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JATROPHA CURCAS L
REPORT
www.biozio.com

Santa Rosa de Cabal. Noviembre de 2011

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Introduction to the Biofuel Industry

Jatropha curcas is a non-edible, succulent shrub from the Euphorbiaceae family. The plant originates from Central America and East Africa and is known today in many countries throughout the tropics as a source of biodiesel. Jatropha has been used in many regions of the world by the locals. As the shrub is inedible to animals, Jatropha plants were traditionally used as living fences to prevent animals from grazing the fields. The oil was also traditionally used in villages of countries such as India to light lamps. The Jatropha plant started gaining the attention of the world from the start of this century, as scientists, businesses and entrepreneurs began looking for alternative sources of energy and biofuels. Jatropha, being a non-food crop with distinct advantages such as adaptability to a wide range of climates & soils, drought & pest/insect resistance, high productivity and oil yields, quickly emerged as a crop with high potential for bio-energy feedstock. Since 2005, worldwide investment in Jatropha research & cultivation has accelerated tremendously, and by 2008, organized Jatropha cultivations have been reported in over 25 countries. Economic Importance of Different Plant-Parts of Jatropha All parts of the plant exude sticky, astringent latex that dries to a reddish-brown brittle substance resembling shellac which can be used as marking ink. The latex has different alkaloids like Jatrophine, Jatropham, Jatrophone, and Curcuine that are anti-cancerous.

Bark - The bark contains tannins, wax, resins, saponins, reducing sugar and traces of volatile oil. A decoction of the bark is given for rheumatism and leprosy. The root bark is used in external application for sores. Twigs - Tender twigs are used for cleaning teeth. Leaves - The leaf juice is used to relieve toothache, strengthen gums and also as an external application for piles. Leaves are used for treatment of malaria. Decoction of leaves and root is given for diarrhea. Seeds - Oil from the seeds of jatropha contain mainly oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids as constituent fatty acids and the oil is non-edible due to the presence of a toxic substance curcascine, and anti-nutritional factors like phorbol esters. Conventionally, the seed-oil is used as an illuminant, lubricant, soap and for candle making. The seed cake contains toxic elements but is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, and can be used as manure.

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The oil and the sediment are used for soap production and the press cake as a good organic fertilizer. The oil also contains an insecticide. The oil can be used as fuel in pre-combustion chamber diesel engines and as lubricant. Jatropha has great commercial value as an oil crop mainly because its seedoil has immense potential for exploitation as a source for biodiesel. The seeds contain 35-40% oil that can be converted into biodiesel by transesterification. Jatropha biodiesel can be used for burning in internal combustion engines. Use of biodiesel reduces atmospheric pollution and substantially helps in controlling the Greenhouse effect.

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Properties of Jatropha
Jatropha curcas is a large coarse annual shrub which can grow 3.5 to 4.5 meters tall. It has thin, often greenish bark which exudes copious amounts of watery sap when cut. The Jatropha plant is an easy-to-grow plant that can be cultivated through cutting propagation. The plant requires 400 mm of rainfall annually. There is no specific soil requirement. Hence, the plant can grow just anywhere, even in deserts! The time taken for a Jatropha plant to produce seeds depends on the method of cultivation. If the plant is grown from seeds, it would take 2 years to produce seeds. But if the plant is cultivated from cuttings, it would take just a year. Jatropha seeds have a high oil content of 35-40% of their weight. The kernels have 50-60% oil. The seeds are believed to contain toxic chemicals. Hence, they are unfit for human consumption. Jatropha Oil has a high cetane number of 51. The energy content is 39.7. Chemical Properties of Jatropha

Moisture 6.62% Protein 18.2% Fat 38.0% Carbohydrates 17.30% Fibre 15.50% Ash 4.5%

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Characteristics of Jatropha
Jatropha seed is toxic in nature and it contains purgative oil and a phytotoxin / toxalbumin (curcin) similar to ricin in Ricinus. Main Toxins in Jatropha Curcin, a phytotoxin (toxalbumin), is found mainly in the seeds and also in the fruit and sap. The oil contains small amounts of an irritant curcanoleic acid, which is related to ricinoleic acid and crotonoleic acid, the principle active ingredients of castor oil and croton oil respectively (Joubert et al., 1984). Other Toxins: There may be an alkaloid, and a glycoside, in jatropha, which produce cardiovascular and respiratory depression. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMPZ), an amide alkaloid has been obtained from the stem of Jatropha podagrica (Ojewole & Odebiyi, 1981). Atropine-like effects have also been reported following ingestion of Jatropha multifida (Aplin 1976). Effects of Seed Toxicity Due to several different toxic principles, neither the seeds nor the press cake nor the oil of Jatropha curcas can be used for human or animal nutrition. Jatropha curcas nut poisoning in humans after accidental consumption of the seeds have been recorded and shows symptoms such as giddiness, vomiting and diarrhea, nausea, gastrointestinal irritation have been reported. The consumption of raw seeds is considered to produce cramps and uneasy feelings in stomach.

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Extracting Jatropha Oil

Extraction of oil from Jatropha seeds is done in a manner similar to that for most other oil seeds. The ripe seeds are allowed to dry, when they split open and discharge the seeds. The seeds are dehulled after harvesting. Dehulling can be done by hand (laborious) or, more commonly, by machine. Small-scale hand-operated dehullers are also available. The dehulled seeds are cleaned, cooked and dried prior to oil extraction. Cooking is done to coagulate protein (necessary to permit efficient extraction), and for efficient pressing. The first stage of oil extraction is pre-pressing, normally using a high pressure continuous screw press called the expeller. Extracted oil is filtered, and the material removed from the oil is fed back into the stream along with fresh material. Material finally discharged from the press, called Jatropha cake, contains 8-10% oil. It is crushed into a coarse meal, and subjected to solvent extraction with heptane to extract further oil. Jatropha oil extraction can be divided into two main stages: 1. Pre-extraction. 2. Extraction.

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Pre-extraction of Jatropha Oil

Seed Cleaning The Jatropha beans have some foreign materials and dirt that get separated by hand picking. The seed cleaner pictured below is a basic type of seed cleaner for efficient cleaning of seeds. Drying, Heating & Conditioning The cleaned beans are sun dried in the open, until the casing splits and sheds the seeds. The beans are further dried in the oven at 60C for seven hours to a constant weight in order to reduce their moisture content, which initially would have been about 5 to 7%. Pre-heating or drying the seeds prior to expelling also improves the release of the oil by breaking the cell walls and by thinning the oil. Shelling / Dehulling & Winnowing Most oil-bearing seeds need to be separated from their outer husk or shell. This process is referred to as shelling, dehulling or decorticating. Shelling increases the oil extraction efficiency and reduces wear in the expeller as the husks are abrasive. In general, some 10% of husk is added back prior to expelling as the fibre allows the machine to grip or bite on the material. After dehulling, the shell may have to be collected separately from the kernels by winnowing. At small scale this can be done by throwing the material into the air and allowing the air to blow away the husk. At larger scales mechanical winnowers are available. Milling & Grinding Milling: Milling is carried out to reduce the size of particles and improve the efficiencies of extracting oil. Grinding: Mortar and pestle are normally used to crush/grind the beans into paste (cake). This process weakens or ruptures the cell walls for oil extraction.
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Extraction of Oil from Jatropha Seed The cleaned and prepared Jatropha seeds are sent for extraction. Oil extraction is done usually in two stages.
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1. The first stage employs pressing the seeds for oil this stage is also called expelling. 2. The second stage uses a solvent extraction method to extract the remaining oil.

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Pressing / Expelling
New methods of oil expelling use presses to extract the oil from the seed. Small presses like the Bielenberg ram press can be powered by hand, by one or several operators. Capacity is then typically 1-10 kg/h of seeds. Larger capacity presses, especially the screw presses, are powered by engines. The strainer type press has its oil output in the form of strainers. The strainers are built up in the form of bars, and their inter-spacings (gaps) are adjustable. The whole press tube mostly consists of the strainer. The diameter of the screw increases over the length to get a rising compression of the seed. Sections with changing diameter can be found several times on the screw. During the flow of the seed through the press, the oil is drained via the strainer, which surrounds the pressing space. The choke size can be adjusted to press the seed harder. With some types of strainer presses it is possible to change segments at the worm screw in order to change the compression of the seed. Other manufacturers offer extra screws. In addition the choke size and the rotation speed should be adjusted when pressing different kinds of seed. Strainer presses exist in a wide capacity range from approximately 15 to 2000 kg/h of seed. The press cake comes out of the choke formed as flat plates. Solvent Extraction Solvent extraction is a process that is used to recover a component from either a solid or liquid. In this process, the material in which the component of interest is present is contacted with a solvent that will dissolve the solutes of interest. Solvent extraction is of major commercial importance to the chemical and biochemical industries, as it is often the most efficient method of separation of valuable products from complex feedstock or reaction products. In the case of Jatropha oil extraction, the solvent extraction stage comes after the expeller stage. The crushed Jatropha seeds that come from the expeller are mixed with a solvent in a commercial extractor. Solvents used for extraction include heptane, hexane and petroleum ethers.
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The Jatropha oil dissolves in the solvent, and the pulp is filtered out from the solution. The oil and solvent are separated by means of fractional distillation.

