Oracle architecture

and its components

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What is oracle?

 Oracle is a relational database management system.

• It is a management system which uses the relational data
model.
• In the relational data model, data is seen by the users in
form of tables alone.

 Oracle Server:
• Is a database management system that provides an open,
comprehensive, integrated approach to information
management.
• Consists of an Oracle Instance and an Oracle database
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 A database server is the key to information management. In general,
a server reliably manages a large amount of data in a multiuser
environment so that users can concurrently access the same data. A
database server also prevents unauthorized access and provides
efficient solutions for failure recovery.
 An Oracle database server consists of a database and at least one
database instance. Because an instance and a database are so
closely connected, the term Oracle database is sometimes used to
refer to both instance and database. In the strictest sense the terms
have the following meanings:
Database
A database is a set of files, located on disk, that store data. These files can
exist independently of a database instance.
Database instance
An instance is a set of memory structures that manage database files. The
instance consists of a shared memory area, called the system global area
(SGA), and a set of background processes. An instance can exist
independently of database files.
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Oracle Database Architecture -
Introduction
Three Major Instances:
1. Database instance
2. File Structure
3. Data Structures

Database Instance:
 Oracle Database consists of Software Modules & Database Files
 Instance –It is the actual execution of DBMS software that manages
data in the databases tablespace.

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File Structure / Physical storage
structure
Parameter
File

1
Control Files

id
en
s
ie

ti
f
ti

fi
es
en
id

Provides changes to
2 3
Data Files Redo Log
Files
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Physical Storage Structures
The physical database structures are the files that store the data. When you
execute the SQL command CREATE DATABASE, the following files are created:
■ Data files

Every Oracle database has one or more physical data files, which contain all the
database data. The data of logical database structures, such as tables and
indexes, is physically stored in the data files.
■ Control files

Every Oracle database has a control file. A control file contains metadata
specifying the physical structure of the database, including the database name
and the names and locations of the database files.
■ Online redo log files

Every Oracle Database has an online redo log, which is a set of two or more
online redo log files. An online redo log is made up of redo entries (also called
redo records), which record all changes made to data.
Many other files are important for the functioning of an Oracle database server.
These files include parameter files and diagnostic files. Backup files and archived
redo log files are offline files important for backup and recovery
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Logical structure

Database
Instance

Tablespaces
Tablespaces

Segments

Extents
Extents
Data
Blocks Data
Extents Extents Blocks
Data
Blocks Data
Data Blocks
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Logical structure
 Tablespace is used to store related database objects. One
tablespace is used to store all of the system tables; another
tablespace may be created for all indexes or a tablespace may be
created to store all of the tables for a specific application. The
idea is to store data that has something in common or has similar
characteristics. The database server stores the data in each
tablespace in data files with .dbf extensions.
 Segments are used to organize tablespace data within a
tablespace. A segment stores an individual database object like a
table or index.
 Extents are contiguous units of storage, usually disk space,
within a segment. Oracle uses extents for performance reasons by
storing data that needs to be retrieved in a single disk I/O. An
extent is made up of multiple data blocks .
 Data Blocks are the smallest unit of Oracle database storage.
Oracle 10g stores 8,192 bytes (8K) in one data block. A data block
is comprised of multiple operating system blocks. Depending on
the operating system an operating system block can store 512 to
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4K bytes. A data block contains header, directory and row data:

