuries.

 Marco Polo in the 13th century reported that soldiers of Kublai

Khan carried a dried milk on excursions. The belief is that part of the
fat was removed from the milk before drying and dehydration was
accomplished by solar heating.
 The first usable commercial production of dried milk was invented
by the Russian chemist M. Dirchoff in 1832.
 In 1855 T.S. Grimwade took a patent on a dried milk procedure,
though William Newton had patented a vacuum drying process as
early as 1837.
 In 1909, Nicholas Appert, a Frenchman, developed dried milk in
tablet form by air-drying of milk solids concentrated to a “dough”
consistency.
 During the last half of the 19th century, attempts to produce a dried
milk involved the addition of other dry products to concentrated milk.
Sugar, cereal products, and sodas, singly or in combinations, were
added.
 In 1850, Birdseye concentrated milk with added sugar until a solid
was obtained.
 A British patent was granted in 1855 to Grimwade who developed a
modified dry product from highly concentrated milk to which sodium
(or potassium) carbonate and sugar were added. This semi-solid
material was extruded into thin streams and dried in trays.
 Others who pioneered in methods of moisture removal from milk
were Heine, Newton, Horsford, Dalson, Gallois and Deauve.
 Patents and reports which emphasized processes for dry milk
manufacture without the addition of other products began about
1898.
 In 1901, Campbell of the United States and Wimmer of Denmark
dried concentrated milk on trays.
 In 1902, Hall obtained a patent on a new system of manufacturing
dry condensed milk.
 Today, powdered milk is usually made by spray drying nonfat skim
milk, whole milk, buttermilk or whey. Alternatively, the milk can be
dried by drum drying. Another process is freeze drying, which
preserves many nutrients in milk, compared to drum drying.

3. PRODUCTION PROCESS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS: There is a step by step
process for manufacturing of Milk powder: •
Separation/Standardization • Preheating • Evaporation •
Spray Drying • Packaging & Storage The above process is
explained below. • Separation/Standardization: The
process starts from procuring the raw material and
delivering at the dairy factory then pasteurizing and
separating it into skim milk and cream which is done by a
centrifugal cream separator. In this little bit of cream is
added back to the skim milk so that fat content is also
maintained in the milk. • Preheating: After this preheating
is performed in which the above milk is heated at
temperatures ranging from 75 to 120°C. The milk is
constantly heated for a particular time period ranging from
a few seconds up to several minutes. Preheating can be
done directly or indirectly i.e. through steam injection into
the product or via heat exchangers respectively or a
mixture of two.
Evaporation: In this process, the above milk is
concentrated in stages. In this the milk is boiled under a
vacuum at temperature below 72°C in a falling film on the
inside of vertical tubes, and by this the water is removed
as vapor. This vapor, is then used to heat the milk. • Spray
Drying: In this method the milk is atomized and
concentrated from the evaporator into fine droplets. This
is performed in a huge drying chamber with appropriate
flow of hot air utilizing either a spinning disk atomizer or a
series of high-pressure nozzles. After this the droplets of
milk are cooled by evaporation by which they never reach
the temperature of the air. • Packaging & Storage: The
product is immensely more stable than fresh milk but
protection from moisture, oxygen, light and heat is needed
in order to maintain their quality and shelf life. They are
packed into either plastic-lined multi wall bags (25Kg) or
bulk bins(600Kg).
 .

.3. TYPES OF MILK POWDER

There are three types of milk powder, which are

 Whole milk powder: Fat content between 26 % - 42 % m/m.
 Partially skimmed milk powder: Fat content between 1.5 % - 26 %
m/m.
 Skimmed milk powder: Maximum fat content of 1.5 % m/m.