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Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts by heating them to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound will evaporate.

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Filtration & Purification of Jatropha Oil

Before technical use, the oil should be cleaned of all particles > 5 m. After extraction from seed, Jatropha oil contains 1-13% solids by weight. These solids need to be separated from oil. The filtration stage of Jatropha oil achieves this objective. The solids can be separated from the oil by means of sedimentation, filtration or centrifugation, or by a combination of these processes. Jatropha oil filtration process could comprise one or more of the following steps:

Filtration. Clarification. Sedimentation. Centrifugation.

Filtration can be achieved by allowing the oil to stand and then filtering the clear oil by gravity through fine cloth. A better but more expensive method is pumping the crude oil through a filter press. The basic principle of filtration is blocking any particle in the oil against a membrane. The easiest way of filtering is using a cloth. Using filter cloth in homemade devices can give very good filtering results. As the filtering processes are not pressurized, purification is very good though speed is low. For home users and small factories (up to some liters per hour) this can be an attractive low-cost option as the process can run unattended without purchasing special hardware. It is recommended to sediment the oil for some days before filtering to avoid short changing interval of the filter cloth. While filtering using a filter cloth is a fairly simple and cost-effective method, it might not be suitable for large-scale producers. The professional and organized sector in the jatropha oil industry today uses filters that are more automated. These are called filter presses.
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Filter Press Filter presses are separation devices used for solid or liquid separation. These work on feed pressure or squeeze pressure to filter solid content in a product. The filter presses also use filter cloth for the filtering process, but they are far more mechanized than manual filtering using filter cloth alone. The professional and large-scale oil processors use more efficient methods - filter presses using plate or leaf filters. Plate Filter Presses Plate filter presses are the most widespread types of filter presses used despite their relatively high investment cost. A filter comprises a set of vertical, juxtaposed recessed plates, presses against each other by hydraulic jacks at one end of the set. The pressure applied to the joint face of each filtering plate must withstand the chamber internal pressure developed by the oil pumping system. This vertical plate layout forms watertight filtration chambers allowing easy mechanization for the discharge of solids. Filter clothes finely or tightly meshed are applied to the two grooved surfaces in these plates. Orifices feed the crude oil to be filtered under pressure in the filtration chamber. They are usually placed in the center of the plates allowing a proper distribution of flow, right pressure and better drainage of oil within the chamber. Solids gradually accumulate in the filtration chamber. The filtrate is collected at the back of the filtration support and carried away by internal ducts. Plate filters are flexible and can be extended by adding more frames for bigger capacities. Filtered cake discharging can be manual or automatic. Features of Filter Presses
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Capacity The widely used filter press has a capacity of filtering oil from 1 ton to 50 tons a day.
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Pump Special plunger pump is used for transfer of oil from storage tank to filter press. Filter Cloth Filter cloth includes special polyester filter cloth which does a fine filtration of oil. Plates Adjustable plates are used so that filter cloth can be cleaned easily.

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Clarification of the Oil

Filtering will remove insoluble contaminants such as fibre but the remaining oil will also contain moisture, resins and colorants from the seed. Clarification is a relatively simple method of removing these unwanted elements and can be done by letting the oil stand undisturbed for a few days and then separating the upper layer, or by using a clarifier in which the oil is held in a tank with a heat source. The oil is boiled to drive off water and to destroy naturally occurring enzymes and contaminating bacteria. After heating, the oil is allowed to stand and the contaminants separate out. The oil is filtered through a cloth and is reheated to ensure that all the moisture has been removed. Getting Clean Jatropha Oil Sedimentation Sedimentation is a simple and cheap way of cleaning by using the earths gravity: at the end of the sedimentation process, the solids settle at the bottom of the tank. It is a cheap cleaning method because no hardware has to be purchased, only a storage tank large enough to keep the oil about a week with little or no flow. This process is however only recommended for small processing capacities of about one ton of seed per day. Centrifugation Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures. More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge, while less-dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis. Centrifugation is a much faster method for particle separation than sedimentation. It must be noted however that centrifugation hardware is relatively expensive for small scale processors. At the end of the above steps in the filtration process, the Jatropha oil is ready for refining.

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Refining the Pure Oil Filtered Jatropha Oil De-gumming Neutralization Dewaxing Bleaching & Deodorizing. The main aim of refining is to remove impurities such as colloidal matter, free fatty acid, coloring and other undesirable constituents, thus making the oil more resistant to deterioration during storage. The general method of refining used for edible oils is applicable to Jatropha oil. The main processes involved in Jatropha oil refining are:

Degumming. Neutralization. Dewaxing. Bleaching & Deodorizing.

The bleaching and deodorizing steps are optional when the oil is used to produce biodiesel. Degumming Gums in edible vegetable oil must be removed to avoid color and taste reversion during subsequent refining steps. The removal of phospholipids (referred to as degumming) is the first step in the process of refining Jatropha oil. The process usually involves a single-stage phosphoric acid treatment and a singlestage hot water treatment, followed by continuous removal of the hydrated gums in a de-gumming centrifuge. Neutralization Neutralization is a reaction between acids and bases to produce salts. All crude vegetable oils prepared for human consumption are neutralized to remove free fatty acids and latex-like matter and then washed to reduce the soap content of neutral oil. Neutralization produces a more stable product.
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Effective neutralization results in enhanced effectiveness of subsequent steps, such as bleaching, deodorizing and furthermore, results in high yields of a quality

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product. Neutralization also aids in the removal of phosphatides, removal of free fatty acids, mineral and color bodies. Neutralization can be done in one of two ways: (a) Alkali (Chemical). (b) Steam Stripping (Physical). In the Alkali/Chemical method, caustic soda (alkali) is mixed in the proper amounts with Jatropha oil at 66-77oC and the aqueous solution is removed, leaving the neutral oil behind. Some plants use sodium carbonate or potassium hydroxide for alkali. The alkali reacts with the free fatty acids to form soap, which is an important byproduct. Processors remove the traces of soap and moisture through water washing and vacuum drying. In some cases, centrifuges separate neutral oil from soap-stock and wash water. Steam stripping is done under vacuum, to remove moisture, free fatty acids, odor elements, and other impurities from the oil. As it is performed under vacuum conditions, the oil can be kept at a low temperature, preserving its chemical structure by not subjecting it to temperatures in which undesirable dehydration reactions can occur. De-waxing De-waxing refers to the removal of high melting point waxes extracted from Jatropha oil. While the wax does not negatively affect the functionality of products the presence of wax does affect the appearance of product. The de-waxing process that has proved most effective & efficient is to reduce the temperature down to 2324oCelsius within cooling tanks known as crystallizers, and then filtering out the wax crystals either in a rotary drum vacuum filter or in filter presses made out of polypropylene plate & frame filters. Bleaching & Deodorizing Bleaching
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The appearance of dark color oil can be lightened by bleaching. Bleaching, the process for removing these pigments from fats and oils occurs when 1% bleaching clay is added to oil under vacuum at approximately 107-110oCelsius. The oil is later agitated and filtered to remove the clay. The high temperature drives moisture
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from the clay to absorb the pigments. Some systems also use activated carbon in the place of clay. A high-tech bleaching plant may be equipped with hermetic leaf filters and operates under vacuum to prevent oil oxidation. The oil is cold-mixed with metered quantities of bleaching earth and/or other bleaching agents, heated to the correct temperature and pumped to a bleaching chamber operating under vacuum where an adequate retention time is provided to ensure effective bleaching. The oil/earth slurry is further pumped through hermetic leaf filters operating in sequence to enable continuous bleached oil (filtrate) discharge. Deodorization Volatile compounds present in the oil that produce bad odors can be eliminated through the process of deodorization. Deodorization represents the last major processing step in refining of Jatropha oil. It separates the impurities and creates three groups of compounds: 1. Saponifiable compounds: free fatty acids, partial glycerides, esters, and gummy constituents. 2. Unsaponifiable compounds: parafinic hydrocarbons, olefinic and polyolefinic materials, sterols, triterpenic alcohols, and 3. Oxidative reaction products: aldehydes, ketones & peroxides. This highly specialized process uses a type of steam distillation under high vacuum to remove objectionable volatile components. The bleached oil pumps through a de-aerator where the pretreated oil is de-gassed. This de-aerated oil passes through a heat exchanger where the oil is heated by exchanging the heat of the deodorized oil. Deodorization further heats the oil to the stripping temperature in a pre-heater. The oil then flows to a flash chamber and thereafter to an oil distributor inside falling film deodorizer. The oil descends counter-current to the stripping steam in the form of a very thin film and becomes completely deodorized. The process condenses cools and stores the distilled fatty acids.
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The deodorized oil is pumped through a heat exchanger to the polishing filter and thereafter passes through a cooler.

