CONTENTS

1. Acknowledgement
2. Introduction
3. Aim
4. Theory
5. Requirements
6. Tests for different samples
7. Comparative table
8. Result
9. Conclusion
10. Precautions
11. Bibliography
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my deep gratitude

to my teacher Mrs. Bhagavathy who was a
constant source of encouragement and
valuable advices This project wouldn’t have
come to a successful completion without his
guidance. Finally, I would like to thank my
parents for being there
with continuing support morally and
financially.

Introduction

There’s a wide variety of toothpastes and related

products available today in the market for oral
hygiene. However, for a common man, differentiation
on the basis of quality is really difficult with all the
fancy advertisements and offers. A toothpaste contains
a mildly abrasive substance such as calcium carbonate
and a detergent or soap, some sweetening agent
other than sugar and flavouring oils to make it
pleasant to taste and smell. Some toothpastes contains
fluorides which make the enamel surface of the tooth
more resistant to bacterial activity and act against
microorganisms as a metabolic poison. Generally any
standard toothpaste contain calcium carbonate, sodium
monofluoro phosphate, sodium lauryl sulphate, zinc
sulphate, alum, some flavouring oils are also added.
This project basically deals with the detection of
various ions of toothpaste that determine its quality,
and thus, a comparison between the prominent
toothpaste brands.
 AIM

TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF

DIFFERENT ANIONS AND CATIONS IN
DIFFERENT BRANDS OF TOOTHPASTE
AND
DETERMINE IT’S QUALITY.
 Theory

In qualitative analysis, the given compound

is analyzed for the radicals, that is, cations and
anions that it contains. The common procedure
of testing on unknown salt is to make its
solution and then test this solution for the ions
present in it. Then Preliminary tests such as
color, odour, dry heating, flame test etc. are
performed. These tests are common for all
samples
under salt analysis. Further, there are separate
procedures for detecting cations and anions.
 IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL (ANION)

After the preliminary tests are over with,

to identify the anion, three indicatory tests
are carried out. They can be divided in to
three categories each with separate group
reagent. Therefore anion may be identified
by performing the following tests in the
order given. Dilute
H2SO4 test Concentrated H2SO4 test
Independent Group (SO42-, PO43-) After an
anion is indicated, confirmatory tests are
carried out, corresponding to the anion.
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC
RADICALS (CATION)

To identify the cations, we have been

using the flame test (a preliminary test)
for indication. Whichever cation is
indicated, it is confirmed on the basis
of corresponding tests.
 Requirements

Toothpaste(s):
Colgate, Close-UP.
Chemicals:
Hydrochloric acid, dilute Sulphuric acid,
concentrated Sulphuric acid, Barium chloride,
Ammonium chloride, Ammonium hydroxide,
Ammonium
carbonate, Acetic acid, Nitric acid, Silver
nitrate, Calcium chloride, Pottasium
Ferrocyanide, H2S gas. Test tubes,
Beakers, Flasks, flame, spatula etc.
 Tests for different samples
COLGATE
Test for anion

S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

O.
1 Preliminary Tests
Colour White
Odour Minty smell(of
Colgate)
Dry heating Colourless, CO32- may
Odourless gas. be
Present
Flame test Reddish Flame Ca2+ may be
Present.
2 Dil H2SO4 test- Colourless, CO32- may be
To the sample, Odourless gas. Present.
Added some drops
 Of Dil H2SO4
3 Confirmatory
Tests
To the sample A white ppt CO32-
Added MgSO4 confirmed
Solution.
Took an O.S, Brisk CO32-
Added dil HCl Effervescence. confirmed
4 Conc. H2SO4 test- No change Conc. H2SO4
To the sample group absent
added some drops
of conc.H2SO4
5 Independent
Tests
For SO42-
To the sample White ppt. SO42-
 added confirmed
BaCl2 solution.
To the sample White ppt. SO42confirme
added Lead d
acetate soln.
For PO43-
Added conc HNO3 Deep yellow PO43-
to O.S and boiled. colouration. confirmed.
Added ammonium
Molybdate soln in
excess and again
boiled.
S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
O.
6 Group 0- No change Group 0
To the sample Absent
added NaOH and
heated
7 Group-1 To the No change Group I absent
sample added
dilute HCl
8 Group-II No change Group II
To the above test Absent
tube added H2S
 9 Group-III No change Group III
To the sample Absent
added NH4Cl,
boiled, cooled,
added NH4OH in
excess.

