3 Chemical Bonding

Basic Concepts of
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonds
• Is the attraction between two or more atoms
• interaction between valence electrons
• Three basic types of

bonds
• Ionic
• Electrostatic attraction
between ions.
• Covalent
• Sharing of electrons.
• Metallic
• Metal atoms bonded to
several other atoms.
Valence Electrons
electrons in the highest (outer) electron level

have most contact with other atoms
outer shells of noble gases contain 8 valence
electrons (except He = 2)
example: N 2, 8
Ar 2, 8, 8
Lewis Symbols
• G. N. Lewis pioneered the use of chemical symbols
surrounded with dots (e- dot structure) to symbolize
the valence electrons around an atom.
• when forming compounds, atoms tend to lose, gain, or

share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence
electrons (the octet rule).
Electron Dot Structures
Symbols of atoms with dots to represent the valence-shell
electrons
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A
H He:
      
Li Be B   C  N  O :F  Ne: :
    
      
Na Mg  Al  Si  P S :Cl  :Ar :
    
Ionic
Bonding
Ionic Bonding
transfer of e-
Metals Non-metals
loses e- gains e-
Cation Anion
(+ charged ion) (- charged ion)
Formation of Ions from Metals
ionic compounds result when metals react with

nonmetals
metals lose electrons to match the number of valence
electrons of their nearest noble gas
positive ions form when the number of electrons are
less than the number of protons
group 1a metals  ion 1+
group 2a metals  ion 2+
• group 3a metals  ion 3+
9
Formation of Sodium Ion
Sodium atom Sodium ion
Na  –e  Na +
2-8-1 2-8 ( = Ne)
11 p+ 11 p+
11 e- 10 e-
0 1+
Formation of Magnesium Ion
Magnesium atom Magnesium ion

Mg  – 2e  Mg2+
2-8-2 2-8 (=Ne)
12 p+ 12 p+
12 e- 10 e-
0 2+
Formation of Fluoride Ion
unpaired electron octet
  1 -
:F  + e : F:
 
2-7 2-8 (= Ne)
9 p+ 9 p+
9 e- 10 e-
0 1-
ionic charge
Ionic Bond Structure
Ionic Bond Structure
1. K2S
2. Na2O
3. AlBr3
4. Mg3N2
Covalent
Bonding
Covalent Bonds
Formed between two nonmetals in 4A, 5A, 6A, and

7A
Nonmetals have high electronegativity values
Electrons are shared
single bond shares one pair electrons
double bond shares two pairs electrons
triple bond shares three pairs electrons
17
A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which two or more
electrons are shared by two atoms.
Why should two atoms share electrons?
F + F F F
7e- 7e- 8e- 8e-
Lewis structure of F2
single covalent bond lone pairs F F lone pairs
single covalent bond

lone pairs F F lone pairs
Lewis structure of water single covalent bonds
H + O + H H O H or H O H
- -2e-
2e8e
Double bond – two atoms share two pairs of electrons
O C O or O C O
8e- 8ebonds
double - 8e- double bonds
Triple bond – two atoms share three pairs of electrons
N N or N N
8e-8e
triple -
bond
triple bond
Polarity
• Nonpolar covalent bond is one in which the

electrons are shared equally between two
atoms, as in the Cl2 and N2 examples we just
drew.
• Polar covalent bond, one of the atoms exerts a

greater attraction for the bonding electrons
than the other.
If the difference in relative ability to attract

electrons is large enough, an ionic bond is
formed.
Electronegativity
• The ability of atoms in a

molecule to attract
electrons to themselves.
Pauling Scale
Electronegativity Type of Bond
Difference
Less than 0.4 Non-polar
0.4-1.8 Polar
Greater than 1.8 Ionic
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Electronegativity & Bond Polarity
• F2 4.0 –4.0 =0 Nonpolar
• HF 4.0 –2.1 = 1.9 Ionic
• LiF 4.0 –1.0 = 3.0 Ionic

LEARNING CHECK:
Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent,
or covalent: The bond in CsCl; the bond in H2S; and
the NN bond in H2N-NH2.
Cs – 0.7 Cl – 3.0 3.0 – 0.7 = 2.3 Ionic
H – 2.1 S – 2.5 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4 Polar Covalent
N – 3.0 N – 3.0 3.0 – 3.0 = 0 Non-polar

Covalent
Shapes of Molecules
• Determined by number of valence electrons of the

central atom
• 3-D shape a result of bonded pairs and lone pairs
of electrons
• Use VSEPR theory (valence-shell-electron-pair
repulsion
24
Using the VSEPR Model
1. Draw the electron-dot structure
2. Identify the central atom
3. Count the total number of electron pairs
around central atom
4. Predict the electron shape
5. Predict the shape of the molecule using the
bonding atoms
25
9.1 Molecular Geometry
The VSEPR Model
26
Molecular
Geometry
Writing Lewis Structures (Octet Rule)
PCl3
Write the Lewis structure of nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
Write the Lewis structure of water, H2O
Write the Lewis structure of CCl4
NOTE:
If you run out of electrons before the central atom has
an octet, form multiple bonds until it does.
Exceptions
to the
Octet Rule
Molecular
Geometry
Write the Lewis structure of BCl3
TOTAL e- = 1 (3) + 3(7) = 24 valence electrons
Lewis Structures
for
e- poor Compounds
Write the Lewis structure of BeCl2

Lewis Structures Write the Lewis structure of PCl5
for
e- rich
Compounds
Write the Lewis structure of XeF4

Lewis Structures
for
Polyatomic Ion
Writing Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ion
NOTE:
• If it is an anion, add one electron for each
negative charge.
• If it is a cation, subtract one electron for each
positive charge.
Write the Lewis structure of NH4 +1
Write the Lewis structure of OH -1

Resonance
This is the Lewis structure we would draw for NO3-

3 Chemical Bonding

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Basic Concepts of

• Three basic types of

electrons in the highest (outer) electron level

• when forming compounds, atoms tend to lose, gain, or

ionic compounds result when metals react with

2-8-1 2-8 ( = Ne)

2-8-2 2-8 (=Ne)

2-7 2-8 (= Ne)

Formed between two nonmetals in 4A, 5A, 6A, and

Why should two atoms share electrons?

single covalent bond lone pairs F F lone pairs

single covalent bond

Double bond – two atoms share two pairs of electrons

Triple bond – two atoms share three pairs of electrons

• Nonpolar covalent bond is one in which the

• Polar covalent bond, one of the atoms exerts a

If the difference in relative ability to attract

• The ability of atoms in a

© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.

• F2 4.0 –4.0 =0 Nonpolar

• HF 4.0 –2.1 = 1.9 Ionic

• LiF 4.0 –1.0 = 3.0 Ionic

Cs – 0.7 Cl – 3.0 3.0 – 0.7 = 2.3 Ionic

H – 2.1 S – 2.5 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4 Polar Covalent

N – 3.0 N – 3.0 3.0 – 3.0 = 0 Non-polar

• Determined by number of valence electrons of the

The VSEPR Model

TOTAL e- = 1 (3) + 3(7) = 24 valence electrons

Write the Lewis structure of BeCl2

Write the Lewis structure of XeF4

Write the Lewis structure of OH -1

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