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Typical Processes & Equipments for Jatropha Oil Refinery Plants

1. Degumming. 2. Neutralizer.

Soap/gums tank. Water/oil/gravity separator. Lye/brine/hot water tank. Neutralized oil tank. Oil pump. Soap stock pump. Hot water pump.

3. Dewaxing. 4. Bleacher.

Barometric condenser. Catchall. Earth dozer. Bleached oil tank. Filter press. Filter pump. Vacuum pump.

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5. Deodorizer.

Catchall. Storage tank. Cooler. Polish filter. Pump. Vacuum system.

Other Equipments in a Jatropha Oil Refinery Plant.

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Electrical/cables. Pipe, valves, fittings. Instruments/gauges. Insulation. Cooling tower. Reactor. Centrifuge. Tray drier. Crystallizer. Pressure filter. Distillation assembly. Thermic fluid heater. Chilling plant. Vaccum nutch. Air compressor. Elevators. Conveyors. Gears. Pressing worm and gears.

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Worm wheel. Plunger pumps.

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Removing the Toxins from the Meal

The poisonous property of the plant is mainly due to presence of toxalbumins called curcin, ricin and cyanic acid, related to ricinoleic acid. The primary toxic factors present in Jatropha seed meal are the phorbol esters. Ricin has been shown to exhibit many cardiotoxic and hemolytic effects.

Detoxification of Jatropha Meal When the toxins in the Jatropha meal are removed, the detoxified Jatropha meal can be used as animal feed. The components associated with toxicity can be denatured or inactivated by heat. Heat treatment or the combination of heat and chemical treatments can inactivate the toxic components. Extraction with 80-90% ethanol or methanol also holds promise in detoxification. Certain fermentation processes also have the potential to eliminate the toxins. Jatropha oil cake compares well with any other oil cake and poultry and farm yard manure in terms of N, P and K content of 4.4, 2.09 and 1.68 per cent respectively. http://www.tnau.ac.in/tech/swc/evJatropha.pdf

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Uses of Jatropha Meal

Livestock feed Jatropha seed cake is high in protein 58.1 percent by weight compared to soy meals 48 percent and would be a valuable livestock protein feed supplement if it were not for its toxicity. Currently, removal of toxins is not commercially viable. Using non-toxic varieties from Mexico could make greater use of this potentially valuable by-product, but even these varieties may need treatment to avoid subclinical problems that could arise with long-term feeding of Jatropha seed cake to livestock (Makkar and Becker, 1997). Organic fertilizer Jatropha seed cake makes an excellent organic fertilizer with high nitrogen content similar to, or better than, chicken manure. Fuel The seed cake has a high energy content of 25 MJ kg -1. Experiments have shown that some 60 percent more biogas was produced from jatropha seed cake in anaerobic digesters than from cattle dung, and that it had a higher calorific value (Abreu, 2008). The residue from the biogas digester can be used further as a fertilizer. Where cow dung is used for household fuel, as in India, the seed cake can be combined with cow dung and cellulosic crop residues, such as seed husks, to make fuel briquettes. Using the Fruit Shells and Seed Husks Biogas has been produced from fruit shells. In addition, trials showed that seed husks can be used as a feedstock for a gasification plant (Staubmann et al., cited Achten et al., 2008). Jatropha fruit shells and seed husks can be used for direct combustion. Since the shells make up around 3540 percent of the whole fruit by weight and have a calorific value approaching that of fuel wood, they could be a useful by-product of jatropha oil production. As shown in Table 8, the calorific values of Prosopis juliflora (a fuelwood species of semi-arid areas) and jatropha fruit shells are similar. However, four times the volume of fruit shells is required to equal the heating value of fuel wood, due to their lower bulk density.
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Seed husks have a higher heating value and greater bulk density which makes them more valuable than the fruit shells as a combustible fuel. However, the technology required to separate the seed husk from the kernel is more suited to large processing plants than small rural industry. The fruit shells can be dried and ground to a powder and formed into fuel briquettes. A trial found that 1 kg of briquettes took around 35 minutes for complete combustion, giving temperatures in the range of 525C780C (Singh et al., 2008). The ash left after combustion of Jatropha shell briquettes is high in potassium, which may be applied to crops or kitchen gardens. The fruit shells and seed husks also can be left around Jatropha trees as mulch and for crop nutrition. For Jatropha grown on degraded land, this has clear advantages because nutrient re-cycling through returning the seed cake to the plantation is unlikely to happen, due to the effort required and the higher utility to be gained from applying the seed cake to high-value crops. Jatropha Meal as Organic Manure to Jatropha curcas Plants An experient was done to test the response of Jatropha curcas plants to Jatropha cake used as organic manure. The experiments were conducted on cultivable wasteland at Mohuda in the Orissa state of India. The climate is sub-humid receiving high rainfall during rainy months. The soil was sandy loam and non saline with pH 7.2, 05% organic carbon and the available N, P and K were 140.2, 17.5 and 458 kg ha-1, respectively. Five levels of treatments comprising four different levels of Jatropha cake (0.75, 1.5, 2.25 and 3 tonnes ha-1) and one control plot were applied to Jatropha plants under two different spacings (4m x 3m and 3m x 2m). Jatropha cake significantly increased the seed yield of Jatropha curcas with increasing level of cake up to the maximum level of 3 t/ha under both the spacings. The treatment receiving 3 tonnes/ha recorded the highest per plant seed yield of 1.52 kg and 0.87 kg in 4m x 3m and 3m x 2m spacings, respectively. The increase in yield obtained with the highest level of cake was 120% over control in the treatment with 833 plants per hectare, while corresponding increase for 1667 plants per hectare treatment was 93%.

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Properties of Jatropha Oil

The Jatropha plant has shot into the limelight primarily owing to the lipid content in its seeds. The oil (lipid) contains triglycerides which can be changed into alkyl esters using the transesterification process. In addition to being a feedstock candidate for biodiesel, the Jatropha oil could also find other uses owing to its chemical constituents and composition. This chapter provides more details on the properties, constituents and uses of Jatropha oil. Properties & Chemical Composition of Jatropha Oil

Jatropha curcas contains rare natural products, for example cyclic peptides, which are known to be potent antibacterial, anticancer and immunosuppressive drugs. Two major cyclopeptides, curcacyline A and B have been isolated from Jatropha curcas latex consisting of nine amino acids as known for the commercially used cyclosporine. For both natural products significant immunosuppressive activity was found. Especially in the fatty oil, but also in all other parts of the plants, the natural product group of diterpenoids is present. Lectins are of high pharmaceutical interest because of selected drug targeting properties for cancer cells, parasitic microorganisms and immunocompetent cells. Jatropha lectins are present in safe and non toxic levels in Jatropha varieties. Study on non-toxic lectins for drug targeting strategies is essential since it is actually an emerging field in nanobiotechnology.

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Physical and Chemical Properties Property Jatropha Oil Flash point 240/110 C Carbon residue 0.64 Cetane value 51 Distillation point (C) 295 C Kinematic Viscosity 50.73 cs Sulphur % 0.13% Calorific value 9470 Kcal/kg Pour point 8 C Color 4 (15 C/4 C) 0.917/ Specific gravity 0.923(0.881) Solidifying Point2.0C Refractive Index @ 30C 1.47 Acid value 1.0 - 38.2

Chemical Composition Moisture Protein Fat Carbohydrates Fiber Ash

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6.20% 18.00% 38.00% 17.00% 15.50% 5.30%

The oil contains 21% saturated fatty acids and 79% unsaturated fatty acids. The major acids present are palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid.
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Global Biodiesel Production and Capacity

Global biodiesel production is expanding rapidly along with increasing production capacities. Feedstocks are a major concern, however. High prices and feedstock shortages in Europe, US and Asia are contributing to the growing gap between production and capacity in each region. World Biodiesel Production, 2005-2017 (Millions of gallons)

Biodiesel Production (thousand tonnes)

Countries USA Brazil France Germany China Argentina Canada Spain Thailand Colombia Italy India UK 2006 0.85 0.07 0.63 2.8 0.07 0.05 0.14 0.14 0.06 0.57 0.03 0.11 2008 2 1.2 1.6 2.2 0.1 1.2 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.02 0.2 2009 2.1 1.6 2.6 2.6 0.4 1.4 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.5

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Source: Renewables Global Status Report.