USES OF MILK POWDER

Milk powder is a versatile ingredient used in various culinary and non-culinary
applications. Here are ten common uses:

1. Baking: Enhances flavor and nutrition in baked goods like bread, cookies, and
cakes.
2. Reconstitution: Easily reconstituted with water to create liquid milk for
drinking or cooking.
3. Creamy Sauces: Adds creaminess to sauces, soups, and gravies without the
need for fresh cream.
4. Smoothies and Shakes: Used in smoothies and protein shakes for added
protein and richness.
5. Instant Pudding and Dessert s: Acts as a thickening agent and adds richness
in instant pudding mixes and other desserts.
6. Dairy Alt ernatives: Used in recipes for dairy-free alternatives to cheese and
yogurt.
7. Coffee and Tea: A convenient creamer for coffee or tea, providing a creamy
texture and flavor.
8. Infant Formula: Key ingredient in many infant formulas, providing essential
nutrients.
9. Cereal and Oatmeal: Sprinkled on cereals or mixed into oatmeal for added
creaminess and flavor.
10. Emergency Food Supply: A long shelf-life option for emergency food storage,
providing essential nutrients when fresh milk is unavailable.
11. Movie prop: cocaine and other drugs, powdered milk is sometimes used in filmmaking as a
non-toxic prop that may be insufflated .
12. Alt ernative during aid : Powdered milk is also a common item in UN food aid supplies, fallout
shelters , warehouses, and wherever fresh milk is not a viable option..

4.ITEMS USED TO MAKE MILK POWDER

(according to nestle brand )

 5.Harmful items used in the Baby milk powders
Globally, countries are passing anti-GMO legislation, with many regulations focusing
GMO
specifically on infant nutrition. GMOs have been linked to cancer, organ failure, and birt h
Ingredients
defects.
Lycopene, lutein, taurine, L-methionine, and nucleotides are examples of toxic ingredients
labeled as nutrients. To be clear, these ingredients can come from natural sources or be
Synthetic
created in a lab; this is why, if you see them in your baby formulas or baby foods, you
Nutrients
should ask where they came from. Infants who are given these cheap synthetic fillers are
more likely to develop chronic diseases as they grow.
Preservatives are added to baby formula to keep it from spoiling and to extend it s shelf
life. Preservatives are not natural, and they have been shown to aggravate food allergies
Artificial in infants.
Preservatives
Preservatives such as sulfur dioxide and "additives" may be found on baby formula cans,
so read the label carefully.
 Corn syrup, also known as glucose syrup, is most ly made up of corn starch. It, like sugar,
is high in carbohydrates and calories but has lit tle nutritional value.
Corn Infants who consume sugar or corn syrup on a regular basis risk developing health
Syrup/Sugar problems for the rest of their lives. These sugars have been linked to the emergence of a
wide range of diseases and medical conditions, including heart disease, metabolic
syndrome, and type 2 diabetes.
Faux iron is not an important ingredient in baby formula. This electrolyte is frequently
Faux Iron found as a fortified powder. Regular consumption can cause digestive issues at best and
long-term cardiovascular problems at worst.
Melamine is a nitrogen-rich material that is widely used in the production of plastics and
Melamine adhesives. Melamine is used in dairy cows to increase milk production. This milk is then
found in your infant's nutrition, along with the toxin.
The contamination of infant formula by aromat ic mineral oil hydrocarbons has recently
made headlines.
Mineral Oil
When used in manufacturing, this highly alkaline mixture can cause diarrhea, poor
nutrient absorption, and dehydration in infants.

Glut en is a type of grain prot ein found in bread. It can be found in a variety of foods,
including rye, wheat, barley, as well as some bread and snacks.
Gluten Within the first year, babies' digestive systems are unable to tolerate the harsh gluten
prot ein, which can cause severe constipation, abdominal pain, and long-term health
problems in up to 6% of the population.
When an infant develops a milk prot ein allergy or sensitivity, parents avoid milk-based
Soy formula in favor of soy-based baby formula. Soy formula is not recommended unless
there is a medical emergency.
Many popular baby food products cont ain alarmingly high levels of hazardous heavy
metals such as arsenic, cadmium, and lead. These heavy metals are naturally present in
Toxic Heavy all soil, but in the absence of proper regulations, these toxins pass unnoticed and can
Metals harm a baby's development.
Heavy metals, in particular, have been linked to adverse effects on the developing
infant's mind, brain, cardiovascular, and immune systems.
Carrageenan is used as a stabilizing agent in ready-to-feed infant formulas in the United
Carrageenan States. However, the EU prohibits it s use in organic formulas because it causes intestinal
inflammation.

Along with the above table , metals found are

 Arsenic: Arsenic can be found in rice-based baby formula

due to the high levels of arsenic in rice.
 Lead: Lead can be found in some baby formulas that are
produced in areas with high levels of lead contamination.
 Cadmium: Cadmium is a heavy metal that is found in
 some plant-based baby formulas.

