STD 5 Agriculture Notes Updated

STANDARD 5 AGRICULTURE CHAPTER 1 – 10
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE

(With exercises and marking keys)
Describing agriculture
• Agriculture is the growing of crops and rearing of animals that are useful to
us.
A. Branches of agriculture
• Animal Husbandry – this is about keeping animals and caring for them.
• Forestry – this is about growing of trees.
• Soil science – Is the study of soil.
• Agricultural engineering – deals with the use and care of different farm tools,
implements and machines.
• Agricultural Economics – deals with business part of farming
• Horticulture – deals with growing and caring for vegetable crops, fruits and
ornaments plants.
• Agronomy – deals with the care of soil and production of crops
• Veterinary science – this is the study of animal health and disease.
• Agricultural research and development – deals with doing experiments
concerning agriculture.
Exploring Agriculture: Our Food and Resources

Agriculture is a vital part of our lives. It involves growing crops and raising animals
that are useful to us. Agriculture provides us with food, clothing, and many other
important resources. Let's learn about the different branches of agriculture and how
they help us!
Fill in the blank with the correct words.

1. ______________ is the branch of agriculture that deals with keeping and caring
for animals.
2. The study of soil in agriculture is called ______________.
3. _________________ focuses on growing trees and managing forests.
4. The branch that deals with growing vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants
is called _______________.
5. __________________ is the study of animal health and diseases in agriculture.
Word bank: Soil science, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Veterinary science,
Forestry
Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which branch of agriculture deals with farm tools and machines?
a) Soil science
b) Agricultural engineering
c) Horticulture
d) Forestry
2. What does agronomy focus on?
a) Animal health
b) Business part of farming
c) Care of soil and crop production
d) Growing ornamental plants
3. Which branch of agriculture is concerned with the business side of
farming?
a) Agricultural economics
b) Veterinary science
c) Soil science
d) Forestry
4. What does agricultural research and development involve?
a) Selling farm products
b) Teaching about agriculture
c) Doing experiments related to agriculture
d) Building farm-houses
5. Which of the following is NOT a branch of agriculture?
a) Horticulture
b) Veterinary science
c) Astronomy
d) Animal Husbandry
Open Ended Questions:

1. Why do you think agriculture is important for our daily lives?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
2. Name two things you eat or use daily that come from agriculture. Explain
where they come from.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
3. If you could work in one branch of agriculture, which one would you choose
and why?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. Animal Husbandry
2. Soil science
3. Forestry
4. Horticulture
5. Veterinary science
1. b) Agricultural engineering
2. c) Care of soil and crop production
3. a) Agricultural economics
4. c) Doing experiments related to agriculture
5. c) Astronomy
1. Agriculture is important for our daily lives because it provides us with food to
eat and materials for clothing. It also helps create jobs and supports the
economy.
2. Two things I use daily that come from agriculture are:
• Cereal: It comes from crops like wheat or corn that farmers grow in fields.
• Cotton T-shirt: It comes from cotton plants that are grown and harvested
by farmers.
3. I would choose to work in horticulture because I enjoy gardening and would
like to learn more about growing fruits and vegetables. It would be exciting to
help produce healthy food for people to eat.
B. The two LEVELS of production in Agriculture

Commercial farming
This means producing crops and animals to sell and make
profit. Under commercial farming:
• Too much money is spent in machinery, fencing, labour,
watering facilities, disease control measures and
quality stock production.
• Production is usually very high.
• Farmers or those employed have farming and business
skills and knowledge to run the farm.
• What is produced is for sale and profit making
Subsistence farming
Production of crops and keeping of livestock is done to meet
the basic needs of family.
• Less money is usually used to maintaining the farming.
• Production is usually very low due to outbreak of diseases,
lack of water, poor feeding or poor-quality stock.
• Poor methods of farming are usually used.
• Family members become the farm managers and or
workers.
Understanding Agricultural Production Levels
Agriculture has two main levels of production: commercial farming and subsistence
farming. Commercial farming focuses on producing crops and animals to sell for
profit. It involves significant investment in machinery, fencing, and other resources.
Subsistence farming, on the other hand, is done to meet the basic needs of a family.
Let's explore these two types of farming in more detail.

1. Commercial farming aims to produce crops and animals for _____________ and
profit.
2. In subsistence farming, production is usually very ___________ due to various
challenges.
3. Commercial farmers often spend a lot of money on _____________ and disease
control measures.
4. ____________ farming is done to meet the basic needs of a family.
5. In commercial farming, people with farming and _____________ skills run the
farm.
Word bank: low, business, sale, machinery, subsistence

1. What is the main goal of commercial farming?
a) To feed the farmer's family
b) To sell products and make profit
c) To preserve traditional farming methods
d) To reduce agricultural production
2. Which type of farming usually has higher production levels?
a) Subsistence farming
b) Commercial farming
c) Both have the same production levels
d) Neither has high production levels
3. In subsistence farming, who usually manages and works on the farm?
a) Hired workers
b) Government officials
c) Family members
d) Business experts
4. What is a common challenge in subsistence farming?
a) Too much profit
b) Overproduction of crops
c) Outbreak of diseases
d) Too many workers
5. Which farming type typically uses more advanced farming methods?
a) Subsistence farming
b) Commercial farming
c) Both use the same methods
d) Neither uses advanced methods
1. Explain one difference between commercial farming and subsistence farming.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
2. Why do you think commercial farming usually has higher production levels?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
3. What are two challenges that subsistence farmers might face?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. sale
2. low
3. machinery
4. Subsistence
5. business
1. b) To sell products and make profit
2. b) Commercial farming
3. c) Family members
4. c) Outbreak of diseases
5. b) Commercial farming
1. Example answer:
Commercial farming aims to produce crops and animals for sale and profit,
while subsistence farming is done to meet the basic needs of a family.
2. Example answer:
Commercial farming usually has higher production levels because farmers
invest more money in machinery, disease control, and better farming
methods.
3. Example answer:
Two challenges subsistence farmers might face are outbreaks of diseases and
lack of water for their crops and animals.
C. Types of farming
• Pastoral farming – This is when farmers raise livestock only.
• Arable farming – this is when farmers grow of crops only.
• Mixed farming –this is when both crops and livestock are raised in the same
farm.
Pastoral farming Mixed farming Arable farming
Assessment on Farming Types

1. What type of farming focuses only on raising animals?
a. Arable farming
b. Pastoral farming
c. Mixed farming
d. Organic farming
2. Which type of farming is characterized by growing crops only?
a. Pastoral farming
b. Mixed farming
c. Crop farming
d. Arable farming
3. What is mixed farming?
a. Raising animals only
b. Growing crops only
c. Both crops and livestock are raised
d. None of the above
4. What would a pastoral farmer primarily raise?
a. Vegetables
b. Wheat
c. Cows
d. Corn
5. A farmer who grows carrots and raises chickens is practicing which type of
farming?
a. Pastoral farming
b. Arable farming
c. Mixed farming
d. Industrial farming
6. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of arable farming?
a. Growing rice
b. Raising sheep
c. Cultivating corn
d. Planting potatoes
7. Which type of farming allows for greater variety in products?
a. Pastoral farming
b. Arable farming
c. Mixed farming
d. None of the above
8. What is one benefit of mixed farming?
a. It requires less land
b. It can provide both food and income
c. It is easier to manage
d. It eliminates the need for crops
9. A farmer who only raises pigs is practicing which type of farming?
a. Arable farming
b. Mixed farming
c. Pastoral farming
d. Sustainable farming
10. Which farming type would be best for someone who wants to produce both
milk and vegetables?
a. Pastoral farming
b. Arable farming
c. Mixed farming
d. Specialty farming
Answer Key.
1. b. Pastoral farming
2. d. Arable farming
3. c. Both crops and livestock are raised
4. c. Cows
5. c. Mixed farming
6. b. Raising sheep
7. c. Mixed farming
8. b. It can provide both food and income
9. c. Pastoral farming
10. c. Mixed farming
D. Importance of agriculture in Botswana

• It provides food to Batswana.
• It provides employment.
• It provides raw materials.
• It provides foreign exchange.
• It is a source of income to Batswana families.
• It is a source of draught power.
E. Careers opportunities in agriculture

• Teachers in agriculture
• Veterinary technicians
• Agricultural demonstrators
• Agricultural engineer
• Agricultural researcher
• Agricultural economist
• Farmers
• Artificial inseminators
• Farm managers
• Crop protection officers
• Irrigation engineer
Careers Opportunities in Agriculture Assessment
1. What is the main role of a veterinary technician?
a. To manage farm operations
b. To assist veterinarians with animal care
c. To research agricultural policies
d. To design farm buildings
2. Who is responsible for teaching others about agriculture?
a. Agricultural demonstrators
b. Farmers
c. Irrigation engineers
d. Agricultural economists
3. What does an agricultural engineer primarily do?
a. Conduct experiments on crops
b. Design equipment and structures for farms
c. Teach students about farming
d. Manage livestock health
4. What is a key responsibility of an agricultural researcher?
a. Planting and harvesting crops
b. Studying and developing new farming methods
c. Advising farmers on financial decisions
d. Ensuring proper irrigation systems
5. Which career focuses on the economics of farming?
a. Agricultural economist
b. Veterinary technician
c. Farm manager
d. Crop protection officer
6. Who typically oversees the daily operations of a farm?
a. Agricultural researcher
b. Farm manager
c. Artificial inseminator
d. Agricultural demonstrator
7. What does a crop protection officer do?
a. Teach students about agriculture
b. Protect crops from pests and diseases
c. Design irrigation systems
d. Manage farm finances
8. What is the role of an artificial inseminator in agriculture?
a. To build structures for animals
b. To help breed livestock
c. To study soil composition
d. To manage crop production
9. Which professional is likely to work closely with plants and soil?
a. Irrigation engineer
b. Veterinary technician
c. Agricultural economist
d. Agricultural demonstrator
10. What do agricultural demonstrators do?
a. Teach farming techniques to others
b. Analyze agricultural data
c. Manage animal health
d. Design new irrigation systems
Answer Key.
1. b. To assist veterinarians with animal care
2. a. Agricultural demonstrators
3. b. Design equipment and structures for farms
4. b. Studying and developing new farming methods
5. a. Agricultural economist
6. b. Farm manager
7. b. Protect crops from pests and diseases
8. b. To help breed livestock
9. a. Irrigation engineer
10. a. Teach farming techniques to others
CHAPTER 2: FOOD PRODUCTION IN BOTSWANA

A. Problems faced by farmers in Botswana.
• Limited capital for agriculture investment
• Pests, parasites and diseases
• Unreliable rainfall or shortage of water
• Shortage of land
• Limited or shortage of money
• Poor farming methods due to lack of knowledge
and skills
• Poor soils
• Use of poor or inefficient farm tools and
implements.
• Poor marketing facilities
• Competition from foreign farmers
• Lack of proper storage of farm produce
• Low production of farmers due to chronic diseases such as AIDS
Solutions to problem faced by farmers in Botswana.