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According to Global Datas latest report on the global biodiesel market, production increased from 0.84 million tons in 2001 to 13.86 million tons in 2009, at a CAGR of 41.9%. Supported by governments to increase energy independence and meet the rising energy demand, the biodiesel market is expected to produce 45,291 million liters of biodiesel in 2020, representing a CAGR of 10.1% during 2009 to 2020. Europe was the leading biodiesel market in 2009 with a production share of 49.8%, followed by the Americas with a production share of 32.8% and the Asia Pacific with a share of 4.4%. The European share in biodiesel production has been declining since 2001, while the share of the Americas and the Asia Pacific increased. The top five biodiesel producers in the world are the Germany, the US, France, Argentina and Brazil. All of these countries together produce 68.4% of the worlds total biodiesel. Australia is the largest producer of biodiesel in the Asia Pacific, followed by China and India.

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Global Market View on Jatropha

Recent studies show a potential of approximately 30 million hectares of land on which Jatropha could be grown, especially in South America, Africa and in Asian countries such as China, India or Indonesia. Global Yield Map Imperium Renewables, biodiesel manufacturing and refining technology producer, commissioned an extensive GIS analysis of the global potential for Jatropha plantations given stringent land use and sustainability requirements. This mapping projects over 800 million hectares of sustainable, non-forested, non-food land are suitable for Jatropha plantations, worldwide. This number will certainly come down as land is examined on a case-by-case basis, but it demonstrates the potential to produce tens of billions of gallons of sustainable Jatropha oil. In the chart below, one can see the areas worldwide with potential for Jatropha cultivation. These areas are also categorized based on the productivity.

Source: http://www.rrbconference.com/bestanden/downloads/125.pdf
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Global Commercial Projects of Jatropha

The Jatropha industry is in its very early stages, covering a global area estimated at some 900 000 ha. More than 85 percent of Jatropha plantings are in Asia, chiefly Myanmar, India, China and Indonesia. Africa accounts for around 12 percent or approximately 120 000 ha, mostly in Madagascar and Zambia, but also in Tanzania and Mozambique. Latin America has approximately 20 000 ha of Jatropha, mostly in Brazil. The area planted to Jatropha is projected to grow to 4.72 million ha by 2010 and 12.8 million ha by 2015. By then, Indonesia is expected to be the largest producer in Asia with 5.2 million ha, Ghana and Madagascar together will have the largest area in Africa with 1.1 million ha, and Brazil is projected to be the largest producer in Latin America with 1.3 million ha (adapted from FAO, 2010). Development of Jatropha Schemes by 2013 According to GEXSIs global market study on Jatropha, South-East Asia has a higher than average proportion (> 45% of used land) of large scale Jatropha operations (> 5 ha), especially in the Philippines, China, Indonesia and Malaysia. This trend will become more dominant in the future. More than 60% of areas in Asia are expected to be large scale operations by 2013. In India, on the other hand, Jatropha cultivation takes place on a very small scale. This will prevail in the future (only appr. 25% of areas for large scale projects in 2013) and may be due to the Indian government strongly supporting small scale schemes. Africa and Latin America will develop similarly to the global averages, with a high percentage of very large projects predicted in Ghana and Brazil by 2013.

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Source: GEXSI, 2008. Reference: http://www.bayercropscience.com/BCSWeb/CropProtection.nsf/id/20080109_EN

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Strategies for Financing

Companies and organizations wishing to secure financial for Jatropha ventures can either obtain it though loans or by the equity route.

Loans loans can be obtained from a variety of banks. Please contact the specific bank for their terms and conditions. Private and public retail banks. Specialised banks (Eg NABARD, an Indian bank focused on agricultural development). These banks usually partner with governments in distributing special loans for projects such as Jatropha biodiesel. Some governments, including India, are keen on providing credit facilities to farmers to cultivate Jatropha. Established companies exploring Jatropha also find the bank credit route to be a viable option, especially if they are looking to raise large amounts of funds. For instance, Emami Biotech, a company belonging to a prominent Indian business group, preferred to go the bank loan route when it was looking to invest about $100 million in Jatropha plantations in Ethiopia, and was keen to get 70% of the total investments funded through bank loans. International development banks such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank. Government Grants. o Equity while there has been little financing from the traditional venture capital firms, considerable interest has been shown by the private equity firms. In some cases, funding through the equity route has come by through acquisitions. For instance, For instance, in Aug 2007, Energem Resources of Canada acquired a 70 per cent stake of shares in a renewable energy venture in Mozambique focussed on Jatropha biodiesel. Another example of acquisition-based equity funding happened in the case Irelands South Cone Agriculture, a developer of Jatropha plantations. Integrated Biodiesel Industries acquired a 10 percent stake in South Cone Agriculture, and South Cone planned to use the funds from the investment to develop plantations in Angola, Brazil and Argentina. o Governmental schemes these could be either following the equity route or the debt route, or these could be special grants. For instance in Tanzania, the US Government granted $5.4 million to the

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Tanzanian government for a project to establish a model for Jatropha farming in the country. The grant was provided under the Jatropha agriculture and nutrition initiative (JANI) project of the US development agency, USAID. The project planned to provide employment and assistance to thousands of farmers and is expected to run until 2012.

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Status of Jatropha in Asia

Cambodia In Cambodia, Jatropha curcas is found in all over the country and is generally grown as a live fence for protection of agricultural fields against damage by livestock as it is unpalatable to cattle. The Jatropha projects in Cambodia are as follows:

Biodiesel Cambodia's vision has been to introduce biodiesel to Cambodia and to assist in the development of the biodiesel industry. Current Jatropha projects under this are: o The MVU Biodiesel Project: Maharishi Vedic University (MVU) has designed, built, and now operates a small, self-sufficient biodiesel production facility that runs on both used-cooking oil and Jatropha plant oil. o Angkor Hospital for Children (AHC) intends to be a role model of sustainability in Cambodia by replacing its current use of fossil-fuel diesel with 100% biodiesel made from the locally grown Jatropha curcas plant. Eco-Carbone, a consulting and project development services in the area of climate change mitigation has identified two promising regions for Jatropha development in Cambodia, and will enter into partnership with local farmers and communities for a minimum of 10,000 ha.

Malaysia

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Mission Biofuels has contracted 200,000 acres of farmland in Malaysia to grow Jatropha and expects to expand the land area to increase to 750,000 acres by the end of 2008. The total land area is expected to increase to 1.5 million acres in 2009 and 2.5 million acres in 2010. (May 2008). Passion Masters Resources Sdn Bhd, a company in Malysia is to plant 809 hectares of Jatropha in Belawai, Jerijeh, Tanjung Manis and the Rajang area in Mukah division. The plantation is expected to be in operation this year with 2 million seedlings being planted and the biofuel plant will take feedstock from small scale planters as well as the company's own plantation.( Feb 2009).

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Myanmar (Burma) Myanmar has started the cultivation of Jatropha from 2004 with a large promotion and support from the government. The Jatropha activities are:

The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation announced that it will form a joint venture with the Japan Development Institute and Japan Bio Energy Development Cooperation to produce Jatropha-based biodiesel. According to the enterprise, Myanmar has about 6.41 million hectares of land suitable for growing Jatropha plants. (Oct 2008). A Myanmar company has signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with a South Korean company to build a biodiesel plant in Myanmar. A total of 2000 acres are to be used for Jatropha along the Pathein-Mawtinsun motorway. The deal between Agri-Tech Ltd of SPA/ FMI Companies Group of Myanmar and the Enertech Co Ltd of South Korea comes in response to the government's call on the private sector to back biodiesel to ease problems of the supply and cost of fuel in the country. (Nov 2008).