EFFECTS ON THE BABY IN THE INTACT OF BABY MILK

POWDER

THE STATUS OF MILK POWDER IN INDIA

 Revenue in the Baby Milk & Infant Formula market amounts to

₹67.13bn in 2024. The market is expected to grow annually by 5.66%
(CAGR 2024-2029).
 In global comparison, most revenue is generated in China
(₹1,399bn in 2024).
 In relation to total population figures, per person revenues of
₹46.56 are generated in india(2024).
 In the Baby Milk & Infant Formula market, volume is expected to
amount to 74.51m kg by 2029. The Baby Milk & Infant Formula market is
expected to show a volume growth of 3.6% in 2025.

SALES AND REVENUES OF BABY MILK POWDER

As of 2021, the largest producers of milk powder are New Zealand, China, Argentina
and Brazil.

European production of milk powder in fiscal year 2019–2020 was estimated at

around 3.0 million tonnes of which the main volume was exported in bulk packing or
consumer packs.

Australia also has a significant milk powder export industry, exporting over 13,000
tonnes of skim and whole milk powder in fiscal year 2020–2021, to a value of
approximately AUD $83 000 000.

Brands on the market include Nido, from the company Nestlé, Incolac from the
company Milcobel, Dutch Lady from FrieslandCampina and Puck from Arla Foods.

Some of the largest businesses in the industry

are Nestlé, Danone, Lactalis, Fonterra, FrieslandCampina, Dean Foods, Arla
Foods, Dairy Farmers of America, Kraft Foods, Saputo, and Parmalat.
1. THE NESTLE CONTROVERSY

Concern about Nestlé's "aggressive marketing" of their breast milk substitutes, particularly in less
economically developed countries (LEDCs), first arose in the 1970s.[2] Critics have accused Nestlé of
discouraging mothers from breastfeeding and suggesting that their baby formula is healthier than
breastfeeding through marketing campaigns which suggested the formula was used by health
professionals. This included Nestlé dressing salespeople as nurses to sell customers the false claim that
the formula would help with infant health outcomes. [3] This led to a boycott which was launched in 1977 in
the United Stat es and subsequently spread into Europe. [4][5] The boycott was suspended in the US in 1984,
after Nestlé agreed to follow an international marketing code endorsed by the World Health
Organization (WHO), [4][6][7] but was relaunched in 1989.[8] As of 2011, the company is included in
the FTSE4Good Index designed to help enable ethical investment.[9][10][11][12]

However, the company allegedly repeated these same marketing practices in developing countries
like Pakistan in the 1990s. A Pakistani salesman named Syed Aamir Raza Hussain became a whistle-
blower against his former employer Nestlé. In 1999, two years after he left Nestlé, Hussain released a
report in association with the non-profit organisation, Baby Milk Action , in which he alleged that Nestlé was
encouraging doctors to push its infant formula products over breastfeeding. Nestlé has denied Raza's
allegations.[13] This st ory inspired the acclaimed 2014 Indian film Tigers by the Oscar-
winning Bosnian director Danis Tanović.

In May 2011, nineteen Laos-based international NGOs, including Save the Children, Oxfam, CARE
International, Plan International, and World Vision launched a boycott of Nestlé with an open
letter.[14] Among other unethical practice s, they criticised a failure to translate labelling and health
informat ion into local languages and accused the company of giving incentives to doctors and nurses to
promote the use of infant formula

1977 boycott
A boycott was launched in the United Stat es on July 4, 1977, against the Swiss-base d mult inational food
and drink processing corporation Nestlé. The boycott expanded into Europe in the early 1980s and was
prompted by concerns about Nestlé's aggressive marketing of infant formulas (i.e., substit utes for breast
milk ), particularly in underdeveloped countries.[1][2] The boycott has been cancelled and renewed because
of the business practice s of Nestlé and other substit ute manufacture rs monitored by the Inte rnational Baby
Food Action Netw ork (IBFAN). [3][4] Organizers of the boycott as well as public health researchers and
experts consider breast milk to be the best nutrition source for infants

Groups such as the International Baby Food Action Netw ork and Save the Children argue that the
promotion of infant formula over breastfeeding has led to health problems and deaths among infants in
less economically develope d countries. [11][12] There are three problems that can arise when poor mothers
in developing countries sw itch to formula as well as one list of benefits of breast milk:

 Sanitation:

 Formula must be mixed with water, which is often impure or not potable in poor countries,
leading to disease in vulnerable infants.[13] Because of the low literacy rates in developing nations,
many mothers are not aware of the sanitation methods needed in the preparation of bott les. Even
mothers able to read in their native language may be unable to read the language in which
st erilization directions are written.