• Agriculture should be a core subject from Primary to Secondary school.
• Media should expand coverage on agriculture related issues.
• More marketing boarders should be set.
• Good roads should be constructed all over the country.
• More dams should be built to store rainwater.
• Farmers should conserve water.
• More agricultural demonstrators and veterinary assistants should be employed.
• Farmers should use farm chemicals to control pests and diseases.
• Farmers should use fertilizers to improve soil fertility.
• They should avoid overstocking and overgrazing.
• Farmers should practice crop rotation.
• Farmers should practice commercial or cash crop farming.
• They should borrow loans from banks.
• They should make use of government programmes of improving agriculture.
Farming Challenges and Solutions in Botswana

Botswana is a country in southern Africa where farming is very important. Farmers
there face many problems, but there are also ways to help solve these issues. Let's
learn about some of these challenges and how farmers can overcome them.
1. In Botswana, farmers often struggle with ______________ rainfall, which makes
it hard to grow crops.
2. Many farmers lack ________________ to buy new tools and seeds for their
farms.
3. _______________ and diseases can damage crops and make animals sick.
4. Some farmers use ________________ farming methods because they don't have
enough knowledge.
5. To improve their farms, farmers can learn to _________________ water and use it
wisely.
Word bank: unreliable, money, conserve, pests, poor

1. What is one way to help farmers learn better farming methods?
a) Build more houses
b) Make agriculture a school subject
c) Close all farms
d) Ban farming
2. How can farmers improve their soil?
a) By adding more rocks
b) By using fertilizers
c) By never planting crops
d) By removing all plants
3. What can the government do to help store more water?
a) Build more dams
b) Close all rivers
c) Stop all rain
d) Remove all lakes
4. How can farmers protect their crops from pests?
a) By singing to the plants
b) By painting the leaves
c) By using farm chemicals safely
d) By removing all the plants
5. What can farmers do to earn more money from their farms?
a) Stop farming completely
b) Grow only one type of crop
c) Practice commercial farming
d) Give away all their crops

1. Name two problems that farmers in Botswana face and explain why they are
challenging.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
2. What is one solution that could help farmers in Botswana, and how would it
help?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
3. If you were a farmer in Botswana, what would you do to improve your farm?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. unreliable
2. money
3. Pests
4. poor
5. conserve
1. b) Make agriculture a school subject
2. b) By using fertilizers
3. a) Build more dams
4. c) By using farm chemicals safely
5. c) Practice commercial farming
1. Two problems farmers in Botswana face are unreliable rainfall and pests.
Unreliable rainfall makes it hard for farmers to know when to plant crops and if
they will have enough water. Pests can damage or destroy crops, reducing the
amount of food farmers can grow and sell.
2. One solution that could help farmers in Botswana is building more dams. This
would help store rainwater, giving farmers a more reliable water source for
their crops even when there isn't much rain.
3. If I were a farmer in Botswana, I would try to learn new farming methods to
improve my farm. I would also consider using fertilizers to make the soil better
for growing crops and practice crop rotation to keep the soil healthy.
B. The impact of HIV and AIDS in agricultural productivity

• AIDS kills skilled people in farming.
• farmers spend lot of money to get medical assistance instead of using the
money in farming.
• HIV and AIDS is reducing farmers energy to do their farm work.
• Farmers are leaving their farms to care for infected relatives.
• Government is spending too much on the fight against HIV and AIDS instead of
agriculture development.
C. Government programmes to help farmers.

• Government help farmers by controlling animal diseases like foot and mouth,
anthrax and rabies.
• It also providing assistance to farmers through programmes like:
1. CEDA
CEDA stands for Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (Formed in 2001)
Its objectives are as follows:
• It gives loans to the new and existing businesses (including farming) that can
make a profit.
• It ensures that Batswana get business skills and knowledge that can help them
to make their businesses successful.
• It helps promote the growth of different kinds of businesses in the country.
2. LIMID
LIMID stands for Livestock Management and Infrastructure Development
Its objectives are as follow:
• It promotes food security through improved productivity of livestock
• It improves livestock management
• It eliminates poverty
3. ISPAAD
• ISPAAD stands for Integrated Support Programme for Arable Agriculture
Development
• Its main aim is to address challenges faced by arable farmers
• ISPAAD assist farmers with the following:
- Cluster fencing
- Provision of potable water
- Provision of seeds
- Provision of fertilizers
4. LEA
• LEA stands for Local Enterprise Authority
• LEA’s key sectors are manufacturing, agriculture, tourism and services
supporting the aforementioned sectors.
• LEA targets entrepreneurs and enterprises within the key sectors above and in
particular women, youth and the unemployed.
• LEA provides:
- Training and mentoring
- Business skills training
- Business monitoring and mentoring
4. NAMPAAD
NAMPAAD stands for National Master Plan for Arable Agriculture and Dairy
Development.
NAMPAAD was set up to improve food production by:
• Encouraging farmers to use modern methods of farming.
• Helping farmers who want to grow crops or raise dairy cows as a business to get
loans or finance.
• Helping to make crop and dairy production business more profitable.
• Encouraging subsistence farmers to grow crops or raise animals as a business.
NAMPAAD covers three main areas of Agriculture:

(a) Rain-fed Agriculture:
This is farming that relies/depends on rainfall.
(b) Irrigated Agriculture:

Crops grown under this system are those that need to be watered regularly such as
vegetables and fruits. Crops cannot rely on rainfall.
(c) Dairy farming:
Dairy animals are those animals mainly raised to supply milk. NAMPAAD encourages
farmers with less than 50 cows to increase their number so that it can become profitable to
run the business.
Government Programs to Help Farmers Assessment

1. What does CEDA stand for?
a. Citizen Economic Development Agency
b. Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency
c. Central Entrepreneurial Development Agency
d. Central Economic Development Agency
2. Which of the following is an objective of LIMID?
a. To provide loans for new businesses
b. To eliminate poverty
c. To improve crop production
d. To control animal diseases
3. What is one of the main aims of ISPAAD?
a. To support dairy farming
b. To improve livestock management
c. To address challenges faced by arable farmers
d. To promote tourism
4. Which sector does LEA NOT focus on?
a. Manufacturing
b. Tourism
c. Mining
d. Agriculture
5. What type of agriculture does NAMPAAD encourage?
a. Subsistence farming only
b. Modern methods of farming
c. Only rain-fed agriculture
d. Organic farming
6. Which of the following is NOT an assistance provided by ISPAAD?
a. Cluster fencing
b. Provision of seeds
c. Providing livestock
d. Provision of fertilizers
7. What is the primary focus of LIMID?
a. Livestock management
b. Crop production
c. Dairy production
d. Urban development
8. Who does LEA particularly target?
a. Farmers only
b. Women, youth, and the unemployed
c. Large corporations
d. International businesses
9. What does NAMPAAD mainly aim to improve?
a. Food production
b. Animal diseases
c. Crop prices
d. Export opportunities
10. What type of farming relies on rainfall according to NAMPAAD?
a. Irrigated Agriculture
b. Subsistence Agriculture
c. Rain-fed Agriculture
d. Dairy Farming
11. What kind of support does CEDA provide to farmers?
a. Medical assistance
b. Loans and business skills training
c. Land ownership
d. Crop insurance
12. What is the goal of providing potable water under ISPAAD?
a. To improve livestock management
b. To support irrigation systems
c. To ensure arable farmers have water for crops
d. To reduce food prices
13. What is a key feature of NAMPAAD's support for dairy farming?
a. Encouraging farmers with less than 50 cows to increase their herd
b. Providing free dairy products to farmers
c. Offering training for cheese production
d. Focusing on organic dairy methods
14. Which program helps to promote the growth of different kinds of
businesses?
a. ISPAAD
b. LIMID
c. CEDA
d. NAMPAAD
15. One objective of LIMID is to promote food security through what?
a. Increased crop prices
b. Improved productivity of livestock
c. Increasing dairy production
d. Exporting livestock
16. What is the main focus of the Local Enterprise Authority (LEA)?
a. Supporting agricultural production
b. Encouraging tourism
c. Supporting entrepreneurs in key sectors
d. Controlling animal diseases
17. What type of training does LEA provide?
a. Animal husbandry training
b. Business skills training
c. Cooking training
d. Environmental awareness training
18. What does ISPAAD provide to farmers to assist with crop production?
a. Cluster fencing and seeds
b. Financial advice
c. Livestock
d. Agricultural equipment
19. Which of the following is NOT covered by NAMPAAD?
a. Rain-fed Agriculture
b. Dairy farming
c. Aquaculture
d. Irrigated Agriculture
20. How does CEDA help new businesses?
a. By providing free land
b. By giving loans and business skills training
c. By offering free products
d. By controlling market prices
Answer Key.
1. b. Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency
2. b. To eliminate poverty
3. c. To address challenges faced by arable farmers
4. c. Mining
5. b. Modern methods of farming
6. c. Providing livestock
7. a. Livestock management
8. b. Women, youth, and the unemployed
9. a. Food production
10. c. Rain-fed Agriculture
11. b. Loans and business skills training
12. c. To ensure arable farmers have water for crops
13. a. Encouraging farmers with less than 50 cows to increase their herd
14. c. CEDA
15. b. Improved productivity of livestock
16. c. Supporting entrepreneurs in key sectors
17. b. Business skills training
18. a. Cluster fencing and seeds
19. c. Aquaculture
20. b. By giving loans and business skills training
CHAPTER 3: FARM TOOLS.

A. FARM TOOLS
• Farm tools are objects used on the farm to make work easier and they are
operated by hands.
Common Farm Tools and their uses
• Digging fork: - used for loosening, lifting and turning over soil farming.
• Wheelbarrow: - it is a small open cart used to carry things.
• Spade: - this tool is used for digging the soil and removing weeds.
• Watering can: - used to water plants.

• Hand trowel: - it is a gardening tool used to dig small holes, removing weeds and
transplant seedling from nursery to the main seedbed.
• Mattock: - it digs or breaks hard surfaces. It has a broad bladed end that can be
used as a hoe.
• Burdizzo: - it is a tool that crushes the spermatic cord to render a buck or

buckling sterile.
• Rake: - it levels the soil before planting.
• Disbudding iron: - it is a tool that is heated, usually electric, to burn the horn
buds from young animals to prevent horn growth.
• Axe- it chops trees and woods.
• Hand fork: - it breaks up soil.
• Knife: - it trims the hooves of animals and other cutting activities.
• Shovel: - it is used for lifting and moving loose materials such as soil.
• Pick: - It is used to dig where the soil surface is hard.

• Hoe: - It removes weeds.
Farm Tools Worksheet

Farm tools are essential objects used to make work easier on a farm. These tools are
usually operated by hand and help farmers complete various tasks more efficiently.
Different farm tools serve different purposes, from digging and planting to watering
and harvesting. Understanding these tools and their uses is important for anyone
interested in farming or gardening.
1. A _______________ is used for loosening, lifting, and turning over soil while
farming.
2. The ____________ is a small open cart used to carry things around the farm.
3. A _____________ is used to water plants in the garden or farm.
4. The ___________ is a tool used to dig small holes and remove weeds.
5. A ____________ is used to level the soil before planting seeds.
Word bank: rake, wheelbarrow, digging fork, hand trowel, watering can

1. Which tool is used for chopping trees and wood?
a) Hoe
b) Shovel
c) Axe
d) Rake
2. What is the primary use of a spade?
a) Watering plants
b) Digging soil and removing weeds
c) Carrying heavy items
d) Breaking up soil
3. Which tool is used to break up hard soil surfaces?
a) Hand fork
b) Mattock
c) Knife
d) Watering can
4. What is the main purpose of a hoe?
a) Digging holes
b) Watering plants
c) Removing weeds
d) Carrying soil
5. Which tool is used for lifting and moving loose materials like soil?
a) Shovel
b) Rake
c) Axe
d) Knife
1. Explain how a wheelbarrow helps farmers in their daily work.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
2. Describe two different ways a hand trowel can be used in gardening.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
3. Why do you think it's important for farmers to have different types of tools?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. digging fork
2. wheelbarrow
3. watering can
4. hand trowel
5. rake
1. c) Axe
2. b) Digging soil and removing weeds
3. b) Mattock
4. c) Removing weeds
5. a) Shovel
1. Example answer:
A wheelbarrow helps farmers by allowing them to easily transport heavy
loads of soil, plants, or harvested crops around the farm. It saves time and
energy when moving materials from one place to another.
2. Example answer:
A hand trowel can be used to dig small holes for planting seeds or seedlings.
It can also be used to remove weeds from garden beds without disturbing
nearby plants.
3. Example answer:
It's important for farmers to have different types of tools because each tool is
designed for a specific task. Having a variety of tools allows farmers to work
more efficiently and effectively, tackling different jobs with the right
equipment.
B. Proper care of farm tools