Indonesia In Indonesia, Jatropha curcas L (JCL) is found on the islands: Java, Timor and Flores. It is used for: living fence, ornamental, medicinal, lighting purposes (seeds). (Jul 2008). Jatropha activities in Indonesia are:

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India's State Trading Corp. (STC) plans to acquire land inIndonesia and Suriname to grow Jatropha for biodiesel feedstocks. STC started Jatropha farming on 100 hectares (247 acres) of land in Suriname and plans to expand the plantation to 50,000 hectares (123,553 acres) (Nov 2008). Mother Earth Plantations Pte. Ltd, a Singapore based company is to invest $100 million to develop Jatropha plantations and a refinery in West Timor, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The investment will come through the Singapore company's Indonesian subsidiary PT Buana Ibunda, and the project will be able to produce up to 21 million barrels of biodiesel a year by 2013. (Mar 2009). The Indonesian government has issued two important policies; first, a decree issued last year obliging industries and the transportation sector to use biofuels; and second, its recent decision to provide subsidies for sales of the biofuels. Both are expected to provide a strong impetus for growth in the countrys nascent biofuel industry. In issuing these policies, the government

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has underlined its commitment to seeing the national biofuel development program through to fruition.(October 2009). China The largest Jatropha curcas L forest in development in China is located in the Southwest of Sichuan province, with a total area of up to 27,000ha. (Apr 2008). In Yunnan province, there are plenty of large areas good for Jatropha curcas. According to statistics from Yunnan forestry authorities, about 500 thousand mu (15 mu = 1 hectar) in Yunnan is currently covered with wild and planted Jatropha curcas forests. Jatropha activities in china are:

The government-owned China National Offshore Oil Corp. (CNOOC) is planning to have 80,000 acres of Jatropha in Sichuan Province alone by 2010. Guizhou Province's biodiesel oil produced by Jatropha curcas will reach 1 million tons per year in the future, generating output values of CNY 10 billion. (Sep 05, 2008). In June 2008, the provincial government applied to the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) for a 50,000-ton Jatropha curcas-based biodiesel oil industrialization demonstration project, in which China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation takes a 30% stake with CNY 130 million of investment. Guizhou has set up a 300-ton Jatropha curcas-based biodiesel oil trial production line, the sample products of which are superior to diesel oil in various factors. Its biodiesel oil meets the European Union (Phase IV) Emission Standards (Sep, 2008). The plantation area of Jatropha curcas has exceeded 16,667.5 hectares in the province, and two biodiesel demonstration facilities respectively with an annual output of 10,000 tons and 20,000 tons have both been put into production. (Sep, 2008).

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China National Offshore Oil Corp. (CNOOC) also plans to invest 2.3 billion RMB(Renminbi) until 2010 to develop 33,000 ha of Jatropha curcas L. forest in Panzhihua, Sichuan province(Apr 2008).

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Chinas largest state oil company, Sinopec, said it will invest $5 billion in Jatropha and plantations in Indonesia. The Chinese and Italian governments have initiated a feasibility study for Jatropha biodiesel at Sichuan Universtiy. The project received $650,000 in support from Italy. The project is the third signed by Italy and China, promising cooperation in biofuels research since mid-April. The others covered industrial waste oil-based biodiesel in Hubei Province, and thin-film solar cells in Shanghai. (Jul 2008).

Foreign investments in China in Jatropha biodiesel

Biodiesel Manufacturing Company (UK) plans to plant over 30,000ha of Jatropha curcas L. in Guangxi province, with an expected capacity of 100,000 T/y as feedstock. By 2009, this project should produce more than 10,000 T/y biodiesel (Apr 2008). British Sunshine Technology Group (UK) has planted 267 ha Jatropha curcas L. forest in 2006, and is planning to plant 20,000 ha more in the Basin of Honghe River of Yunnan province during 2007-2012. In Sichuan province, the investor plans to develop over 650,000 ha of Jatropha curcas L. forests at a total investment of over 4 billion RMB. The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the Boeing Company have signed a Memorandum of Understanding in Shanghai, China. The two organizations will cooperate on bio-energy, advanced material, and wireless technology. The near term collaboration opportunities for Boeing and China could be the commercialization plans for Jatropha (Oct 2009).

Japan

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In Japan, Miyazaki, Kagoshima, Kumamoto, Nagasaki and Okinawa prefectures respectively, are currently promoting cultivation tests of Jatropha using idle farm lands, abandoned arable lands, converted rice-fields, and waste lands among mountains. In these challenges, local municipalities are taking initiatives and collaborating with civic organizations and private businesses. The aim of the municipalities is produce and consume energy locally. Production of biofuel from Jatropha can contribute to utilization of idle/unused lands as well as cost reduction of farmers. A civic body named Minami-Kyusyu Jatropha Project based in Miyazaki City has completed growing of 10,000 young Jatropha trees by August 2009 among the southern Kyushu region including Miyazaki, Kagoshima and Kumamoto prefectures. In this project, produced Jatropha-oil will be blended with A-heavy oil and

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used for heating greenhouses and other purposes. In addition, a one-hour test run of a fishing boat was carried out successfully at off-Hachijojima Island, using blended heavy fuel with 50 % Jatropha-oil-content. A NPO Nadeshiko Family and Hachijojima-based company Sakagami jointly conducted this running test. For producing the above mentioned Jatropha-oil, a high-speed stirring method was used. (2009). Korea

Two Korean companies have committed a total of $600 million for biofuel investments using sugarcane and Jatropha as feedstock, according to the countrys Department of Agriculture. In a statement, the department said that Environment Plasma Co. Ltd. (EPCL) and Eco Solutions Co. Ltd. (Ecos) have each signed an agreement to develop biofuel feedstock farms in the Philippines. Ecos will invest $175 million to develop 100,000 ha of Jatropha plantations in General Santos City and Sarangani. The feedstock will be processed into biodiesel in a refinery with a capacity of 60 million liters a year (June 2009).

Nepal

A project proposal entitled "Community Based Jatropha Biodiesel for Rural Economic Growth in Nepal" submitted by the Clean Energy/Environment unit of Nepal aims to use the Jatropha seeds growing in the community waste lands and as hedges in the private lands to produce biodiesel locally and use it for rural applications mainly for operating irrigation pumps. The company, Crystal Bio-energy Nepal Limited is supposed to build a strong confidence in promoting Jatropha cultivation to the people by assisting planting, purchasing the seeds for oil extraction for bio-diesel. Crystal Bio-Energy wants to pioneer the organized plantation of Jatropha throughout Nepal using agronomic techniques pioneered and perfected in Nepal. Crystal Bio-energy says a total of 85000 hectare land area will be planted within 2011 which requires 212 millions Jatropha plants, an investment of 5525 million Nrs.

Pakistan
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South Korea and Pakistan may be working together on Jatropha plantations and extraction plants in a deal arranged by the Zarai Taraqiati Bank.

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Pakistan recently planted the Jatropha plant in desert regions throughout the country in order to later harvest the fields for biodiesel, a method of biodiesel production that India is already currently utilising. The Pakistani government said it would hope that this would help offset a percentage of the $3 billion dollars already spent on importing diesel (Oct 2009).

In Pakistan, the national government plans to begin a pilot project on Jatropha plantation and biodiesel production at an estimated cost of $1.6m. The Korean government will assist Pakistan in initiating the project through provision of $1.4m, while the remaining amount will be provided by Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. The project will comprise cultivation of Jatropha on at least 200 hectares and setting up a biodiesel production unit. To start the project, the bank will promote the plantation of Jatropha trees over 200 hectares. (Jan 2010).

Philippines According to Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC), the Philippines has sufficient lands and favorable climatic condition for growing Jatropha. Potential area for plantation is 4 million hectares (captive plantation) and 1 million hectares (hedge plantation). Also the countrys forest area is 15 million hectares and has evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year. The countrys Jatropha activities are:

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The Philippines is expected to start exporting Jatropha oil to the US next year. Abundant Biofuels Corp is expected to export about 30 million gallons of the oil to the US as a feedstock for biodiesel. According to reports, Abundant Biofuels has secured a deal with Jatropha BioJet Corp., to supply five million barrels of Jatropha oil a year for 10 years. Abundants Philippine subsidiary formed a partnership in 2007 with the Supreme Council of Datus Alimaong, which represents holders of ancestral land in Northern Mindanao. Some 60,000 hectares were initially identified as plantation sites, and those are to be expanded over three years to cover 260,000 hectares. (Jul 2009). The Provincial Government of Negros Occidental through its BioFuel Program Committee launched the provinces first Jatropha Processing and Research Center at the Technology and Livelihood Development Center. The province has currently 792,607 hectares of land, about 500,000 of which

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is devoted to agriculture while other land areas are abandoned and undeveloped.(Aug 2009). Singapore

Natural Fuel has announced that it has completed an agreement with GEM BioFuels (GEM) for the supply of crude Jatropha oil feedstock for its Singapore biodiesel facility. The supply of the crude Jatropha oil will commence in early 2009 at a free on board delivery price of US$500 per tonne, adjusted for inflation, for the first five years of the 10 year agreement. GEM will initially supply NFL with 2.5% of its Singapore facility production requirements (Feb 2008).

Vietnam According to Vietnam Institute of Ecological Economy,Vietnamhas approximately 9.7 million hectares of wasteland available for planting Jatropha. The Jatropha activities are:

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam have approved a project, according to which, Vietnam will be growing 500.000 hectares Jatropha and produce about 1 million MT of biodiesel from Jatropha seeds (July 2008). Eco-Carbone, which provides consulting and project development services in the area of climate change mitigation has identified four regions in Vietnam for Jatropha development, and will enter into partnership with local farmers and communities for a minimum of 30,000 ha. Germanys renewable energy company REG Energie, Duc Viet -Vietnams food processing giant, and Vietnam Institute of Ecological Economy has planned to produce bio-diesel from Jatropha seeds. (Nov 2006). Jatoil and Green Energy Vietnam are setting up a joint venture under the Jatoil Group with the aim of establishing 5,000 hectares of Jatropha plantations in Vietnam. Jatoil are also looking at similar arrangements across Asia and Sri Lanka(Mar 2008).