Memory Structure

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The basic memory structures associated with Oracle Database include:
■ System global area (SGA)
The SGA is a group of shared memory structures, known as SGA
components, that contain data and control information for one Oracle
Database instance. The SGA is shared by all server and background
processes. Examples of data stored in the SGA include cached data
blocks and shared SQL areas.
■ Program global area (PGA)
A PGA is a nonshared memory region that contains data and control
information exclusively for use by an Oracle process. The PGA is created
by Oracle Database when an Oracle process is started.
One PGA exists for each server process and background process. The
collection of individual PGAs is the total instance PGA, or instance PGA.
Database initialization parameters set the size of the instance PGA, not
individual PGAs.
■ User Global Area (UGA)
The UGA is memory associated with a user session.
■ Software code areas
Software
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code areas are portions of memory used to store code that is
being run or can be run. Oracle Database code is stored in a software
area that is typically at a different location from user programs—a more
The basic options for memory management are as follows:
■ Automatic memory management
You specify the target size for instance memory. The database instance
automatically tunes to the target memory size, redistributing memory as
needed between the SGA and the instance PGA.
■ Automatic shared memory management
This management mode is partially automated. You set a target size for
the SGA and then have the option of setting an aggregate target size for
the PGA or managing PGA work areas individually.
■ Manual memory management
Instead of setting the total memory size, you set many initialization
parameters to manage components of the SGA and instance PGA
individually.

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 Object and object
relational database

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 Object oriented database systems are
alternative to relational database and other
database systems.
 In object oriented database, information is
represented in the form of objects.
 Object oriented databases are exactly same
as object oriented programming languages.
If we can combine the features of relational
model (transaction, concurrency, recovery)
to object oriented databases, the resultant
model is called as object oriented
database model.
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Features
1. Complexity
OODBMS has the ability to represent the complex internal structure.

2. Inheritance
Creating a new object from an existing object in such a way that new
object inherits all characteristics of an existing object.

3. Encapsulation
It is an data hiding concept in OOPL which binds the data and
functions together which can manipulate data and not visible to
outside world.

4. Persistency
OODBMS allows to create persistent object (Object remains in memory
even after execution). This feature can automatically solve the
problem of recovery and concurrency.
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 ODBMS – Object Database management System
ODMG – Object Data Management Group
ODL – Object Definition language
OQL – Object Query Language

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Object
 Object consists of entity and attributes which can describe the
state of real world object and action associated with that
object.

Object Identity
 Every object has unique identity. In an object oriented
system, when object is created OID is assigned to it.
 In RDBMS OID is value based and primary key is used to
provide uniqueness of each table in relation. Primary key
is unique only for that relation and not for the entire
system. Primary key is chosen from the attributes of the
relation which makes object independent on the object
state.
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 In OODBMS OID are variable name or pointer.

User defined types using CREATE
type in SQL
 To allow the creation of complex-structured objects and to
separate the declaration of a class/type from the creation of a
table, SQL now provides
user-defined types (UDTs).

 The user will create the UDTs for a particular application as

part of the database schema.

 Syntax:
 CREATE TYPE TYPE_NAME AS (<component declarations>);

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Example
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE address AS OBJECT
(house_no varchar2(10),
street varchar2(30),
city varchar2(20),
state varchar2(10),
pincode varchar2(10)
);
/
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the
following result −
Type created.

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object customer will have attributes
and methods together to have object-
oriented
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE customer AS OBJECT
(code number(5),
name varchar2(30),
contact_no varchar2(12),
addr address,
member procedure display
);
/

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Instantiating an Object
To use object, you need to create instances of this object. You can access
the attributes and methods of the object using the instance name and
the access operator (.)

DECLARE
residence address;
BEGIN
residence := address('103A', 'M.G.Road', 'Jaipur', 'Rajasthan','201301');
dbms_output.put_line('House No: '|| residence.house_no);
dbms_output.put_line('Street: '|| residence.street);
dbms_output.put_line('City: '|| residence.city);
dbms_output.put_line('State: '|| residence.state);
dbms_output.put_line('Pincode: '|| residence.pincode);
END;
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/
Aspects of object

 Identifier
 Name
 Lifetime
 Structure
 creation

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Object identifier
 The object identifier is a unique system-wide
identifier (or Object_id).
 Every object must have an object identifier

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Object name

 Some objects may optionally be given a unique name within a

particular
ODMS—this name can be used to locate the object, and the system
should
return the object given that name.
 These names are used as entry points to the database; that is, by
locating these objects by their unique name, the user can then locate
other objects that are referenced from these objects.
 Other important objects in the application may also have unique
names, and it is possible to give more than one name to an object. All
names within a particular ODB must be unique.