• Cleaning the tools after using them.
• Tools should be used for the correct purpose to avoid damage.
• They should be stored in a room where they will be kept properly.
• They should be kept away from the sun and rain.
• Oiling, painting and greasing will help them to last longer.
• Loose parts such as nuts and bolts should be kept tight all the time.
Proper storage of farm tools

• Tools should be kept in a clean storeroom and they should be clean before they
are store.
• Sharp point tools should be kept in a way that they cannot injure people.
• They should be kept where they will be free from, moist, heat and dust.
• Tools should be kept in one area so that they can be easily found.
Caring for Farm Tools: A Guide for Young Farmers

Proper care of farm tools is important for every farmer. When we take good care of
our tools, they last longer and work better. This worksheet will help you learn how to
clean, use, and store farm tools correctly.
1. After using farm tools, they should be ______________ to keep them in good
condition.
2. Tools should be used for their ______________ purpose to avoid damage.
3. Storing tools away from ______________ and _____________ helps protect
them from the elements.
4. ________________, painting, and greasing tools can help them last longer.
5. Loose parts like nuts and bolts should be kept _______________ all the time.
Word bank: sun, cleaned, correct, tight, oiling, rain

1. Where should farm tools be stored?
a) In the field
b) In a clean storeroom
c) Under a tree
d) In the kitchen
2. How should sharp tools be stored?
a) Pointing upwards
b) In a way that cannot injure people
c) Mixed with other tools
d) On the floor
3. What should be done before storing tools?
a) Paint them
b) Use them one last time
c) Clean them
d) Sharpen them
4. Why should tools be kept in one area?
a) To save space
b) To make them last longer
c) To keep them warm
d) So they can be easily found
5. Which of these is NOT mentioned as helpful for making tools last longer?
a) Oiling
b) Painting
c) Greasing
d) Washing with soap

1. Why is it important to use tools for their correct purpose?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
2. How can storing tools properly help a farmer?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
3. Name three ways to care for farm tools that you learned from this lesson.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[3]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. cleaned
2. correct
3. sun, rain
4. Oiling
5. tight
1. b
2. b
3. c
4. d
5. d
1. Example answer:
It is important to use tools for their correct purpose to avoid damaging them.
Using tools incorrectly can break them or make them less effective.
2. Example answer:
Storing tools properly can help a farmer by keeping the tools in good
condition, making them easy to find when needed, and preventing injuries
from sharp tools.
3. Example answer:
Three ways to care for farm tools are: cleaning them after use, storing them in
a clean, dry place, and oiling or greasing them to prevent rust.
CHAPTER 4: FARM IMPLEMENTS

A. FARM IMPLEMENTS
• Farm implements are heavier objects used to make work easier and more
efficient.
• Farm implements and their uses
• Disc harrow: - when it is pulled over ploughed land, the blades break up large
lumps of soil.
• Springtime harrow: - It is used for pasture

renovation and it is also used chiefly for breaking soil, for early cultivation.
• Disc plough: - It turns the soil over before seeds are planted.
• Chisel ploughs: - It is used for heavy duty work such as breaking up hard pans of
the soil.
• Single furrow mouldboard plough: - It is used for cultivating or turning the soil.
• Cultivator: - It is used for stirring the soil, before planting or to remove weeds
and to aerate and loosen the soil after the crops has begun to grow.
• Rotary cultivators: - It is used in softer soil condition.

• Planter: - It is used for sowing seeds, adding fertiliser and making furrows
through the field.
• Combined harvester: - It is used in operation of cutting, threshing and cleaning

the grain.
• Reapers and binder: - It is used to cut the crops in the field.
Farm Implements Worksheet

Farm implements are special tools used on farms to make work easier and faster.
These tools help farmers prepare the soil, plant seeds, and harvest crops. Some
common farm implements include ploughs, harrows, and cultivators. Each tool has
a specific job to do on the farm. For example, a plough turns over the soil, while a
harrow breaks up big chunks of dirt. Farmers use these tools to grow food more
efficiently.

1. A ______________ is used to break up large lumps of soil after ploughing.
2. The ____________ turns the soil over before planting seeds.
3. A ______________ is used for sowing crops in the field.
4. The _____________ cuts, threshes, and cleans grain all at once.
5. A _________________ is used to stir the soil and remove weeds.
Word bank: cultivator, disc harrow, planter, disc plough, combined harvester

1. Which farm implement is used for pasture renovation?
a) Disc harrow
b) Springtime harrow
c) Disc plough
d) Chisel plough
2. What is a single furrow mouldboard plough used for?
a) Breaking up hard soil
b) Planting seeds
c) Burying trash in softer soil
d) Harvesting crops
3. Which tool is used for heavy-duty work like breaking up hard soil?
a) Rotary cultivator
b) Chisel plough
c) Disc harrow
d) Planter
4. What does a reaper and binder do?
a) Plant seeds
b) Water crops
c) Cut crops in the field
d) Clean grain
5. Which implement is used in softer soil conditions?
a) Chisel plough
b) Disc plough
c) Rotary cultivator
d) Combined harvester
Open Ended Questions: Answer the following questions in complete sentences:
1. Explain how a disc harrow helps farmers prepare their fields.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
2. Why do you think it's important for farmers to use different implements for
different tasks?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
3. Name two farm implements and describe how they make a farmer's job
easier.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. disc harrow
2. disc plough
3. planter
4. combined harvester
5. cultivator
1. b) Springtime harrow
2. c) Burying trash in softer soil
3. b) Chisel plough
4. c) Cut crops in the field
5. c) Rotary cultivator
1. Example answer:
A disc harrow helps farmers prepare their fields by breaking up large lumps of
soil after ploughing. This makes the soil smoother and ready for planting.
2. Example answer:
It's important for farmers to use different implements for different tasks
because each job on the farm requires specific tools. Using the right tool
makes the work faster and more efficient.
3. Example answer:
Two farm implements are the planter and the cultivator. The planter makes a
farmer's job easier by quickly sowing seeds in rows across the field. The
cultivator helps by stirring the soil and removing weeds, which saves time
and effort compared to doing these tasks by hand.
B. Proper care of farm implements

• Store implements where they will be safe from rain and high temperatures.
• Clean them after use.
• Keep nuts and bolts tight all the time.
• Painting, oiling and greasing them to avoid rust.
• Provide maintenance if damaged or worn out.
• Implements should be used for the work they were made to do.
Proper storage of farm implements

• Cleaning them and storing them in a clean place.
• Place them where they will be protected from rain, dust and heat.
• For them to last longer, they have to be painted, oiled and greased.
Caring for Farm Tools: A 5th Grade Worksheet
Farmers use many tools to help them grow crops and care for animals. These tools
are called farm implements. It's important to take good care of these tools so they
last a long time and work well. Let's learn about how to properly care for and store
farm implements!

1. Farm implements should be stored where they are safe
from ____________ and high temperatures.
2. After using farm tools, it's important to ______________ them.
3. To prevent rust, farm implements should be painted, ____________, and
greased.
4. Nuts and bolts on farm tools should be kept ________________ all the time.
5. Farm implements should only be used for the work they
were _____________ to do.
Word bank: tight, oiled, rain, cleaned, made

1. What is the best place to store farm implements?
a) In the field
b) Under a tree
c) In a clean, protected place
d) Near a water source
2. How often should farm implements be cleaned?
a) Once a year
b) Never
c) After each use
d) Only when they look dirty
3. What helps prevent rust on farm implements?
a) Leaving them in the sun
b) Painting, oiling, and greasing
c) Washing them with water
d) Wrapping them in plastic
4. Why is it important to keep nuts and bolts tight on farm tools?
a) To make them look nice
b) To make them heavier
c) To keep them working properly
d) To make them easier to carry
5. What should you do if a farm implement is damaged or worn out?
a) Throw it away
b) Keep using it anyway
c) Give it to a neighbour
d) Provide maintenance or repair it
1. Why is it important to take good care of farm implements?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
2. Describe two ways to properly store farm implements.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
3. How can painting, oiling, and greasing help farm implements last longer?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. rain
2. clean
3. oiled
4. tight
5. made
1. c
2. c
3. b
4. c
5. d
1. It's important to take good care of farm implements because it helps them
last longer, work better, and saves money on replacing tools. Good care also
ensures that the tools are safe to use and ready when farmers need them.
2. Two ways to properly store farm implements are:

• Store them in a clean, dry place protected from rain, dust, and heat.
• Clean the implements before storing them to remove dirt and debris.
3. Painting, oiling, and greasing help farm implements last longer by protecting
them from rust and corrosion. The paint provides a barrier against moisture,
while oil and grease help moving parts work smoothly and prevent metal-to-
metal contact that can cause wear.
C. Problems caused by the use of farm implements in the environment.

• They loosen the soil and cause soil erosion.
• They can destroy vegetation that protects the soil from be carried away.
• Some implements cause air pollution
• Tractors and implements pulled by animals make the soil compact and as a
result, water cannot sink in the ground easily. We then have little water
underground.
Solutions to problems caused using farm implements.
• Use farm implements when the soil is not too dry or too wet.
• Develop single pathways in the farm not many routs.
• Make sure you service farm implements regularly to avoid production of harmful
gases such as carbon monoxide.
Problems Caused by using Farm Implements in the Environment
1. What is one problem caused by farm implements loosening the soil?
a. It helps plants grow better.
b. It causes soil erosion.
c. It improves air quality.
d. It makes the soil richer.
2. How can farm implements affect vegetation?
a. They help vegetation grow.
b. They can destroy vegetation that protects the soil.
c. They make vegetation more colourful.
d. They have no effect on vegetation.
3. What is a consequence of compacted soil due to farm implements?
a. Water cannot sink into the ground easily.
b. More rainwater is absorbed.
c. Plants grow faster.
d. The soil becomes softer.
4. Which of the following is an air pollution concern related to farm
implements?
a. Production of oxygen.
b. Production of harmful gases like carbon monoxide.
c. Reduction of greenhouse gases.
d. Increased freshness of air.
5. What is one solution to prevent problems caused by using farm implements?
a. Use farm implements when the soil is very dry.
b. Service farm implements regularly.
c. Use many pathways in the farm.
d. Avoid using farm implements altogether.
6. Why is it important to service farm implements?
a. To make them look nice.
b. To avoid the production of harmful gases.
c. To make them faster.
d. To reduce the number of workers needed.
7. What is a good practice for using farm implements?
a. Use them any time of the year.
b. Use them only on weekends.
c. Use them when the soil is not too dry or too wet.
d. Use them in multiple directions.
8. How does the use of tractors affect the soil?
a. They help aerate the soil.
b. They can make the soil compact.
c. They reduce soil temperature.
d. They add nutrients to the soil.
9. Which of the following is a way to improve soil health on a farm?
a. Create single pathways instead of many routes.
b. Use more fertilizers.
c. Water the soil less.
d. Stop planting crops.
10. What happens when soil erosion occurs?
a. The soil becomes more fertile.
b. The nutrients in the soil are washed away.
c. The water table rises.
d. More plants grow.
Answer Key.
1. b. It causes soil erosion.
2. b. They can destroy vegetation that protects the soil.
3. a. Water cannot sink into the ground easily.
4. b. Production of harmful gases like carbon monoxide.
5. b. Service farm implements regularly.
6. b. To avoid the production of harmful gases.
7. c. Use them when the soil is not too dry or too wet.
8. b. They can make the soil compact.
9. a. Create single pathways instead of many routes.
10. b. The nutrients in the soil are washed away.
CHAPTER 5: BIOTECHNOLOGY
A. Biotechnology is using living things and knowledge and skills to make products
or solve some of our problems identified.
1. Traditional Biotechnology
This involves using microbes from the environment to make useful products and to
improve our crops and animals.
• Production of foods such as sour porridge, beer, sours milk, cheese and bread.
• Making compost manure.
• Improving the quality of beef cattle.
2. Modern Biotechnology
Modern biotechnologies involve making useful products from whole organisms or
parts of organisms to make useful products.
Modern biotechnology can be used to produce:
• Animals that can produce more milk and meat.
• Tomatoes that can ripen slowly.
• Good quality cows and letting them to grow in poor quality cows.
• Crops that resistant to pests, diseases or herbicides.
• Plants that can grow well where there is little water.
• Vaccines that prevent diseases.
Exploring Biotechnology: Nature's Helpers