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A company called Emirates Biodiesel (EmBio) is set to start producing biodiesel next year at a plant near Al Ain from waste oils and locally grown Jatropha (September 6. 2008).

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Status of Jatropha in Europe

Belgium

Finnish engineering firm Wrtsil announced it had clinched an $11m deal to build the world's first engine-driven combined heat power and power (CHP) plant, designed to run off crude Jatropha oil. The plant, costing approximately $11m, will be located in an agricultural area of Belgium, the company said. It will be owned by Green power NV, a joint venture set up by sustainable energy firm Thernergo, four local agricultural companies and a private investor. - (Apr 2008).

Germany

Daimler has joined forces with Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM) and Bayer Crop Science for the cultivation of the biodiesel raw material Jatropha in the south of India; the seedlings for the first 100 hectares (250 acres) have been planted. The company is supporting several village communities in the state of Tamil Nadu with funds and expertise from its already successfully completed research projects. (Feb 2010).

Finland

Finnish oil Major Neste Oil, in which the government of Finland holds a majority stake, is looking into using Jatropha oil as a feedstock for its innovative second generation biodiesel. (Apr 2007). According to the Finnish engineering company Wartsila, the world's first ever heat and power plant fuelled by Jatropha oil will be in operation in Belgium by early 2009. The 9-MW plant costing 7 million would be built by Wartsila in the Belgian Merksplas farming region. It will be owned by a joint venture between sustainable energy developer Thenargo and local agricultural companies.(Aug 2008).

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D1 Oils plc is a leading biofuels technology company based in UK. D1-BP's key areas of operation are Southern Africa, India and South East Asia. Up to31 March 2008; D1-BP Fuel Crops has planted or obtained rights to off take from a total of 192,016 hectares of Jatropha worldwide. Planting is concentrated in Southern Africa, India and South East Asia.

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De-Ord Fuel opened a new 100,000 GPY biodiesel facility in Mansfield that will use Jatropha and waste vegetable oil as feedstocks. The $550,000 project is one of the first of a wave of micro-facilities that will utilize sustainable feedstocks in Europe. (Jul 2008). A factory to process Jatropha biofuel is due to be set up next year in the Gondola district of Mozambiques Manica province by the British company Sun Biofuels. The company had planted 1,000 hectares of Jatropha since 2006, which is a fifth of the total it has in the area, at an investment of US$4.5 million. The Sun Biofuels factory expects to produce just over 20,000 litres of biofuel per year based on production at Gondola before expanding the project to Machaze where it plans to open up a 2,000 hectare Jatropha plantation.(Oct 2009).

Ireland

Integrated Biodiesel Industries of Brazil said that it has acquired a 10 percent stake in Irelands South Cone Agriculture, a developer of Jatropha plantations. IBI, which will have a total production capacity of 135,000 tonnes by the end of 2008 from its plants in Argentina, said that it sought to develop alternative feedstocks to soy oil. (Jul 2008).

Switzerland

The company, Green Bio Fuel, has received permission from authorities in canton Aargau to build a factory that could generate enough biodiesel to help Switzerland meet its target of reducing carbon dioxide emissions to ten per cent of 1990 levels. Green Bio Fuel says the diesel will be produced solely from the oil squeezed out of Jatropha seeds imported from Mozambique. The facility will have the capacity to produce 130 million litres of biodiesel a year, which amounts to five per cent of Switzerlands current demand for diesel fuel. (Jan 2010).

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Status of Jatropha in Africa

Map Depicting Suitable Areas for Jatropha Cultivation in Africa

In a survey conducted by Dr. Guy Midgley, Chief Specialist Scientist of the Kirstenbosch Research Center of of the South African National Biodiversity Institute (Cape Town) over 1,080 million hectares land in Africa could be termed prime growing regions for Jatropha curcas on the African continent. A further 580 million hectares could be used making a total of 1,660 million hectares suitable for the growing of Jatropha. On the map of Africa the dark areas represent prime Jatropha growing regions in Africa. These areas, comprising over 1,080 million hectares, or 10.8 million square kilometers, are ideal because the average annual rainfall exceeds 800 mm, and the minimum temperature of the coldest month is greater than 2oC. The light green areas of the map are areas with average annual rainfall in excess of 300 mm, with the minimum temperature of the coldest month greater than 2 degrees centigrade. These areas, comprising over 580 million hectares, or 5.8 million square kilometers, are also viable regions for growing Jatropha. Since 2005, nearly 300,000 hectares of planned production projects have been established in more than four African nations. Zambia
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The one advantage that Zambia has, being a land-locked country, is that import parity of fuel into Zambia certainly is more expensive than in South Africa, and a
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driving force there to establish biofuel production is higher in Zambia than what it would be in South Africa.

The Omnia group has made an investment of some R29-million into research on Jatropha agronomics in Zambia. Omnia would continue to spend the necessary capital on research in this field on an ongoing basis (27 Jun 2008). Oval Biofuels, a biofuels company in Zambia is currently establishing large scale Jatropha curcas (Jatropha) plantations in several areas in central, western and southern Zambia.

Ghana

Jatropha Hamburg is planning for 250.000 hectares of Jatropha plantation. A report mentions that 100 ha of Jatropha are already planted to deliver seeds for the extension of the industrial plantations. UNDP extends it project MFP (multi functional platforms) to Ghana(2008). Kwame Nkrumah University Of Science And Technology, Kumasii, Ghana and Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom initiated a project for Jatropha Energy Development for rural communities in Ghana (2008). Ghana is now planning a 12,000 hectare project with South Africa-based BD-1 Group. Ghana has also received interest in Jatropha production from Petrobras, EniSpA, Entaban and Juanx Lioret (2008). A two million-euro Jatropha project to produce bio-energy at Wale wale in the northern part of Ghana has been launched by the European Union. The five-year project would use unfertile lands in the area to cultivate Jatropha plants and process the seeds to obtain crude oil and its by-products. The project would develop the marketing of primary and secondary products of Jatropha and the setting up of community-based organizations and microenterprises to reduce poverty. In addition, he said, the project would realize direct desertification mitigation actions in the target areas by using drought resistant species with a high market value. (Oct 2010).

Mozambique Mozambique is widely seen as having the largest potential for Jatropha production. The International Energy Agency estimated that Mozambique could produce nearly 3 million barrels of oil a day of liquid biofuels from non-food crop resources such as Jatropha. In Mozambique, three significant projects were announced during 2006-2007.
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Canadian-based Energem Resources has invested $5.5 million (4 million) in its first small plantation with near future commitments to cultivate 60,000 hectares. (2008). South African-based Duelco Renewable Energy has established Mozambique partnerships around a 60,000 hectare plantation and ESV-Bio Africa is currently managing an 11,000 hectare plantation with plans for 100,000 hectares.(2008). A biofuel refinery is being planned for development in the Buzi district of Sofala province in Mozambique within the next ten years by Buzi Company of Mozambique and Galpenergia of Portugal. At least 100,000 annually is needed to fund the project. At least 8,000 hectares of sunflower and Jatropha are planned be planted to produce around 5,000 tons of seeds needed for the biofuel manufacture. Galpbuzi has reportedly planted 150 hectares of Jatropha and 25 hectares of sunflower in the locality of Bandua, Buzi. (July 2009). The Mozambican Government has approved two biofuel production projects for the province of Sofala, central Mozambique. The Council of Ministers also approved a concession for Enerterra, a company made up of private Mozambican and Portuguese investors, of 18,920 hectares in the district of Cheringoma, Sofala province, for Jatropha production. Enerterra plans to invest US$53 million in biofuel production, 90% of which will be exported to Europeand 10% sold in Mozambique.(Aug 2009). Sun Biofuels, a British company, has been planting thousands of acres of Jatropha at a former tobacco farm in Africa. Mozambique only cultivates 20 percent of its arable land, one of the lowest cultivation rates in Africa. Sun Biofuels argues there should be room for all sorts of farming, particularly ones that bring education and employment (Apr 2010).