 Although some mothers can underst and the sanitat ion st andards required, they often do
not have the means to perform them: fuel to boil water, electric (or other reliable) light to enable
st erilisation at night. UNICEF estimates that a formula-fe d child living in disease-ridden and
unhygienic conditions is between 6 and 25 times more likely to die of diarrhea and four times more
likely to die of pneumonia than a breastfed child.[14]

 Nut ritional value:

 Many poor mothers use less formula for the baby than is required, in order to make a
container of formula last longer. As a result, some infants receive inade quate nutrition from weak
solut ions of formula. [15]

 Breast milk has many natural benefits lacking in formula. Nut rient s and antibodies are
passed to the baby while hormones are released into the mother's body. [16] Breastfed babies are
prot ected, in varying degree s, from a number of illnesse s, including diarrhea, bacterial
meningitis, gastroenteritis, ear infection, and respiratory infection. Bre ast milk contains the right
amount of the nutrients essential for neuronal (brain and nerve) development. [20] The bond
between baby and mother can be st rengt hened during breastfeeding. [18] Frequent and exclusive
 breastfeeding can also delay the return of fertility, which can help women in developing countries
to space their birt hs.[21] The World Health Organization recommends that, in the majority of cases,
babies should be exclusively breast fed for the first six months, and then given complement ary
foods in addition to breastfeeding for up to two years or beyond.

2. CHINESE SCANDAL
The 2008 Chinese milk scandal was a significant food safety incident in China. The scandal involved Sanlu
Group's milk and infant formula along with other food materials and component s being adult erated with
the chemical melamine, which resulted in kidney st ones and other kidney damage in infants. The chemical
was used to increase the nitrogen cont ent of diluted milk, giving it the appearance of higher protein cont ent
in orde r to pass quality control testing. 300,000 affected children were ident ified, among which 54,000 were
hospitalized, according to the latest report in January 2009.[1][2] The deaths of six babies were officially
concluded to be related to the contaminat ed milk. [3]

The timeline of the scandal dated back to Decembe r 2007, when Sanlu began to receive complaint s
about kidney st ones. One of the more notable early complaint s was made on 20 May 2008, when a mother
posted online after she learnt that Sanlu donated the milk she had been complaining about to the orphans
of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.[4][5][6][7] Also on 20 May, the problem reached Sanlu's Board meeting the
first time and they orde red mult iple third-party tests. The culprit, melamine, was undete ct ed in the tests
until 1 August . On 2 August , Sanlu's Board decided to issue a trade recall to the wholesalers but did not
inform the wholesalers the product was contaminate d; however, Shijiazhuang's deput y mayor, who was
invited to attend, rejected trade recall and instruct ed the Board to "shut the mouths of the victims by
money", "wait until the end of 2008 Beijing Olympics to end smoothly and then the provincial police would
hunt the perpet rators".[8] New Zealand dairy giant Font erra, which owned a 43% st ake in Sanlu, were alerted
to the contamination on 2 August 's Board meeting. Font erra alerted the New Zealand government and the
NZ government confronted the Chinese government on 8 Sept ember.[9][10] The Chinese government made
the scandal public on 13 Sept ember. After the initial focus on Sanlu, further government inspections
revealed that products from 21 other companies were also tainted, including those from Arla
Foods–Mengniu, Yili, and Yashili.[11] While more and more cases reached hospitals around the nation from
Decembe r 2007, the first report to the government by any hospital was made on 16 July.[12]

The issue raised concerns about food safety and political corruption in China and damaged the reputation
of the country's food exports. The World Health Organization called the incident "deplorable" and at least
11 fore ign countries halted all imports of Chinese dairy products. A number of trials were conducted by the
Chinese government resulting in two execut ions, three sentences of life imprisonment, two 15-year prison
se ntences, [13] and the firing or forced resignation of se ven local government officials and the Director of
the Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ). [14] The former chairwoman
of China's Sanlu dairy was se ntenced to life in prison.