Biotechnology is a fascinating field that uses living things to create products and
solve problems. It's like having tiny helpers from nature working for us! There are two
main types of biotechnology: traditional and modern. Traditional biotechnology has
been around for a long time and uses simple methods, while modern biotechnology
uses new scientific discoveries to make amazing things happen.
1. Biotechnology uses ______________ things to make products and solve
problems.
2. Traditional biotechnology helps us make foods
like ____________ and ___________.
3. Modern biotechnology can create crops that are resistant
to _________ and ________.
4. __________ is an example of traditional biotechnology that helps improve soil
for plants.
5. Scientists can use biotechnology to make ____________ that prevent
diseases.
Word bank: living, cheese, pests, vaccines, diseases, compost manure, bread

1. What is the main goal of biotechnology?
a) To make living things
b) To use living things to create products and solve problems
c) To study rocks and minerals
d) To build robots
2. Which of these is an example of traditional biotechnology?
a) Creating a tomato that ripens slowly
b) Making a vaccine
c) Producing sour milk
d) Growing plants that need less water
3. Modern biotechnology can help create:
a) Animals that produce more milk
b) Crops that resist pests
c) Plants that grow with less water
d) All of the above
4. What is one-way traditional biotechnology improves farming?
a) By making compost manure
b) By creating new types of rocks
c) By inventing new farm machines
d) By changing the weather
5. How does modern biotechnology help with food production?
a) By making food taste worse
b) By creating crops that can resist diseases
c) By removing all insects from farms
d) By making plants grow underwater
1. Explain one way that traditional biotechnology is used to make food.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
2. How can modern biotechnology help farmers grow crops in areas with little
water?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
3. Name one benefit of using biotechnology to improve animals like cows.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. living
2. cheese, bread
3. pests, diseases
4. compost manure
5. vaccines
1. b
2. c
3. d
4. a
5. b
1. Example answer:
2. Traditional biotechnology is used to make food by using microbes to produce
items like cheese, bread, or sour milk. For instance, yeast is used in making
bread rise.
3. Example answer:
Modern biotechnology can help farmers grow crops in areas with little water
by creating plants that are better at using the water available. These plants
might have deeper roots or leaves that lose less water.
4. Example answer:
One benefit of using biotechnology to improve animals like cows is that they
can produce more milk or meat. This means farmers can get more food from
the same number of animals.
B. Effects of biotechnology
• It can help in producing more food in a short period of time.
• It can help to produce medicine and vaccine that can protect plants and animals
from pest and diseases.
• It can help to develop plants that can resist attack from pests and diseases.
• It can help to develop crops that can grow well even if there is little rainfall.
• Some products may contain poisons that may harm plants, animals and people.
• The use of chemicals pollutes the environment.
• New diseases may be discovered because of biotechnology.
Effects of Biotechnology Assessment
1. How does biotechnology help in food production?
a. It makes food taste better.
b. It can help in producing more food in a short period of time.
c. It reduces the need for cooking.
d. It increases food prices.
2. What is one benefit of biotechnology for medicine?
a. It can create food faster.
b. It can help produce medicine and vaccines that protect plants and animals from
pests and diseases.
c. It makes medicine taste sweeter.
d. It requires more doctors.
3. How can biotechnology improve crops?
a. It can make crops grow in the ocean.
b. It can help develop plants that can resist attacks from pests and diseases.
c. It can make flowers bloom faster.
d. It reduces the size of crops.
4. What can biotechnology do for crops in dry areas?
a. It can help develop crops that can grow well even if there is little rainfall.
b. It can make crops grow taller.
c. It can help plants grow in the winter.
d. It can eliminate the need for sunlight.
5. What is a potential negative effect of biotechnology?
a. It can increase the amount of food produced.
b. Some products may contain poisons that may harm plants, animals, and people.
c. It can help farmers.
d. It can make plants grow faster.
6. How can the use of chemicals in biotechnology affect the environment?
a. It can clean the environment.
b. The use of chemicals pollutes the environment.
c. It helps plants grow better.
d. It has no effect on the environment.
7. What is a concern related to new diseases and biotechnology?
a. New diseases may be discovered because of biotechnology.
b. Biotechnology eliminates all diseases.
c. It can cure existing diseases.
d. It has no impact on health.
8. How does biotechnology help farmers?
a. It helps them sell more products.
b. It can make their work easier by producing more food quickly.
c. It replaces farmers.
d. It reduces crop prices.
9. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of biotechnology?
a. Producing more food in less time.
b. Developing disease-resistant crops.
c. Causing pollution in the environment.
d. Creating medicines for health.
10. Why is it important to understand the effects of biotechnology?
a. To make food taste better.
b. To be aware of both the benefits and potential risks to health and the
environment.
c. To increase the price of food.
d. To learn how to cook better.
Answer Key (Always review AI generated answers for accuracy - Math is more likely
to be inaccurate)
1. b. It can help in producing more food in a short period of time.
2. b. It can help produce medicine and vaccines that protect plants and
animals from pests and diseases.
3. b. It can help develop plants that can resist attacks from pests and diseases.
4. a. It can help develop crops that can grow well even if there is little rainfall.
5. b. Some products may contain poisons that may harm plants, animals, and
people.
6. b. The use of chemicals pollutes the environment.
7. a. New diseases may be discovered because of biotechnology.
8. b. It can make their work easier by producing more food quickly.
9. c. Causing pollution in the environment.
10. b. To be aware of both the benefits and potential risks to health and the
environment.
C. Using traditional biotechnology processes to produce product.

Producing Sour porridge (Ting)
• Mix maize meal or sorghum meal with water and put the mixture in a container.
• Leave the mixture for at least 24 hours.
• Bacteria will get into the mixture and turn it into sour porridge
Producing Sour Milk (madila)

• Leave fresh milk in a container for at least 12 to 24 hours just in room
temperature
• Bacteria will get into the milk and turn fresh milk into sour milk
Other products which can be produced through traditional biotechnology are:
• Beer, cheese
• Bread
Traditional Biotechnology Processes Worksheet

Traditional biotechnology is a way of making food products using natural processes.
It involves using microorganisms like bacteria to change ingredients into new foods.
Let's explore some examples of traditional biotechnology used to make sour
porridge and sour milk.
1. To make sour porridge, mix maize meal or _________________ meal with water.
2. Leave the sour porridge mixture for at least _______________ hours.
3. ___________ will get into the mixture and turn it into sour porridge.
4. To make sour milk, leave fresh milk in a container for ___________ to 24 hours.
5. Traditional biotechnology can also be used to produce ___________ and
cheese.
Word bank: sorghum, bacteria, 12, 24, bread

1. What is the main ingredient used to make sour porridge?
a) Wheat
b) Rice
c) Maize or sorghum
d) Oats
2. How long should you leave the sour porridge mixture to ferment?
a) 1 hour
b) 6 hours
c) 12 hours
d) At least 24 hours
3. What turns fresh milk into sour milk?
a) Heat
b) Cold
c) Bacteria
d) Sugar
4. How long should you leave fresh milk to make sour milk?
a) 1-2 hours
b) 6-8 hours
c) 12-24 hours
d) 2-3 days
5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a product of traditional
biotechnology?
a) Beer
b) Cheese
c) Bread
d) Yogurt
1. Explain the process of making sour porridge (Ting) using traditional
biotechnology.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
2. How is sour milk (madila) different from fresh milk? Why does this change
happen?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
3. Name two other products that can be made using traditional biotechnology
and explain why you think these methods are still used today.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. sorghum
2. 24
3. Bacteria
4. 12
5. bread
Multiple Choice:
1. c) Maize or sorghum
2. d) At least 24 hours
3. c) Bacteria
4. c) 12-24 hours
5. d) Yogurt
1. Example answer:
To make sour porridge (Ting), you mix maize meal or sorghum meal with water
in a container. Then, you leave the mixture for at least 24 hours. During this
time, bacteria naturally get into the mixture and ferment it, turning it into sour
porridge.
2. Example answer:
Sour milk (madila) is different from fresh milk because it has a tangy taste
and thicker texture. This change happens because bacteria get into the milk
and ferment it, turning the milk sugar (lactose) into lactic acid, which makes
the milk sour and thicker.
3. Example answer:
Two other products that can be made using traditional biotechnology are
beer and cheese. These methods are still used today because they create
unique flavours and textures that people enjoy. Also, these traditional
methods are often simpler and use natural processes, which some people
prefer over modern industrial methods.
CHAPTER 6: SOIL CONSTITUENTS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSL2xRc5nPc
A. SOIL
Soil is top layer of the earth in which the plants grow, derive their nutrients, water and
get anchorage.
Importance of soil
• It gives plants nutrients, water and air needed for growth.
• It holds plants up straight as they grow up.
• It is a habitat for some animals.
• It is used to build houses.
• It is where we grow crops and produce fruits for eating.
• It provides grazing land and grasses for animals.
• It has resources such as wood, minerals and grass.
B. SOIL CONSTITUENTS
• Soil Constituents are things that make up soil.
• Soil Constituents are:
• Inorganic matter or mineral matter- material that comes from broken down
rocks 45%
• Organic matter – remains (decomposed parts) of plants and animals. 5%
• Water 25%
• Air 25%
Soil Constituents Worksheet

Soil is an important part of our Earth. It's made up of different things that we call soil
constituents. These parts work together to make soil healthy for plants to grow. Let's
learn about what makes up soil!
1. The largest part of soil is ______________, which comes from broken down
rocks.
2. ____________ matter is made up of decomposed parts of plants and animals.
3. Soil contains about 25% ___________, which is important for plant roots.
4. Another 25% of soil is filled with ___________, which helps roots breathe.
5. Inorganic matter makes up about _______________ percent of soil.
Word bank: water, air, organic, 45, inorganic matter

1. What percentage of soil is made up of organic matter?
a) 25%
b) 45%
c) 5%
d) 15%
2. Which of these is NOT a soil constituent?
a) Water
b) Air
c) Sand
d) Organic matter
3. What is inorganic matter in soil made of?
a) Plant remains
b) Animal remains
c) Broken down rocks
d) Water droplets
4. How much of the soil is made up of water?
a) 5%
b) 15%
c) 25%
d) 45%
5. What helps plant roots breathe in the soil?
a) Inorganic matter
b) Organic matter
c) Water
d) Air
1. Why do you think water is important for soil?
2. How might organic matter help plants grow in the soil?
3. What do you think would happen if soil didn't have any air in it?
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. inorganic matter
2. Organic
3. water
4. air
5. 45
1. c) 5%
2. c) Sand
3. c) Broken down rocks
4. c) 25%
5. d) Air
1. Example answer:
Water is important for soil because it helps dissolve nutrients that plants
need to grow. It also helps move these nutrients to the plant roots.
2. Example answer:
Organic matter helps plants grow by providing nutrients as it decomposes. It
also helps the soil hold water and improves soil structure.
3. Example answer:
If soil didn't have any air in it, plant roots wouldn't be able to breathe. This
would make it hard for plants to grow and they might die. The soil would also
be too compact for roots to grow easily.
C. Investigating soil constituents.