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USAID (United States Agency for International Development) is supporting agricultural extension and the commercialization of Jatropha inclusive of the production of biodiesel. Agricultural extension is forging ahead in Madagascar where more than 500,000 ha of cultivation is in place. UK-based feedstock supplier GEM BioFuels has raised 3.5 million (5 million) for use in expanding its Jatropha plantations in Madagascar and to acquire a seed crushing plant to produce crude Jatropha oil. The company has entered into 18 long term land agreements with Madagascan communes in relation to 452,500 hectares to establish plantations, ranging in size from 2,500 - 50,000 hectares with a further 40,000 hectares of natural forest

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containing substantial numbers of mature Jatropha trees Biodiesel producer GEM Biofuels will ship its first Jatropha oil exports from Madagascar before the end of 2009, according to the company. (Oct 2009). Malawi

The Malawi government is facilitating the implementation of a number of private-sector-driven projects to set up biodiesel production plants in the country. Government is prioritizing production of biofuels from Jatropha because the plant is rated more highly than maize and rice as far as oil production is concerned. The companies that are at an advanced stage in the process to start production of biodiesel from Jatropha include a consortium comprising Netherlands-based TNT Group and some African investors, which is reportedly preparing to set up a $12-million biodisel production plant in the capital, Lilongwe. (Jun 08).

Mali One of the best examples of a sustainable usage of Jatropha is found in the West African country of Mali. The Jatropha program in Malibegan in 1993 with German Technical Assistance.

A Dutch-backed start-up in Mali could be the first in Africa to produce biodiesel from Jatropha on an industrial scale. The company is not relying on new plantations to source its raw material instead it is buying up Jatropha nuts already available from the estimated 20,000km of living Jatropha fences that cover other crops and stop soil erosion in Mali. (Oct, 2007). Eco-Carbone, international pharmaceutical company and rural communities, a dynamic Malian agro-business, have established a joint venture to adopt sustainable agro-forestry practices through Jatropha curcas plantations. A total of about 12,000 ha of Jatropha plantations will be developed under the project, producing about 10,000 T of Jatropha oil each year at full capacity and sequestering 600,000 TCO2e by 2012 and over 800,000 TCO2e by 2017.

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The National Oil Company of Zimbabwe has contracted about 300 smallscale Jatropha growers and provided them with over 30 million seedlings to grow 1000 ha of the crop during the past two seasons communal, and

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farmers had taken over 99 percent of all produced seedlings during the past two seasons, which most of them grew as hedges (September 2009). Tanzania

Tanzanian activists oppose Jatropha-based biofuel production: Environmental activists in Tanzanias Coast Region have raised concern over the planned large-scale cultivation of Jatropha for biofuel production, saying it would lead to environmental degradation. (May 2008). In Tanzania, the US Government has granted $5.4 million to the Tanzanian government for a project to establish a model for Jatropha farming in the country. The grant was provided under the Jatropha Agriculture and Nutrition Initiative (JANI) project of the US development agency. (August 2009).

Egypt

Within the national programme for safe use of treated sewage water for afforestation, planting Jatropha has been achieved in Upper Egypt (Luxor Governorate) by using treated sewage water. The Egyptian state reported that Cairo was currently looking into the expansion of the cultivation of the Jatropha plant as a means of producing biofuels. 200 feddans (84 hectares) in the Red Sea province of Hurghada would be planted with Jatropha. The country is looking into the possibility of getting assistance on the project from Japan.(Aug 2009).

References:

http://ecoworld.com/features/2005/08/21/Jatropha-in-africa/ http://www.ovalbiofuels.com/index.php http://www.thaiJatropha.com/Feedstock.pdf www.eco-carbone.com/ http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/English/main/env_forests_Jatropha.asp

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Status of Jatropha in South America

Jatropha Oil in South America Global Clean Energy Holdings, Inc. has delivered its first test shipment of Crude Jatropha Oil to Allegro Biodiesel Corporation's biodiesel production facility in Pollock Louisiana for processing into biodiesel fuel. Global Clean Energy Holdings is developing Jatropha plantations in Latin America. The two companies have entered into a testing and processing agreement to produce Jatropha biodiesel meeting ASTM and EU specifications. (Feb, 2008). Brazil

UK-based biodiesel specialist Viridas is seeking 5 million backing from institutional investors to fund plans for a new Jatropha farm in Brazil. The company has signed a supply agreement with chemicals giant Ineos to supply it with all the biofuel it can produce up to 60,000 tonnes a year and has spent the last year working with South American agricultural consultant Cozanave to establish trial plantations and assess different technologies and fertilization, irrigation and pruning techniques. Now it is seeking 5 million in funding to build a 250 hectare "home farm" from which to begin producing Jatropha oil on a commercial scale (Feb 2009). A start-up company, BioVentures Brazil, is getting $1 million from the Inter American Development Bank for a pilot project on about seven hectares in Bahia, in north-eastern Brazil, where it hopes eventually to develop a plantation on 20,000 hectares of mostly abandoned cattle-grazing land. The pilot will determine whether the species can adapt to the areas soil and climate, as well as other factors like how best to work with local communities.

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Status of Jatropha in North America

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Green Gold Ray Energies, Inc. (GRYE) has entered into a joint venture with the South Texas Jatropha Farmsthat has been farming and cultivating Jatropha. The company is purchasing the first 25 acres of farm lands expanding its jatropha plantations in the U.S.A. GRYE will construct a biodiesel oil conversion plant, a refinery and a laboratory on a 2 acre site. (Sep 2008). Fort Lauderdale-based Global Energy Trading Company, Getco, is among the Jatropha pioneers in South America, with plans to invest tens of millions of dollars in Peru, Colombia and may be in Brazil. International Clean Energy of Palm Beach Gardens is testing different varieties to figure out which are best suited forSouth Florida conditions to yield the most biodiesel. (Jul 2008). In Wyoming, Jatropha Biofuels Technologies said that initial tests showed that its Jatropha oil extraction will produce more than 20 percent more oil over current, expeller technologies, and is more scalable. The technology uses high pressure gas to maximize extraction rates (Mar 2008). Amelot Holdings, Inc. and Pan-Am Biofuels, Inc., a Utah-based company with bio-fuel feedstock plantations located in Costa Rica, have announced a joint venture partnership to develop a 2,000-acre Jatropha plantation in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. (Aug, 2007). Allegro Biodiesel has commenced processing of Jatropha oil into biodiesel on a test basis. (Jul 2008). There are about 100 biodiesel refineries operating below capacity and another 47 idle refineries in the United States, alone, according to Dr Charles Fishel, Chairman of Abundant Biofuels Corporation. To help solve this problem, Abundant Biofuels is providing standardised long-term contracts of five or 10 years in multiples of 50,000 barrels of Jatropha oil along with financial assistance. Several US biodiesel refiners soon will be announcing that they have secured 10-year Jatropha oil contracts with Abundant Biofuels.(June 2009). SG Biofuels has identified several strains of cold tolerant Jatropha capable of thriving in climates previously thought to be outside of the crop's preferred subtropical habitat. Using the strains, the company has initiated a breeding programme to develop Jatropha as an oil-producing crop in the colder climates of the United States. The strains are included among thousands of variations of Jatropha curcas the firm has collected from a

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range of climates and geographies around the world as part of its Genetic Resource Center, the world's largest, most diverse collection of Jatropha genetic material (June 2009). Mexico The centre of Jatropha origin is Mexico and South America. The agro climatic conditions prevailing in Mexico are conducive for Jatropha cultivation on commercial scale. The country has passed a law to encourage development of biofuels that don't threaten food security and the agriculture ministry has since identified some 2.6 million hectares of land with a high potential to produce Jatropha (March 2009). The Jatropha activities are: Global Clean Energy Holdings, Inc. has acquired approximately 5,000 acres of land in the Mexican State of Yucatan through its subsidiary GCE Mexico I, LLC. According to the company, the project will cover over 4.0 million Jatropha trees, which will produce oil and biomass for more than 30 years. (May, 2008).

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Status of Jatropha Oil Production in India

Jatropha is seen as the big savior in India after the food-vs.-fuel controversy for all other biofuel feedstocks. Jatropha incentives are a part of Indias goal to achieve energy independence by the year 2012. The Government of India has identified 400,000 square kilometers (98 million acres) of land where Jatropha can be grown, hoping it will replace 20 percent of Indias diesel consumption by 2011 This can provide much needed employment to the rural poor of India and also serve as a means to energy independence to India. (Mar 2008). A Bear Stearns analysis recently found that U.S. farmers only have the capacity to replace about 7% of the country's gasoline with corn-based ethanol, despite a new federal renewable-fuels target of 15% by 2017. To reach that goal, the U.S. would likely have to find a lot more land. India, by contrast, has millions of acres of waste land which could be used for Jatropha plantations. Jatropha plantations have the potential to do well in India due to the following reasons:

India is a densely populated country and the fallow land holding per farmer is 1 to 10 acres. A farming family can take care of this size of land very easily, as far as plantation, harvesting as well as security is concerned. The infrastructure of roads, housing and market are already available in the villages. This infrastructure substantially reduces cost, as compared to plantations on barren, vast, inhabited lands. Most of the farming in India is organic by default. Cow dung is used as manure for Jatropha, and it is the cow dung which has made all the difference in low mortality of saplings, good yield, less pests etc. In India, the day-to-day expenses are quite low and a daily per capita income of US$ 3, in rural areas, is still an acceptable income in many regions. This makes the Indian farmer far more affordable as compared to farmers in developed world.

