Group 2

AFRICAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
African musical instruments are made from natural
materials like wood, metal, animal skins, and
gourds. Drums, xylophones, and flutes use these
resources, while bamboo and recycled items like tin
cans are also used for percussion instruments.
These materials shape the rhythmic and tonal
qualities of African music.
MUSIC OF LATIN AMERICA

The music of Latin America is

influenced three main cultural
sources: indigenous, Spanish-
Portuguese, and African. This
blend, often called Latin music,
varies by region:
 - Andean region (Argentina, Bolivia,
Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela

- Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, El

Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Panama)

- Caribbean (Cuba, Dominican Republic,

Haiti, Puerto Rico, etc.)
 INFLUENCES ON LATIN AMERICAN
MUSIC
Indigenous Latin-American Music

Before European colonization, indigenous

people used local materials to make
instruments like drums, güiro (percussion),
maracas (rattles), zampona (panpipe), and
quena (flute). These instruments were crafted
from natural resources like tree trunks, animal
skins, seeds, bones, and other organic
materials.
1. Indigenous Music: Primarily used for religious
and ceremonial purposes, employing
instruments, singing, and dancing to invoke
protection, success, and healing.
2. Afro-Latin American Music: Characterized by
rich, layered rhythmic patterns and percussion
instruments, reflecting African influence. It
includes complex rhythms, fast tempos, and
deep vocal sounds.
3. Euro-Latin American Music: Influenced by
European colonizers, especially from the
Renaissance. It includes dual meter rhythms,
step-wise melodies, and various musical
forms, as seen in areas like Venezuela and
Colombia. This style often combines vocals
with stringed instruments.
4. Mixed American Music: This style blends
Native, Afro-Latin, and European elements,
creating a unique fusion with a mix of
instruments and musical theories from different
cultures.
 Popular Latin American Music

Latin American music, influenced by

European, African, and native traditions,
has produced popular genres like tango,
bossa nova, samba, son, and salsa. These
styles, known for their danceable rhythms
and passionate melodies, have gained
global popularity and continue to captivate
audiences worldwide.
 1. Samba: Originating in Brazil,
samba is a dance style with African
roots. It has a lively rhythm in a 2/4
meter, often danced in Rio’s
carnival. Its variations include the
"batucada", a polyphonic
drumming style involving a large
ensemble.
2. Son: A Cuban genre that blends
Spanish "canciones" and African
"rumba" rhythms, typically
played with instruments like the
guitar (tres), bongos, maracas,
and claves. It serves as a
precursor to salsa.
 3. Salsa: A social dance with
influences from Cuban and Puerto
Rican music, salsa combines
elements of swing, Afro-Cuban
forms, and Afro-Caribbean dances.
Its execution involves shifting
weight with hip movements and
moderate tempo.
 AZTEC AND MAYAN INSTRUMENTS

Aztec and Mayan civilizations used

instruments primarily for religious
ceremonies. Professional musicians played
them, and mistakes were considered
offensive to the gods. Among these ancient
instruments are the following :
 AZTEC AND MAYAN INSTRUMENTS

- TLAPITZALLI: A flute made of clay, decorated with

abstract designs or images of deities.

- TEPONAZTLI: A slit drum carved from hardwood,

decorated with designs representing humans or
animals. Used for religious and recreational purposes.
 AZTEC AND MAYAN INSTRUMENTS

- CONCHA: A wind instrument made from the shell

of a large sea snail. A hole is cut in the shell to
allow it to be blown like a trumpet.

- RASP: A hand percussion instrument. Its sound is

created by scraping a notched stick with another
stick.
 AZTEC AND MAYAN INSTRUMENTS

HUICHUETI: An upright tubular drum used by

the Aztecs and other ancient civilizations.
Made of wood, open at the bottom, and
standing on three legs. Its top membrane of
stretched animal skin is beaten by hand or a
wooden mallet.
 AZTEC AND MAYAN INSTRUMENTS

WHISTLES: Instruments made of natural

elements like bone from animals. The eagle
bone whistle is common, producing high-
pitched notes similar to an eagle's cry.
Different airflow and pressure create a wide
variety of notes. In some areas, they're used
only in ceremonies to call spirits.
 INCAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

- OCARINA: An ancient vessel flute made of

clay or ceramic. It has four to twelve finger
holes and a mouthpiece projecting from the
body.
 INCAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

- ZAMPOÑAS (or panpipes): Ancient

instruments from the Andes Mountains of
South America. They feature bamboo tubes
of different lengths tied together in pairs or
more to produce graduated pitches. Played
by blowing over the top of the tubes,
creating a musical note. The sound is
described as beautiful and airy.
 ANDEAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
1. SIKU (Panpipe): Originally from the Aymara
people of Peru and Bolivia. It's a main instrument
in a musical genre known as sikuris. The pipes
are traditionally made from bamboo, but also
from bone and condor feathers. Different types of
bamboo change the sound quality. Songo
(shallow-walled bamboo) is less common due to
fragility. The siku is split into two rows of pipes;
the player must alternate rows with every note to
play a complete scale.
 ANDEAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
2. WOODEN TARCA: A vertical duct flute with a
mouthpiece similar to a recorder. Used during the
rainy season and in tribal ceremonies to mimic
bird sounds. Its sound is described as primitive,
soft, and mellow with a rasp in the low range.
3. QEUNA: A vertical cane flute made from fragile
bamboo, used during the dry season. It has six
finger holes and one thumb hole. It's open on both
ends or the bottom is half-closed.
 ANDEAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

4. CHARANGO: A ten-stringed Andean guitar from

Bolivia. It's the size of a ukulele and is a smaller
version of the mandolin, imitating early guitars
and lutes brought by the Spaniards. It produces
bright sounds and is often used in serenades in
Southern Peru.
 ANDEAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
MARIACHI: An extremely popular band in
Mexico. The original ensemble consisted of
violins, guitars, a harp, and a guitarrón
(acoustic bass guitar). Trumpets later
replaced the harp. Mariachi music is known for
its passionate and romantic style, blended
harmonies, and catchy rhythms. Musicians are
distinctively dressed in wide-brimmed hats,
jackets, and pants adorned with silver
buttons.
 VOCAL AND DANCE FORMS OF
LATIN AMERICA :
Latin American instruments add life, color,
and variety to many vocal and dance forms.
The text mentions several examples that have
gained worldwide attention: Brazilian Bossa
Nova, cha-cha, rumba, and the Argentine
tango. Other dance forms became locally
popular, especially in the 1960s and 1970s.
However, original Latin dance forms have
experienced constant revivals, particularly in
ballroom dancing.
 VOCAL AND DANCE FORMS OF
LATIN AMERICA :
CUMBIA: Originating in Panama and Colombia,
the cumbia became a popular courtship
dance. It blended European and African
instrumentation and characteristics. The
rhythmic meter varied by location: 4/4 meter
in Colombia; 2/4, 3/4, and 6/8 meters in
Panama; and 2/4 meter in Mexico.
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