Test for cation

10 To the above No change Group lV
filtrate of group-III Absent
added add H2S
11 Group-V A white ppt Group V
To the sample Present.
added NH4OH, and
(NH4)2CO3 Solution.

Dissolved the
ppt. in CH3COOH
and divided the
solution into 3
Parts.
(a) To the first part No change Ba2+absent
added
K2CrO4solution
(b) To the second No change Sr2+absent
part added
(NH4)2SO4
(c) To the third part A white ppt Ca2+confirmed.
added (NH4)2C2O4
and NH4OH sol.
13 Group-VI A white ppt Mg2+
Took the filtrate confirmed
 of above step
and added a few
drops of amm.
oxalate solution,
boiled, filtered.
Took the ppt,
boiled, added
NH4OH and
NH4Cl in excess.
Add (NH4)2HPO4
and

rubbed with a
glass rod.
IONS PRESENT: CO32-, Ca2+, SO42-, PO43-,
Mg2+

CLOSE-UP
Test for anion

S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

O.
1 Preliminary Tests
 Colour Red
Odour Menthol smell of
Close up.
Dry heating Suffocating SO32- may
smell be
Present
Flame test Reddish Flame Ca2+ may be
Present.
2 Dil H2SO4 test- Colourless, SO32- may be
To the sample, pungent smell, Present.
Added some drops turned acidified
Of Dil H2SO4 K2Cr2O7 solution
green.
3 Confirmatory
Tests
To the O.S added A white ppt SO32-
BaCl2 solution. confirmed
To the ppt from Pink colour SO32-
above step added discharge confirmed
KMnO4 solution.
4 Conc. H2SO4 test- No change Conc. H2SO4
To the sample group absent
added some drops
of conc.H2SO4
Test for cation

S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

O.
5 Group 0- No change Group 0
To the sample Absent
added NaOH and
heated
6 Group-1 To the No change Group I absent
sample added
dilute HCl
7 Group-II No change Group II
To the above test Absent
tube added H2S
8 Group-III A brown ppt Group III
To the sample Present, Fe3+
added NH4OH and detected
NH4Cl
Dissolved the ppt. prussian blue Fe3+
in dilute HCl and colour confirmed
added Potassium
Ferrocyanide.
9 Group-IV No change Group lV
 To the above test Absent
tube add H2S
10 Group-V A white ppt Group V
To the sample present.
added NH4OH, and
(NH4)2CO3 sol.
Dissolved the
ppt. in CH3COOH
and divided the
solution into 3
parts.
(a) To the first part No change Ba2+ absent
added
K2CrO4 solution
(b) To the second No change Sr2+ absent
part
added(NH4)2SO4
(c) To the third part A white ppt Ca2+confirmed.
added (NH4)2C2O4
and NH4OH sol.
13 Group-VI Took the No change Mg2+ absent
filtrate of above
step and add a few
 drops of amm.
oxalate sol, boiled,
filtered .Took the
ppt, boiled, added
NH4OH and NH4Cl in
excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a glass
rod.

IONS PRESENT: Ca2+, SO32-, Fe3+.

Conclusion
Comparative Inference Table
TOOTHPA Ca2 SO3 Fe3 Mg SO CO PO4
+ + 2+ 42-
STE 2- 32- 2-

YE NO NO YES YE YES YES

Colgate S S
YE YES YE NO N NO NO
Close-Up S S O

On the basis of the comparative inference table,

we see that COLGATE is the best of all toothpastes
as it containsa majority of the essential
constituents (anions and cations) of a toothpaste.
 Precautions
1. Handle the chemicals
carefully.
2. Use test tube holder to hold
the test tube.
3. Never add water to conc.
Acids.
4. Never touch any chemical
with hands directly.
5. Use a dropper for
concentrated Acids.
6. Don’t smell the vapours from
too close.
 Bibliography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toot
hpaste
http://www.seminarsonly.com
http://www.britannica.com/topic/
Colgate-Total
Pradeeps Chemistry
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