2013 FONTERRA RECALL

In 2013, a wide-scale recall of products sold by dairy producer Fonterra was
announced after suspected botulism-causing bacteria were found during safety
tests. The contaminated whey products had been sold to third parties who use it to
produce infant formula and sports drinks. Approximately 1,000 tonnes of consumer
product was affected by the recall across seven countries, but no cases of sickened
consumers were reported. China, which imports most of its powdered milk from
New Zealand, instituted a temporary ban on the import of the ingredient from New
Zealand.
WHO GUIDELINES FOR INFANT MILK
POWDER
he World Health Organization (WHO) has established guidelines to promote and
protect breastfeeding and ensure the safe and appropriate use of breast-milk
substitutes, including infant formula. These guidelines are outlined in the WHO's
"International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes" and subsequent relevant
resolutions. Here are some key WHO guidelines related to the marketing and use of
baby milk powder:

International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (1981): This code

aims to regulate the marketing practices of breast-milk substitutes, including
infant formula, to ensure that these products are not promoted in ways that
undermine breastfeeding.

Guiding Principles for Complementary Feeding of the Breastfed Child (2003):

These guidelines provide recommendations on the introduction of
complementary foods to breastfed infants while emphasizing the importance
of continued breastfeeding.

Guidance on Ending Inappropriate Promotion of Foods for Infants and Young

Children (2016): This document provides guidance to countries on how to
regulate the marketing of breast-milk substitutes and other foods for infants
and young children to protect breastfeeding.

Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding (2003): This strategy
outlines a framework for action to improve infant and young child feeding
practices, promote breastfeeding, and ensure the appropriate use of breast-
milk substitutes when necessary.

WHO Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and Non-Alcoholic

Beverages to Children (2010): These recommendations address the
marketing of all foods and beverages to children, including breast-milk
substitutes, to protect children from inappropriate marketing practices.

Survey Overview

This survey aimed to gather opinions from parents regarding the use of milk powder
as a primary source of nutrition for infants. The data collected reflects preferences,
perceptions, and experiences concerning milk powder.

Survey Sample
  Participants: 200 parents of infants aged 0-12 months
 Location: Urban areas in the United States
 Duration: Conducted over one month

Survey Quest ions and Results

1.

How often do you use milk powder for your infant?

2.

o Daily: 45%
o Occasionally: 30%
o Never: 25%

3.

What is your primary reason for choosing milk powder?

4.

o Convenience: 50%
o Cost-effectiveness: 30%
o Nutritional benefits: 20%

5.

How satisfied are you with the nutritional content of milk powder?

6.

o Very satisfied: 40%

o Satisfied: 35%
o Neutral: 15%
o Unsatisfied: 10%

7.

Have you consulted a pediatrician about using milk powder?

8.

o Yes: 60%
o No: 40%

9.

Would you recommend milk powder to ot her parents?

 10.

o Definitely: 55%
o Probably: 25%
o Unlikely: 20%

11.

What concerns do you have about milk powder?

12.

o Nutritional adequacy: 35%

o Allergies: 25%
o Cost: 20%
o None: 20%

Case Study: Parental Perspectives on Milk Powder

In a survey conducted among urban parents, it was found that 75% of respondents
use milk powder in some capacity. The primary motivation for selecting milk powder
was convenience, with 50% of parents citing it as their main reason. This indicates a
significant demand among busy parents looking for practical feeding solutions.

Interestingly, 60% of parents reported consulting with a pediatrician about their

choice to use milk powder, reflecting a cautious approach towards infant nutrition.
However, despite some concerns regarding the nutritional adequacy of milk powder,
75% of parents expressed satisfaction with its nutritional content, revealing a degree
of trust in the product.

The survey also highlighted a strong recommendation rate, with 80% of parents
willing to recommend milk powder to others. This suggests a positive overall
perception of milk powder as a viable option for infant nutrition, particularly for those
balancing the demands of modern parenting with the need for reliable feeding
solutions.

Conclusion

The findings from this survey indicate that milk powder is a popular choice among
parents for feeding infants, driven by convenience and positive experiences.
However, ongoing education about nutritional adequacy and potential concerns
remains essential to ensure parents make informed decisions for their children's
health.
Images