Finding out if the soil has inorganic matter.
• Collect dry sample of soil
• Spread it on a sheet of paper and study it carefully
• What do you see?
• You will the see the particles of broken-down rocks.
This is the solid part of soil called inorganic matter.
Finding out if the soil has organic matter.

• Collect a dry sample of soil
• Put the dry sample in a bottle with a lid
• Fill up the bottle with water and close it
• Shake the bottle for a few minutes
• Allow the bottle to stand for at least 15 minutes.
• You will see some materials will float at the top of the
water
These materials are referred to as organic matter.
Finding out if soil is made up of water.

• Put a small amount of dry soil in a dry bottle and close the bottle tightly with a lid
• Put the bottle on an open space directly to the sun light
• Observe the bottle after at least 20 minutes
• You will see water droplets inside the bottle
The droplets of water show the presence of water in the soil.
Finding out if soil has air.
• Collect dry soil in the bottle
• Half fill the bottle with water
• You will see air bubbles rising from the soil
This shows the presence of air in the soil
Investigating Soil Constituents Worksheet

Soil is an important part of our environment. It's made up of different things that we
can investigate. In this worksheet, we'll learn about the parts of soil, including
inorganic matter, organic matter, water, and air.
1. The solid part of soil called ____________ matter is made up of broken-down
rock particles.
2. To find organic matter in soil, we shake a soil sample with ___________ and
observe what floats.
3. Water in soil can be observed by putting dry soil in a bottle and exposing it
to ______________.
4. The presence of ____________ in soil is shown by air bubbles rising when
water is added to dry soil.
5. Inorganic matter in soil can be seen by spreading a dry sample on
a _____________ of paper.
Word bank: sunlight, sheet, water, inorganic, air

1. What is the solid part of soil called?
a) Organic matter
b) Inorganic matter
c) Water
d) Air
2. How can you find out if soil has organic matter?
a) Spread it on paper
b) Put it in sunlight
c) Shake it with water
d) Add air to it
3. What shows the presence of water in soil?
a) Floating materials
b) Air bubbles
c) Water droplets
d) Rock particles
4. Which part of soil is shown by air bubbles rising in water?
a) Organic matter
b) Inorganic matter
c) Water
d) Air
5. How long should you let the soil and water mixture stand to observe
organic matter?
a) 5 minutes
b) 10 minutes
c) 15 minutes
d) 30 minutes

1. Describe how you would investigate if soil has inorganic matter.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
2. Why do you think it's important to know what soil is made of?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
3. How might the amount of water and air in soil affect plant growth?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. inorganic
2. water
3. sunlight
4. air
5. sheet
Multiple Choice:
1. b) Inorganic matter
2. c) Shake it with water
3. c) Water droplets
4. d) Air
5. c) 15 minutes
1. To investigate if soil has inorganic matter, I would collect a dry sample of soil,
spread it on a sheet of paper, and study it carefully. I would look for small
particles of broken-down rocks, which are the inorganic matter in soil.
2. It's important to know what soil is made of because soil is essential for plant
growth and agriculture. Understanding soil composition helps us know how
to best use and care for the soil, which is crucial for growing food and
maintaining healthy ecosystems.
3. The amount of water and air in soil can greatly affect plant growth. Plants
need both water and air in the soil for their roots to grow and function
properly. Too much water can drown the roots, while too little can cause the
plant to dry out. The right balance of water and air in soil helps plants grow
strong and healthy.
CHAPTER 7: SOIL FORMATION
The process in which soil is formed is called Weathering.
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks to form soil.
A. The three types of weathering
1. Mechanical or Physical weathering
• This is when rocks break down due

to a force being applied to them.
• The following are physical weathering agents:
• Rainwater: - Water carries pieces of rocks in rivers and streams which wear
down into small particles by knocking against each other.
• Temperature: - Rock expands during the high temperature of the day and
contract during the night due the low temperature which eventually crumbles
into smaller particles.
• Wind: - As wind blows it carries pieces of rocks which break down into small
particles by knocking against each other.
2. Biological weathering
Is when living organisms cause rocks to break down.

• The following are biological weathering agents.
• Vegetation (plants): - As plants grow their roots penetrates through small crack
on the rock causing it to split or crumble.
• Animals: - Animals which use soil as their habitat often dig down soil as such
exposing rock surface to weathering.
3. The chemical weathering agents are:

• Water: - Water either in the air or on the ground combines with many minerals
causing them to swell and form cracks in the rock making it easy to break down.
• Carbon dioxide: - When dissolved in water carbon-dioxide form a weak acid
called carbonic acid which react with and break down rocks such as limestone.
• Oxygen: - Oxygen in the air combines with minerals in rocks forming materials
that crumble easily.
• Organic materials: - When organisms die and decay in the soil, acids released in
the decay process and break down rock materials.
Weathering: How Soil is Formed
Weathering is an important process in nature that helps create soil. It happens when
rocks break down into smaller pieces over time. There are three main types of
weathering: mechanical (physical), biological, and chemical. Each type involves
different forces or agents that work to break down rocks. Understanding weathering
helps us know how our Earth's surface changes and how soil is formed.
1. The process in which soil is formed is called _______________.
2. Mechanical weathering occurs when rocks break down due to
a ____________ being applied to them.
3. ______________ weathering happens when living organisms cause rocks to
break down.
4. As plants grow, their _____________ can penetrate through small cracks in
rocks, causing them to split.
5. When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, it forms a weak acid
called _________________ acid.
Word bank: weathering, force, biological, roots, carbonic

1. Which of the following is NOT a type of weathering?
a) Mechanical
b) Biological
c) Chemical
d) Geological
2. What causes rocks to expand during the day and contract at night?
a) Wind
b) Temperature changes
c) Rainwater
d) Animals
3. Which of these is an example of a biological weathering agent?
a) Wind
b) Temperature
c) Plants
d) Oxygen
4. What type of weathering occurs when water combines with minerals in
rocks?
a) Mechanical weathering
b) Biological weathering
c) Chemical weathering
d) Physical weathering
5. Which of the following is NOT a chemical weathering agent?
a) Water
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Oxygen
d) Temperature
1. Explain how rainwater can cause mechanical weathering.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
2. How do animals contribute to the weathering process?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
3. Why is weathering important for soil formation?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. weathering
2. force
3. biological
4. roots
5. carbonic
1. d) Geological
2. b) Temperature changes
3. c) Plants
4. c) Chemical weathering
5. d) Temperature
1. Example answer:
Rainwater can cause mechanical weathering by carrying pieces of rocks in
rivers and streams. These rocks knock against each other, wearing down into
smaller particles over time.
2. Example answer:
Animals contribute to weathering by digging in the soil, which exposes rock
surfaces to other weathering agents. Some animals also burrow into rocks,
creating cracks and weakening the rock structure.
3. Example answer:
Weathering is important for soil formation because it breaks down rocks into
smaller particles, which form the basis of soil. This process creates the loose
material needed for plants to grow and for soil to develop its important
properties.
CHAPTER 8: SOIL FERTILITY

A. SOIL FERTILITY
• Soil fertility is the ability of soil to give plants enough nutrients to grow well.
• Soil fertility is defined as the ability of the soil to produce and sustain high crop
production time to time.
Factors contributing towards fertility.
• Soil depth
• Good drainage to avoid waterlogging.
• Good aeration
• High water holding capacity.
• High level of nutrients
• Soil pH
• Freedom from pests and diseases.
Ways in which soil fertility may be lost:
• Soil erosion
• Mono cropping
• Development of hard pans which may be caused by repeatedly ploughing at the
same depth.
• Loss of organic matter
• Leaching
• Weeds
The ways of improving soil fertility

• Improvement of water retaining ability of soil by adding kraal manure
• Crop rotation
• Proper drainage
• Control of soil erosion
• Weed control.
• Soil pH control (by lining or adding acidic fertilizers appropriately)
• Moisture conservation by use of mulching
• Use of both organic and inorganic fertilizers
Soil Fertility Worksheet

Soil is like a magical garden that helps plants grow big and strong. It's full of tiny
things that plants need to be healthy. Let's learn about soil fertility and how we can
keep our soil happy!
1. Soil fertility is the ability of soil to give plants enough ____________ to grow
well.
2. Good _________ is important to avoid waterlogging in the soil.
3. Soil erosion and __________ are two ways that soil can lose its fertility.
4. Adding __________ manure can help improve the water-holding ability of soil.
5. Using both __________ and inorganic fertilizers is a way to improve soil
fertility.
Word bank: nutrients, organic, drainage, kraal, mono cropping

1. What does soil pH control help with?
a) Making the soil wetter
b) Making the soil the right balance for plants
c) Making the soil harder
d) Making the soil colder
2. Which of these is NOT a factor that contributes to soil fertility?
a) Good drainage
b) High water holding capacity
c) Low level of nutrients
d) Freedom from pests and diseases
3. What is mulching used for?
a) To make the soil look pretty
b) To keep moisture in the soil
c) To make the soil harder
d) To remove all plants from the soil
4. What is crop rotation?
a) Spinning the plants around in circles
b) Planting different crops in the same field over time
c) Watering crops in a circle
d) Moving crops to a new farm
5. Why is weed control important for soil fertility?
a) Weeds make the garden look messy
b) Weeds take nutrients and water from other plants
c) Weeds are always bad for the soil
d) Weeds attract helpful insects
1. Why is soil fertility important for growing plants?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
2. Name two ways that farmers can improve soil fertility.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
3. How can you tell if soil is healthy and fertile?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. nutrients
2. drainage
3. mono cropping
4. kraal
5. organic
1. b) Making the soil the right balance for plants
2. c) Low level of nutrients
3. b) To keep moisture in the soil
4. b) Planting different crops in the same field over time
5. b) Weeds take nutrients and water from other plants
1. Example answer:
Soil fertility is important for growing plants because it provides the necessary
nutrients and conditions for plants to grow healthy and strong. Without fertile
soil, plants may not get enough food to grow well.
2. Example answer:
Two ways farmers can improve soil fertility are by adding organic matter like
compost or manure to the soil, and by practicing crop rotation. These
methods help keep the soil rich in nutrients and prevent it from becoming
worn out.
3. Example answer:
You can tell if soil is healthy and fertile by looking at the plants growing in it. If
the plants are green, growing well, and producing good crops, the soil is likely
fertile. You can also check if the soil has a dark colour and feels crumbly,
which are signs of good soil health.
B. Fertilizers
Fertilizers are substances rich in plant food, which are added to the soil so that
plants can grow well and produce more food.
The two main types of fertilizers are:

1. Organic fertilizers
These are fertilizers made from decayed or rotten plants and animals and their
products.
Examples of Organic fertilizers are:
• Kraal manure (urine and dung)
• Poultry manure (urine and droppings)
• Compost (rotten plants, waste food, crop stems)
• Green manure (planting and ploughing back of legume crops in the soil)
• Mulches (maize stalks, star grass, banana leaves can be used)
2. Inorganic fertilizers
These are artificial or manure made by people in factories.
Inorganic fertilizers can be divided into two types of namely straight and compound
fertilizers.
a) Straight Fertilizers-those that contain one major plan nutrients.
• Ammonium sulphate
• LAN (Limestone Ammonium sulphate)
• Superphosphate
• Urea
b) Compound Fertilizers- those that supply more than one major nutrients.
• 15:15:0
• 2:3:2 (22)
• 2:3:2 (24)
Fertilizers: Helping Plants Grow

Fertilizers are special substances that help plants grow better and produce more
food. They are added to the soil to provide extra nutrients that plants need. There are
two main types of fertilizers: organic and inorganic. Organic fertilizers come from
natural sources like plants and animals, while inorganic fertilizers are made in
factories.