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Optimal Locations of Jatropha Plantation in Indian States Uttarpradesh

Allahabad Kaushambhi Pratapgarh Raebareily

Madhya Pradesh

Ujjain Shajapur Ratlam Mandsaur

Maharashtra

Nasik Ahmadnagar Aaurangabad

Andhra Pradesh

Adilabad Karimnagar Nalgunda Medak

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Genetic Engineering in Jatropha

Biomass and oil yield can be improved by exploiting genetic engineering focusing on the optimization of enzymes involved in oil biosynthesis and biomass production. However, a prerequisite for the implementation of genetic manipulation of Jatropha is the establishment of a robust and efficient transformation procedure. The research will focus on recent developments in establishing a transformation procedure for Jatropha and present strategies to improve oil quality and yield by genetic engineering. Genetic improvement of Jatropha curcas adaptability and oil yield Genetic improvement of Jatropha curcas should be an arena that needs to be looked into to develop varieties having desirable characters like seed and oil yield, resistance to pests and adaptability to different agro-climatic condition. Future strategies should be network based and should focus on selecting plants showing positive traits and improve upon them by conventional and molecular breeding and multiply them on large scale by micro-propagation technique. Approximately 300 accessions of Jatropha curcas accessions were collected from different parts of the country along with their passport data. Among the accessions, depending upon yield and oil content, 23 accessions were identified as elites. All the selected and wild accessions are being tested in multi-locational trials for performance evaluation and for location specific suitability. Scientific innovation and relevance: This research will help identify elite plants having desirable traits suiting to different agro-climatic regions and will further help in breeding programme. Development of micropropagation protocol will further help generate true type plants to be planted on large scale, necessary for success of biodiesel programme. Results - Out of the many different provenances collected from different parts of the country, field trials are underway for identification of drought / salinity germplasm. Molecular techniques are being used for determining genetic diversity among the selected germplasm. DNA finger printing studies using AFLP (Amplified fragment length polymorphism) / RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) reveal significant differences among the germplasm. With AFLP 8-10% polymorphism and with RAPD, 14-16% was found among the 20 elite accessions studied. Micropropagation protocol for Jatropha curcas was developed using shoot tip cultures of the elite germplasm selected and have been successfully transplanted in the field after hardening for performance evaluation.
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Direct organogenesis was also achieved. Genetic transformation trials are in progress. Full Title: Genetic Improvement of Jatropha curcas adaptability and oil yield Affiliation: Discipline of Phytosalinity, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gujarat, India. Author: Muppala Parandhami Reddy et al. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of biofuel plant Jatropha curcas using kanamycin selection Abstract Establishment of an efficient transformation system is a prerequisite for genetic improvement of Jatropha curcas, a promising biodiesel feedstock plant, by transgenic approach. In this study an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol using cotyledon explants from Jatropha curcas seeds was developed. The integration and expression of the transgenes in the putatively transformed Jatropha curcas plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blot analysis and glucuronidase (GUS) activity staining. In the protocol used, the critical step for successful transformation is that the selective agent kanamycin (20 mg/L) is not included in the callus-inducing medium within the first 4 weeks after co-cultivation with Agrobacterium. Authors: Jingli Pan, Qiantang Fu, and Zeng-Fu Xu. Source: African Journal of Biotechnology, September 2010.

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Asiatic Centre for Genome Technology Sdn Bhd (ACGT), and Synthetic Genomics Inc. (SGI), a privately held company dedicated to commercializing genomic-driven solutions to address global energy and environmental challenges are conducting an in-depth genomic, physiological and biochemical analysis of Jatropha. Terasol Labs is developing Jatropha, euphorbia that produces seeds which contain up to 40 percent oil. Jatropha is resistant to pests and drought and grows vigorously in many soil types. In its native habitat it is a weed. Jatropha oil, once extracted, can be used to fuel diesel engines with little or no further preparation or additives. Terasol is not genetically modifying Jatropha, but is looking for suitable cultivars via tissue propagation and

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hybridization. These Jatropha strains are maximized for their tolerance to various climates, pest-resistance, and oil yields. In other words, they are being adapted to survive in ways that no native plants can compete with. Genetics of Jatropha Plant - The genetics of the Jatropha plant define the potential production and give us tools to breed more productive, healthier plants. In order to start breeding the genetic variation needs to be assessed. Several parties have done genetic studies amongst others the University of Newcastle. The first results are that the variation within the plants from India and Thailand is low and the same holds for the African gene pool. The Indian sources differ slightly from the African sources. More genetic variation is expected in the centre of origin (Meso America). Wageningen University has set up a worldwide screening programme (JEP - Jatropha curcas evaluation Programme) where genetic variation is mapped.

Engineered Trait Loci technology Agrisoma Biosciences Inc. a private agricultural biotechnology company is using its leading edge ETL technology to create new crop varieties engineered for high value applications such as biofuel production and renewable manufacturing feedstock. Agrisomas ETL (Engineered Trait Loci) technology is a patent protected technology that allows efficient stacking and expression of multiple traits in any crop species. The ETL technology would result in development of engineered crop chromosomes that could carry multiple traits in a highly productive and stable genetic location. The ETL technology is currently being used to engineer oil composition, oil content and yield to develop an efficient plant variety and ETLengineered crops are now undergoing field trials at multiple locations. Jatropha is known to have significant yield advantage over most other biodiesel crops. Moreover it grows with minimal input and is a perennial crop that can provide more than ten times the yield of oils when compared to annual crops. The development of precise means to deliver, manage and express new crop traits in Jatropha, would be a monumental and unprecedented achievement in the field of agricultural science and renewable energy technology.
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During Chinese High Technology exhibition 2009, Agrisoma Biosciences signed a strategic partnership agreement with Hongqiu Bioenergy Inc for development and commercialization of Jatropha. The companies have collaborated for the development of genetically modified Jatropha curcas varieties with superior
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characteristics that are expected to yield high quality biodiesel fuel for the global biodiesel market. The implementation process is in the pipeline, if the technology is transferred successfully from lab to the field, it would definitely revolutionize the global biodiesel industry.

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Present Market Scenario for Jatropha

According to GEXSIs global market study on Jatropha, South-East Asia has a higher than average proportion (> 45% of used land) of large scale Jatropha operations (> 5 ha), especially in the Philippines, China, Indonesia and Malaysia. This trend will become more dominant in the future. More than 60% of areas in Asia are expected to be large scale operations by 2013. In India, on the other hand, Jatropha cultivation takes place on a very small scale. This will prevail in the future (only app. 25% of areas for large scale projects in 2013) and may be due to the Indian government strongly supporting small scale schemes. Africa and Latin America will develop similarly to the global averages, with a high percentage of very large projects predicted in Brazil and Ghana in 2013.

Source: GEXSI, 2008.

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Based on data available from various regions, and from surveys done by organizations such as GEXSI, it can be inferred that the area under which Jatropha is cultivated will grow at a CAGR of about 20% for the next 4-5 years. It is expected that there will be a total of about 5 million hectares by 2010 and 13 million hectares by 2015. The total investment in Jatropha could total close to about US$ 10 billion by 2012. Many countries around the world actively support Jatropha cultivation, and such government support is critical for the growth of the Jatropha industry. Especially during times when the crude price is low and Jatropha biodiesel

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becomes non-competitive, it will be difficult to spur the growth the Jatropha industry without government support. Intercropping is widely practiced in the Jatropha industry, specifically owing to the fact that the yields will be marginal during the first few years. One of the crops that is being actively considered for intercropping is castor, owing to the fact that castor can grow in lands that are suitable for Jatropha. While currently there are few suppliers supplying large-scale quantities of Jatropha, the list of large-scale suppliers is likely to increase significantly by middle of 2011 as many large cultivations start yielding oil. High yielding Jatropha seeds are likely to increase the yields significantly in the next 4-5 years. Many companies, which were looking for short term profits and had not planned for the long haul, are likely to face financial problems and will likely close down or be acquired within the next 5 years. Jatropha cultivation will expand beyond India, with Africa becoming the worlds leading continent for Jatropha cultivation. Countries in Africa that will show significant growth in Jatropha cultivation are South Africa, Mozambique, Mali, Ghana, Cameroon, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia & Madagascar. While currently the Jatropha oil is primarily considered only for biodiesel, in the next 3-5 years, there will be research results that could provide future applications for the oil.

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