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Object lifetime

 Lifetime of an object specifies whether it is a persistent object (that is,

a
database object) or transient object (that is, an object in an executing
program that disappears after the program terminates).

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Structure of an object

 Structure of an object specifies whether it is a persistent object (that

is, a
database object) or transient object (that is, an object in an executing
program that disappears after the program terminates).
 The state of complex object may be constructed from other objects
by using certain type constructor.
 WE can represent object as triple (i, c, v), where I is object identifier, c
is type constructor, v is object state or value.
 Basic constructors are atom, tuple and set.
 Others are list, bag and array.

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Member Methods

 Member methods are used for manipulating the

attributes of the object.

 The object body defines the code for the member

methods. The object body is created using the
CREATE TYPE BODY statement.

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Constructor
 Constructors are functions that return a new object as its value.
Every object has a system defined constructor method. The name of
the constructor is same as the object type.
Example:
residence := address('103A', 'M.G.Road', 'Jaipur',
'Rajasthan','201301');

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Inheritance for pl/sql objects

 PL/SQL allows creating object from the existing base objects.

 To implement inheritance, the base objects should be declared as
NOT FINAL. The default is FINAL.
 Example:
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE rectangle AS OBJECT
(length number,
width number,
member function enlarge( inc number) return rectangle,
NOT FINAL member procedure display) NOT FINAL
/

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Object – relational Advantages

 Resolving many features of RDBMS.

 Reduces network traffic.
 Reuse and sharing
 Improved application and query performance
 Simplified software maintenance
 Integrated data

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ODMG
 ODMG is data model upon which the ODL and OQL are
based.
 This models provides data types , type constructor, and
other concepts that can be utilized in the ODL to specify
object database schemas.
 It is mean to provide a standard data model for object
database just as SQL provides standard data model for
relational databases.
 In ODMG object model, two concepts exist for specifying
object types:
Interfaces
classes
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Inheritance in object model of
ODMG
 Behavior inheritance
is also known as ISA or interface inheritance and is specified by the
colon (:)
notation.

 EXTENDS inheritance
The other inheritance relationship, is specified by the keyword
extends.
Multiple inheritance via extends is not permitted. However, multiple
inheritance is allowed for behavior inheritance via the colon (:)
notation.

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Inheritance hierarchy for built-in
interfaces of the object model

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ODL (Object Definition Language)
 Main use is to create object specifications – that is class and interface.
 ODL is not a full programming language.
 A user can specify a database schema in ODL independently of any
programming language.

Class Declaration:
interface < name > {elements = attributes, relationships,methods }
Element Declaration:
attribute < type > < name > ;
relationship < rangetype > < name >

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Example:

interface Customer {
attribute string name;
attribute integer ss#;
attribute Struct Addr {string street,
string city, int zip} address;
relationship Set<Loans> borrowed
inverse Loans::borrower;
relationship Set<Branch> has-
account-at
inverse Branch::customer-of;
key(ss#)
}
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interface loans {
attribute real amount;
attribute int loanid;
attribute Enum loanType {house, car, general} type;
relationship Branch belongs-to
inverse Branch::loans-granted;
relationship Set<Customer> borrower
inverse Customer::borrowed;
key(loanid)
}

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ODL types

Basic types: int, real/ float, string, enumerated types, and classes.
Type constructors: Struct for structures and four collection types: Set,
Bag, List, and Array

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OQL
 OQL is query language proposed for ODMG object model.
 OQL is SQL-like query language to query Java heap. OQL allows to
filter/select information wanted from Java heap.
 OQL embedded into one of these programming languages can return
objects that match the type system of that language.

Syntax: select…from…where
Select D.Dname from D in departments where D.College=‘Engineering’;

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