1. Fertilizers are added to the soil to help plants ______________ better.
2. ____________ fertilizers are made from decayed plants and animals.
3. Compost is an example of a(n) ____________ fertilizer.
4. ___________ fertilizers are made by people in factories.
5. Urea is an example of a(n) _______________ fertilizer.
Word bank: grow, inorganic, organic, straight, compound

1. Which of the following is NOT an organic fertilizer?
a) Kraal manure
b) Poultry manure
c) Compost
d) Urea
2. What type of fertilizer contains only one major plant nutrient?
a) Compound fertilizer
b) Straight fertilizer
c) Green manure
d) Mulches
3. Which of these is an example of a compound fertilizer?
a) Ammonium sulphate
b) Urea
c) 15:15:0
d) Superphosphate
4. What does LAN stand for in fertilizers?
a) Long-Acting Nitrogen
b) Limestone Ammonium Nitrate
c) Low Alkaline Nutrient
d) Liquid Ammonium Nitrate
5. Which of these can be used as mulch?
a) Maize stalks
b) Star grass
c) Banana leaves
d) All of the above

1. Explain the difference between organic and inorganic fertilizers.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
2. List three examples of organic fertilizers and describe where they come from.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[3]
3. Why do you think farmers might choose to use fertilizers in their fields?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. grow
2. Organic
3. organic
4. Inorganic
5. inorganic
1. d) Urea
2. b) Straight fertilizer
3. c) 15:15:0
4. b) Limestone Ammonium Nitrate
5. d) All of the above
1. Example answer:
Organic fertilizers come from natural sources like plants and animals, while
inorganic fertilizers are made artificially in factories.
2. Example answer: Three examples of organic fertilizers are:

• Kraal manure, which comes from animal urine and dung
• Poultry manure, which comes from chicken urine and droppings
• Compost, which is made from rotten plants and food waste
3. Example answer:
Farmers might choose to use fertilizers to help their plants grow better and
produce more food. Fertilizers add important nutrients to the soil that plants
need to be healthy and strong.
C. Advantages and Disadvantages of Organic fertilizers

Advantages of Organic fertilizers
• Improve soil colour and soil structure.
• They are cheap.
• Easily available
• Improve water holding capacity.
• Prevent soil erosion.
• Can be applied at large amount without causing harm to the soil.
Disadvantages of Organic fertilizers

• Some smells badly
• Encourage growth of weeds
• They are needed in large amounts
• The amount of nutrients in them are not balanced
• They demand enough transport
Advantages and Disadvantages of Inorganic fertilizers
Advantages of Inorganic fertilizers

• Nutrients contained are known.
• They are easy to carry and spread around the field.
• They are easily to transport.
• They contain the required amount of nutrients.
• Dissolve faster so can be used immediately.
Disadvantages of Inorganic fertilizers

• They are expensive.
• If they can come in contact with plants, they can burn them
• Can damage the soil if used in large amount
• They do not improve soil structure
• Can be easily washed away by rainwater
Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers: Advantages and Disadvantages

Farmers use different types of fertilizers to help their plants grow. There are two main
types: organic and inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers come from natural sources
like animal waste or plant matter. Inorganic fertilizers are made in factories using
chemicals. Both types have good points and not-so-good points. Let's learn about
them!

1. Organic fertilizers help improve soil __ and structure.
2. Inorganic fertilizers are easy to __ and spread around the field.
3. Organic fertilizers can be applied in __ amounts without harming the soil.
4. Inorganic fertilizers can __ plants if they come in direct contact.
5. Organic fertilizers improve the soil's ability to hold __.
Word bank: water, carry, large, burn, colour

1. Which of the following is an advantage of organic fertilizers?
a) They are expensive
b) They are easily available
c) They damage the soil
d) They dissolve quickly
2. What is a disadvantage of inorganic fertilizers?
a) They improve soil structure
b) They are cheap
c) They can be easily washed away by rainwater
d) They encourage weed growth
3. Organic fertilizers:
a) Contain a known amount of nutrients
b) Are easy to transport
c) Can prevent soil erosion
d) Dissolve faster in soil
4. Inorganic fertilizers:
a) Improve soil colour
b) Contain the required amount of nutrients
c) Are needed in large amounts
d) Always smell badly
5. Which is true about organic fertilizers?
a) They are expensive
b) They can burn plants easily
c) They are cheap
d) They dissolve quickly

1. Name two advantages of using organic fertilizers.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
2. What are two disadvantages of using inorganic fertilizers?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
3. Why might a farmer choose to use inorganic fertilizers instead of organic ones?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. colour
2. carry
3. large
4. burn
5. water
1. b
2. c
3. c
4. b
5. c
1. Example answer:
Two advantages of using organic fertilizers are that they improve soil structure
and prevent soil erosion.
2. Example answer:
Two disadvantages of using inorganic fertilizers are that they can be expensive
and they can damage the soil if used in large amounts.
3. Example answer:
A farmer might choose to use inorganic fertilizers because they contain a
known amount of nutrients and are easy to transport and spread around the
field.
D. Methods of applying fertilizers

Fertilizer Application.
Fertilizers can be applied in two ways being:
❖ Basal dressing: -the application of fertilizers before the seeds are sown or
before planting seeds.
❖ Top dressing: -is when the fertilizer is applied after seedlings have emerged.
Methods of fertilizer application.

• Broadcasting: -this is when fertilizers is spread on the surface before of by hand
or using a mechanical fertilizer spreader.
• Banding: -this is when fertilizer is added to the soil very close to the plant, in
furrows along
• one or both sides of a row of plants or seeds.
• Leaf/foliar application: -this is the application of soluble fertilizers in solution
form to the leaves of plants.
• Watering /irrigation: -this is when fertilizer is dissolved in water and the solution
is used for watering plots.
• Drilling: -this is a method where both seeds and fertilizer are placed in a shallow
furrow or drill.
Fertilizer Application Methods Worksheet

Fertilizers are important for helping plants grow healthy and strong. There are
different ways to apply fertilizers to make sure plants get the nutrients they need.
Let's learn about some of these methods!
1. _______________ is when fertilizer is spread on the surface by hand or using a
machine.
2. Applying fertilizer before planting seeds is called ________________.
3. When fertilizer is added close to the plant in furrows, it's
called ______________.
4. ___________ is when fertilizer is dissolved in water and used for watering
plants.
5. Applying fertilizer after seedlings have emerged is called _______________.
Word bank: broadcasting, top dressing, banding, watering, basal dressing

1. Which method involves applying fertilizer directly to plant leaves?
a) Broadcasting
b) Banding
c) Leaf application
d) Drilling
2. What is it called when seeds and fertilizer are placed together in a shallow
furrow?
a) Broadcasting
b) Banding
c) Watering
d) Drilling
3. Which method is best for applying fertilizer over a large area quickly?
a) Broadcasting
b) Banding
c) Leaf application
d) Drilling
4. When is basal dressing typically done?
a) After plants have grown
b) Before planting seeds
c) When plants are flowering
d) During harvest
5. Which method might be used for house plants or small garden plots?
a) Broadcasting
b) Banding
c) Watering
d) Drilling
1. Why do you think farmers might choose to use broadcasting instead of
banding?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
2. How do you think leaf application of fertilizer might be helpful for plants?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
3. What are two advantages of using the watering method to apply fertilizer?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. Broadcasting
2. basal dressing
3. banding
4. Watering
5. top dressing
1. c) Leaf application
2. d) Drilling
3. a) Broadcasting
4. b) Before planting seeds
5. c) Watering
1. Farmers might choose broadcasting instead of banding because it's faster and
can cover a larger area quickly. It's especially useful for big fields where
placing fertilizer near each plant would take too much time.
2. Leaf application of fertilizer can be helpful because plants can absorb

nutrients directly through their leaves. This method might be useful if the soil is
poor or if plants need a quick boost of nutrients.
3. Two advantages of using the watering method to apply fertilizer are:

• It's easy to control how much fertilizer each plant gets.
• The fertilizer is mixed with water, so plants can absorb it quickly through
their roots.
CHAPTER 9: PLANT GROWTH

A. Seed germination.
Germination is when an embryo in a seed starts to grow into a new plant.
For the seed to germinate, it needs the presence of the following conditions:
1. Enough water
• Water softens the soil so that new plant can emerge easily.
• Water makes it easy for the seed to split.
• Water dissolves nutrients for the seed to use.
• Water softens the hard cover of a seed so that plant can grow easily through it.
Experiment 1
To prove that seeds need water to germinate
• Plant bean seeds at same depth in boxes marked A and B.
• Water the seeds in box A and do not water those in the box B dry.
• Put all the boxes where they can receive sunlight and air
• Continue with step 2 for some days.
• Keep on observing what will happen.
2. Air (oxygen)
To prove that seeds need air to germinate
Experiment 2.
• Plant same seeds at same depth in bottles marked A and B.
• Water the seeds in bottle A and bottle B.
• Put a lit candle in bottle A, close it tightly and seal it with a Vaseline to prevent air.
• Close bottle B with a lid.
• Put both bottles where they can receive sunlight.
• Keep on observing what will happen.
3. Suitable or correct temperature

To prove that seeds need correct temperature to germinate
Experiment 3.
• Plant 2 bean seeds at same depth in 3 boxes marked A, B and C.
• Water the seeds in all 3 boxes
• Put box A in presence of air and sunlight
• Put box B near a hot place such as a heater, fire or oven.
• Put box C in a cold place such as a refrigerator, freezer or cooler box with ice
• Continue with step ii for some days
• Keep on observing what will happen
Seed Germination Worksheet

Seed germination is an exciting process where a tiny seed transforms into a new
plant. For this to happen, seeds need specific conditions. Let's explore what seeds
require to sprout and grow!
1. Water helps to ___________ the soil so that the new plant can emerge easily.
2. For a seed to germinate, it needs enough __________, air, and suitable
temperature.
3. Water is important because it dissolves ______________ for the seed to use.
4. The presence of _____________ (oxygen) is necessary for seed germination.
5. Seeds require a ______________ temperature to germinate properly.
Word bank: soften, nutrients, suitable, water, air

1. What does water do to the hard cover of a seed?
a) Hardens it
b) Colours it
c) Softens it
d) Removes it
2. In Experiment 1, why are seeds in box B not watered?
a) To save water
b) To prove seeds need water to germinate
c) To make them grow faster
d) To keep them dry
3. What is used to seal the bottle in Experiment 2?
a) Tape
b) Glue
c) Vaseline
d) Rubber band
4. In Experiment 3, where is box C placed?
a) Near a heater
b) In sunlight
c) In a cold place
d) Under a lamp
5. Which of the following is NOT a condition needed for seed germination?
a) Water
b) Air
c) Suitable temperature
d) Darkness
1. Explain why water is important for seed germination.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
2. Describe what you would expect to see in Experiment 1 after several days.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
3. Why do you think extreme temperatures (too hot or too cold) might prevent
seeds from germinating?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. soften
2. water
3. nutrients
4. air
5. suitable
1. c) Softens it
2. b) To prove that seeds need water to germinate
3. c) Vaseline
4. c) In a cold place
5. d) Darkness
1. Example answer:
Water is important for seed germination because it softens the soil and the
seed's hard cover, making it easier for the new plant to emerge. It also
dissolves nutrients that the seed needs to grow and helps the seed split
open.
2. Example answer:
After several days in Experiment 1, I would expect to see seeds in box A
(which was watered) starting to sprout and grow into small plants. The seeds
in box B (which was not watered) would likely remain unchanged and not
germinate.
3. Example answer:
Extreme temperatures might prevent seeds from germinating because seeds
need a suitable temperature to activate their growth processes. If it's too hot,
it could damage the seed, and if it's too cold, it could slow down or stop the
chemical reactions needed for germination.
B. For plants to grow well they need the following.

• Water
• Air
• Suitable temperature
• Nutrients
• Sunlight
• Absence of harmful things such as pests and diseases
Plant Growth Essentials Worksheet

Plants are living organisms that need specific conditions to grow and thrive. Just like
humans need food, water, and shelter, plants have their own set of requirements.
Understanding these needs helps us take better care of plants and appreciate how they
survive in different environments.
1. Plants need _____________ to absorb through their roots for hydration.
2. __________ is necessary for plants to breathe and carry out photosynthesis.
3. A ___________ temperature range is important for plant growth and survival.
4. Plants obtain essential ____________ from the soil to grow strong and healthy.
5. __________ is crucial for plants to produce their own food through photosynthesis.
Word bank: sunlight, suitable, nutrients, water, air

1. Which of the following is NOT a requirement for plant growth?
a) Water
b) Air
c) Electricity
d) Sunlight
2. What helps protect plants from harmful pests and diseases?
a) More water
b) Absence of harmful things
c) Colder temperatures
d) Less sunlight
3. Why do plants need nutrients?
a) To look pretty
b) To grow strong and healthy
c) To attract insects
d) To make loud noises
4. How do plants typically absorb water?
a) Through their leaves
b) Through their flowers
c) Through their roots
d) Through their stems
5. What process do plants use sunlight for?
a) Sleeping
b) Dancing
c) Photosynthesis
d) Talking
1. Explain why water is important for plant growth.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
2. How might extreme temperatures affect a plant's growth?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
3. Why is it important to protect plants from pests and diseases?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. water
2. Air
3. suitable
4. nutrients
5. Sunlight
1. c) Electricity
2. b) Absence of harmful things
3. b) To grow strong and healthy
4. c) Through their roots
5. c) Photosynthesis
1. Example answer:
Water is important for plant growth because it helps transport nutrients throughout
the plant, keeps the plant cells firm, and is necessary for photosynthesis. Without
water, plants would wilt and eventually die.
2. Example answer:
Extreme temperatures can harm plants. Very cold temperatures can freeze plant
cells and damage them, while very hot temperatures can cause plants to dry out
and wilt. Plants grow best in temperatures that are suitable for their specific type.
3. Example answer:
It's important to protect plants from pests and diseases because these can damage
or kill plants. Pests can eat parts of the plant, while diseases can interfere with the
plant's ability to grow and produce food. Keeping plants healthy helps them resist
these threats and grow strong.
CHAPTER 10: INTRODUCTION TO VEGETABLE PRODUCTION.
VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
Importance of vegetables
Vegetables are important because:
• They are source of foods
• They are source of income
• They are source of foreign currency
• They make our meals taste better and appetizing
• They are source of raw materials
Nutritional value of vegetable crops
Nutritional value means how useful vegetables are to our bodies.
They are nutritionally important because:
• They arouse appetite due to their attractive colour, scents and flavour
• They are rich in vitamins which help in preventing diseases and disorders
• They are rich in minerals especially calcium and iron
• They are rich in proteins which we need for building and repairing body cells
• They give us energy to do work
• Some provide fibre which help our stomach to work well
Importance of vegetables to HIV and AIDS infected people
Vegetables are important to HIV and AIDS infected people because:
• They arouse their interest to eat

• They boost their immune system
• They give them energy
• They repair the dead cells
Nutritional Value of Vegetables Worksheet
Vegetables are an important part of our diet. They help our bodies in many ways.
Let's learn about why vegetables are so good for us!

1. Vegetables arouse our _________ due to their attractive colour, scents, and
flavour.
2. Vegetables are rich in ___________ which help in preventing diseases and
disorders.
3. Calcium and iron are important ___________ found in vegetables.
4. Vegetables provide _________ which helps our stomach to work well.
5. For people with HIV and AIDS, vegetables can boost their ________ system.
Word bank: appetite, minerals, immune, fibre, vitamins, energy

1. Which of the following is NOT a reason why vegetables are nutritionally
important?
a) They give us energy
b) They are rich in vitamins
c) They are always sweet
d) They provide fibre
2. Vegetables help people with HIV and AIDS by:
a) Curing the disease
b) Replacing medication
c) Arousing interest to eat
d) Making them sleepy
3. What do the proteins in vegetables help with?
a) Colouring our skin
b) Building and repairing body cells
c) Improving eyesight
d) Making us taller
4. How do vegetables help our digestive system?
a) By providing fibre
b) By making our teeth stronger
c) By adding weight to our body
d) By removing all bacteria
5. Which nutrient in vegetables helps prevent diseases?
a) Sugar
b) Salt
c) Vitamins
d) Fat
1. Name two ways vegetables are important for people with HIV and AIDS.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
2. Explain why the colour, scent, and flavour of vegetables are important.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
3. List three nutrients found in vegetables and explain why each is important.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[3]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. appetite
2. vitamins
3. minerals
4. fibre
5. immune
Multiple Choice:
1. c
2. c
3. b
4. a
5. c
1. Example answer:
Vegetables are important for people with HIV and AIDS because they boost
their immune system and give them energy.
2. Example answer:
The colour, scent, and flavour of vegetables are important because they
arouse our appetite and make us want to eat healthy foods.
3. Example answer:
Three nutrients found in vegetables are:
• Vitamins: help prevent diseases and disorders
• Minerals: like calcium and iron, which are important for our bodies
• Fiber: helps our stomach work well
Indigenous vegetables
• Delele
• Thepe
• Rothwe
• Morogowadinawa
• Morogowalephutshe
Exotic vegetables
• Spinach
• Cabbage
• Onion
• Lettuce
• Beans
• Peas
• Cucumber
• Tomatoes
• Carrots
• Beetroots
Classification of vegetables
• Leaf vegetables: spinach, lettuce, celery or chomolia

• Root vegetables: carrots, beetroots, radishes, sweet potatoes
• Fruit vegetables: tomatoes, pumpkins, cucumbers
• Bulb vegetables: onions, garlic, leeks
• Tuber vegetables: potatoes
• Legume vegetables: beans, peas
Indigenous and Exotic Vegetables Worksheet
Vegetables are an important part of our diet, providing essential nutrients and
vitamins. There are many types of vegetables, including indigenous and exotic
varieties. Indigenous vegetables are native to a specific region, while exotic
vegetables are introduced from other parts of the world. Let's explore some examples
of both types and learn how vegetables are classified.

1. _____________ is an indigenous vegetable also known as African spinach.
2. Spinach and lettuce are examples of ____________________ vegetables.
3. Onions, garlic, and leeks belong to the _______________ vegetable category.
4. ____________________ and peas are classified as legume vegetables.
5. Tomatoes and cucumbers are considered __________________ vegetables.
Word bank: leaf, Delele, fruit, beans, bulb

1. Which of the following is an exotic vegetable?
a) Thepe
b) Rothwe
c) Cabbage
d) Morogowadinawa
2. What category do carrots and beetroots belong to?
a) Leaf vegetables
b) Root vegetables
c) Fruit vegetables
d) Bulb vegetables
3. Which of these is NOT an indigenous vegetable?
a) Delele
b) Thepe
c) Rothwe
d) Lettuce
4. What type of vegetable is a potato?
a) Root vegetable
b) Tuber vegetable
c) Bulb vegetable
d) Legume vegetable
5. Which vegetable is both a fruit and a vegetable?
a) Carrot
b) Onion
c) Tomato
d) Spinach
1. Name two indigenous vegetables and explain why they are important to local
communities.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
2. How are exotic vegetables different from indigenous vegetables? Give an

example of each.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
3. Choose one category of vegetables and explain why it's important to include
them in your diet.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. Delele
2. leaf
3. bulb
4. beans
5. fruit
1. c) Cabbage
2. b) Root vegetables
3. d) Lettuce
4. b) Tuber vegetable
5. c) Tomato
1. Two indigenous vegetables are Delele and Thepe. They are important to local
communities because they are well-adapted to the local climate, require less
water to grow, and are often rich in nutrients. They also help preserve local
food traditions and culture.
2. Exotic vegetables are introduced from other parts of the world, while
indigenous vegetables are native to a specific region. An example of an exotic
vegetable is spinach, which was introduced to many parts of the world from
Persia. An example of an indigenous vegetable is Morogo wa dinawa, which
naturally grows in Botswana.
3. Leaf vegetables, such as spinach and lettuce, are important to include in your
diet because they are rich in vitamins A and C, as well as fibre. They help
maintain good eye health, support the immune system, and aid in digestion.
Eating leafy greens regularly can contribute to overall health and well-being.
Advantages and disadvantages of indigenous vegetable crops

Advantages of indigenous crops Disadvantages of indigenous crops
• They are usually cheaper - They do not grow everywhere

• We get them freely from the bush - They are not available throughout the year
• They do not need care from us - There is no information of how to grow them
• They are resistance to pests and diseases - Their seeds are not easy to get
• They give use food nutrients our bodies need - One has to travel to have access
to them
Advantages and Disadvantages of exotic vegetables crops

Advantages of exotic crops Disadvantages of exotic crops
• Their seeds can be bought - They are usually expensive

• Most of them are grown throughout the year - Some do not do well in our climate
• They give nutrients needed by our bodies - There need lot of care, skill and
knowledge to grow them
• There is enough information on how to grow them - They can bring pests and
diseases
• There are many different kinds to choose from - They are easily attacked by pests
and diseases
Indigenous and Exotic Vegetable Crops Worksheet
Vegetables are an important part of our diet. Some vegetables are indigenous,
meaning they are native to our area, while others are exotic, coming from other
parts of the world. Both types have their own advantages and disadvantages. Let's
explore these differences!
1. Indigenous vegetables are usually _____________ than exotic vegetables.
2. Exotic vegetable crops often need more __________ to grow successfully.
3. Indigenous crops are often more ___________ to pests and diseases.
4. Seeds of exotic vegetables can be __________ from stores.
5. Indigenous vegetables are sometimes collected freely from the __________.
Word bank: bush, cheaper, resistant, bought, care

1. Which of the following is an advantage of indigenous vegetable crops?
a) They are available throughout the year
b) They are resistant to pests and diseases
c) Their seeds are easy to get
d) They need a lot of care
2. What is a disadvantage of exotic vegetable crops?
a) They are usually cheaper
b) They can be grown throughout the year
c) They are easily attacked by pests and diseases
d) There is enough information on how to grow them
3. Indigenous vegetable crops:
a) Need a lot of care from us
b) Are available in all seasons
c) Provide necessary nutrients for our bodies
d) Have seeds that are easy to find
4. An advantage of exotic vegetable crops is:
a) They are resistant to all diseases
b) There are many different kinds to choose from
c) They are always cheaper than indigenous crops
d) They grow well in all climates
5. Which statement about indigenous vegetables is true?
a) They are available in stores all year round
b) They require special skills to grow
c) Their seeds are not easy to get
d) They are usually more expensive
1. Explain two advantages and two disadvantages of indigenous vegetable
crops.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
2. How do exotic vegetable crops differ from indigenous crops in terms of

availability and care?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
3. Why might someone choose to grow exotic vegetables instead of

indigenous ones?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. cheaper
2. care
3. resistant
4. bought
5. bush
1. b
2. c
3. c
4. b
5. c
1. Two advantages of indigenous vegetable crops are that they are usually
cheaper and more resistant to pests and diseases. Two disadvantages are
that they are not available throughout the year and their seeds are not easy
to get.
2. Exotic vegetable crops differ from indigenous crops because they are often
available throughout the year, while indigenous crops are seasonal. Exotic
crops usually need more care and knowledge to grow successfully,
whereas indigenous crops often grow with less human intervention.
3. Someone might choose to grow exotic vegetables because there are many
different kinds to choose from, providing variety in their diet. Also, there is
usually more information available on how to grow exotic vegetables,
making it easier for people to learn how to cultivate them successfully.
The problems faced by vegetable growers and their solutions

Problems faced by vegetable growers Solution to problems faced by vegetable
growers
Low or unreliable rainfall
• Build dams
• Store water in tanks
• Reuse water
Pests and diseases
• Use farm chemicals

• Practice crop rotation
Shortage of money
• Make use of government schemes such as LIMID, ISPAAD

• Borrow money from banks and CEDA
Lack of skills and knowledge on how to manage vegetables
• They should organize skill exchange workshops

• They should cluster with other farmers
• They should consult with horticulture officers
High costs of water
• Mulching can be used

• Farmers should reuse, recycle and store rainwater
Competition from other countries
• Farmers should produce more and high-quality vegetables

• Government should control the selling of foreign vegetables
Bad climate (hot and dry)
• Farmers should grow vegetables that can do well under the Botswana
climate
• Net shading should also be used
Vegetable Growers' Challenges and Solutions Worksheet

Vegetable growers face many problems in their work. They must deal with issues
like not enough rain, pests that eat their plants, and diseases that can harm their
crops. They also need money to run their farms and knowledge about how to grow
vegetables well. Sometimes, water can be expensive, and they must compete
with farmers from other countries. The weather in Botswana can be hot and dry,
which makes growing vegetables harder. But for each problem, there are solutions
that can help farmers grow better vegetables.

1. Low or unreliable ___________ is a major problem for vegetable growers.
2. To protect crops from pests and diseases, farmers can use
farm __________ and practice crop __________.
3. Farmers can store water in ___________ and _________ water to solve water
shortage problems.
4. To deal with the hot and dry climate, farmers should grow vegetables that
can do well under the ___________ climate.
5. Farmers can use ___________ to reduce water costs and save water in their
fields.
Word bank: chemicals, Botswana, tanks, rainfall, rotation, reuse, mulching

1. What can farmers do to get money for their farms?
a) Sell all their vegetables
b) Use government schemes like LIMID and ISPAAD
c) Stop farming
d) Move to the city
2. How can farmers improve their skills and knowledge?
a) Watch TV all day
b) Ignore other farmers
c) Organize skill exchange workshops
d) Only grow one type of vegetable
3. What is a solution to competition from other countries?
a) Stop farming
b) Produce more high-quality vegetables
c) Sell vegetables for free
d) Grow only flowers
4. What is net shading used for?
a) Catching fish
b) Protecting vegetables from harsh weather
c) Making clothes
d) Building houses
5. How can farmers deal with water shortages?
a) Stop growing vegetables
b) Use only river water
c) Build dams and store water in tanks
d) Water plants with soda
1. Why is it important for vegetable growers to practice crop rotation?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
2. How can the government help vegetable growers compete with farmers
from other countries?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
3. Name two ways farmers can save water in their vegetable farms.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
Answer Key:
Fill in the Blank:
1. rainfall
2. chemicals, rotation
3. tanks, reuse
4. Botswana
5. mulching
1. b) Use government schemes like LIMID and ISPAAD
2. c) Organize skill exchange workshops
3. b) Produce more high-quality vegetables
4. b) Protecting vegetables from harsh weather
5. c) Build dams and store water in tanks
1. Example answer:
It is important for vegetable growers to practice crop rotation because it
helps prevent pests and diseases from building up in the soil. It also helps
keep the soil healthy by not using up all the same nutrients every year.
2. Example answer:
The government can help vegetable growers compete with farmers from
other countries by controlling the selling of foreign vegetables. They can
also support local farmers by providing training and resources to help them
grow better quality vegetables.
3. Example answer:
Two ways farmers can save water in their vegetable farms are by using
mulching to reduce water evaporation from the soil and by collecting and
reusing rainwater. They can also use efficient irrigation systems to water
their plants.
CHAPTER 11: GROWING VEGETABLES

Factors to consider when choosing a garden site
• Distance where one is living

• Type of soil
• Presence of water
• Slope of the land
• Drainage
• Presence of sun light
• Space
Steps to follow when preparing a plot or bed
Decide the type of beds to make
• Flat bed - prepare on loamy soil and where there is moderate rainfall
• Raised beds – preferred when the soil is clay and where there is lot of rain
• Sunken beds – preferred where there is very little rainfall
Mark and measure the plot
• Dig using a digging fork or a pick when it is hard.

• Add fertilizers and mix well with soil
• Level the soil using a rake and make ridges
Methods of planting vegetable corps
Direct Sowing
• Sowing seeds directly to the plot where they grow until harvesting.
• Roots crops such as carrots, onion and legumes such beans, peas are
always plated directly.
Indirect Sowing (Transplanting)
• This means sowing seeds in a nursery or seedbeds until they are strong
enough and then they are transplanted to the main beds.
• Crops such as tomatoes, spinach, cabbage and others are usually
transplanted.
Depth of planting seeds
• Depth of planting seeds means how deep a seed should be sown.

Depth of planting seeds depends on:
• Size of seed
• Type of soil
Spacing of plants
Spacing of crops is determined by:
• The fertility of the soil

• How much water the plant will need
• Type and growth habit of a crop
• Reasons for growing crops
• The type of implement used in the farm
CHAPTER 12: MANAGING VEGETABLES

• Watering Plants draw nutrients in through their roots and move the nutrients
through the plant in a water solution. A lack of water also means a lack of
nutrients. Photosynthesis transforms water into sugar and oxygen when light
hits plant leaves. Water also cools down the plant.
Mulching
• covering the bed surface with grass to reduce evaporation

Transplanting
• Removing seedlings from the nursery or seedbed to the main bed.

Shading
• means providing plants with shade
Weeding
• Removing unwanted plants in the bed.

Thinning
• Removing some seedling to create space for growth for other seedlings.
Pruning
• Removing any part of plant that is not useful, fruitful or unproductive.

Gapping
• Filling in gaps left by plants which either do not germinate or dried out.
Cultivating the soil
• Helps to break up the dry crust on the surface of the soil, allowing air,
nutrients, and water to get deeper into the ground where the plant roots can
access them.
Controlling pests and diseases
• Pests and diseases cause poor crop quality, hence it is important to control
them.
Record keeping (Production records, diary and financial records)
• Monitor the progress of your business.
• Prepare your financial statements.
• Identify sources of your income.
• Keep track of your deductible expenses.
• Keep track of your basis in property.
• Prepare your tax returns.
• Support items reported on your tax returns.
Harvesting
• Harvesting vegetables at the right stage of maturity ensures the best taste
and quality. Many vegetables should be picked throughout the summer to
maintain plant productivity.
Methods of preserving vegetables
Methods of preserving vegetables mean protecting them from rotting of getting
spoilt quickly.
The three methods of preserving vegetables are:
• Dehydration (drying vegetables)

• Freezing (putting vegetables in a freezer)
• Refrigeration (putting vegetables in a refrigerator)
Records kept during vegetable production
• Diary (a record of all the important events or activities taking place in the
garden)
• Production records (recording quantity of the vegetable crop harvested)
• Financial records (records showing income and expenditure or profit and
loss)
Marketing of vegetables
Marketing refers to all those processes involved in the preparation of raw agricultural
product as produced at the farm, to consumer goods.
Marketing of vegetables involves:
- Advertising
- Harvesting
- Cleaning
- Sorting
- Packaging
- Pricing
- Labelling
- Storage
- Selling
Market places for vegetables include:
- Individuals
- Wholesalers
- Retailers
- Cooperative societies
- Traders
- Government departments (schools, hospitals, etc
CHAPTER 13: FARM CHEMICALS
Farm chemicals are substances that farmers use to protect their crops
Farm chemicals include:
Herbicides – used to control weeds (there are two types of herbicides)

• Selective Herbicides (Kills only certain kinds of weeds)
• Non selective Herbicides (kill any plant they come in contact with)
Pesticides – Used to control pests
Precaution (care) to be taken when storing farm chemicals
• Keep farm chemicals in a lockable storage out of reach of children

• Store chemicals far away from food or cooking utensils
• Read and understand instruction on how to store them written on the container
• Keep them away from fire or hot areas
• Do not store chemicals in food containers
• Do not store food in chemical containers
Precaution (care) to be taken when handling farm chemicals
• Avoid touching farm chemicals with bare hands

• Wear protective clothes when handling chemicals
• Avoid using chemicals when it is too windy
• Destroy empty chemical containers after using them
• Do not eat, smoke or drink anything while using chemicals
• Read and understand instruction of how to use them written on the container
The dangers of using farm chemicals
• Farm chemicals can poison and kill plants and animals

• They can pollute the environment
• They can kill useful insects such as bees and butterflies

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STANDARD 5 AGRICULTURE CHAPTER 1 – 10

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE

Exploring Agriculture: Our Food and Resources

Fill in the blank with the correct words.

Multiple Choice Questions:

Open Ended Questions:

B. The two LEVELS of production in Agriculture

Fill in the blank with the correct words.

Word bank: low, business, sale, machinery, subsistence

Multiple Choice Questions:

3. What are two challenges that subsistence farmers might face?

Assessment on Farming Types

D. Importance of agriculture in Botswana

E. Careers opportunities in agriculture

CHAPTER 2: FOOD PRODUCTION IN BOTSWANA

Solutions to problem faced by farmers in Botswana.

Farming Challenges and Solutions in Botswana

Word bank: unreliable, money, conserve, pests, poor

Multiple Choice Questions:

Open Ended Questions:

B. The impact of HIV and AIDS in agricultural productivity

C. Government programmes to help farmers.

NAMPAAD covers three main areas of Agriculture:

(b) Irrigated Agriculture:

Government Programs to Help Farmers Assessment

CHAPTER 3: FARM TOOLS.

• Wheelbarrow: - it is a small open cart used to carry things.

• Watering can: - used to water plants.

• Burdizzo: - it is a tool that crushes the spermatic cord to render a buck or

• Rake: - it levels the soil before planting.

• Hand fork: - it breaks up soil.

• Knife: - it trims the hooves of animals and other cutting activities.

• Pick: - It is used to dig where the soil surface is hard.

Farm Tools Worksheet

Multiple Choice Questions:

2. Describe two different ways a hand trowel can be used in gardening.

B. Proper care of farm tools

Proper storage of farm tools

Caring for Farm Tools: A Guide for Young Farmers

Word bank: sun, cleaned, correct, tight, oiling, rain

Multiple Choice Questions:

Open Ended Questions:

2. How can storing tools properly help a farmer?

CHAPTER 4: FARM IMPLEMENTS

• Springtime harrow: - It is used for pasture

• Rotary cultivators: - It is used in softer soil condition.

• Combined harvester: - It is used in operation of cutting, threshing and cleaning

• Reapers and binder: - It is used to cut the crops in the field.

Farm Implements Worksheet

Fill in the blank with the correct words.

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Explain how a disc harrow helps farmers prepare their fields.

B. Proper care of farm implements

Proper storage of farm implements

Fill in the blank with the correct words.

Word bank: tight, oiled, rain, cleaned, made

Multiple Choice Questions:

2. Describe two ways to properly store farm implements.

2. Two ways to properly store farm implements are: