Quit India Movement, mass protest movement during 1942–43 against

the colonial British raj’s political and military control of India. The
movement, which took place against the backdrop of World War II, was
initially planned by Mahatma Gandhi and his followers in the Indian
National Congress (Congress Party) as a nonviolent action. However,
attempts by the British authorities to prevent the protests by arresting
the Congress leaders backfired and triggered an escalation of violence
that, by the end of the turmoil, resulted in the deaths of at least 1,000
Indians, as well as the arrests of roughly 60,000 by the end of 1943.
Though the movement was unsuccessful in its goal of forcing the
immediate decolonization of India, it served as an important
demonstration of anti-colonial sentiment in Indian society directed
toward the British raj. Moreover, the desire of British authorities to avoid
a repetition of the chaos caused by the Quit India Movement lent urgency
to the decolonization of India in the postwar period.
Historical background

Mahatma GandhiMahatma Gandhi, 1931.

The Quit India Movement was not the first mass protest movement in
India against British colonialism. The Indian Mutiny of 1857–59 saw
Indian soldiers turn on their British army leaders, and the fighting
resulted in the replacement of British East Indian Company control with
direct colonial rule under the British crown beginning in 1858.
Additionally, nonviolent protests for independence led by Gandhi
included the noncooperation movement of 1920–22 and other acts of
nonviolent civil disobedience such as the Salt March in 1930. The Quit
India Movement was Gandhi’s last attempt at a satyagraha campaign
against British colonial rule prior to India’s independence in 1947.

The Quit India Movement was instigated by Britain’s unilateral

declaration of war on the Axis powers in 1939. In conjunction with that
declaration, on September 3, 1939, Viceroy of India Linlithgow (1936–43)
proclaimed that India was also at war with Germany, thereby drawing
the Indian population into the conflict. With the declaration of war,
Britain reinstated the Defense of India Act (1915) and essentially
declared martial law in the colony. The involvement of India in the war
outraged many Indian political leaders, who, despite a range of opinions
on the just nature of the war, thought it was morally wrong for the
British to force their subjects into the fighting (by the war’s end 2.5
million Indians had served in the British armed forces, though the
majority were volunteers) without consulting Indian leadership and to
use Indian resources for the effort.

As the war continued and Japanese armies swept through

Britain’s Southeast Asian colonies—Singapore, Malaya (now Malaysia),
and Burma (now Myanmar)—a faction of the Congress Party began to call
for India to gain immediate independence from Britain in order to avoid a
Japanese invasion. This faction was led by Gandhi, who was concerned
that British presence in India would invite Japanese aggression. He
argued that India should be allowed to make its own peace treaty with
Japan and that, in the event of an invasion by Japan, Indians should resist
only through nonviolent means rather than be forced by the British into
military conflict.

Wanting to prevent unrest during the war, the British government

sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India in March 1942 to suggest a compromise
known as the “Cripps Offer,” under which Indian politicians would
cooperate with the colonial government for the duration of the war and
then be given dominion status—alongside Canada, Australia, and other
former British colonies—and increased autonomy afterward. The offer
included an “opt-out” clause allowing certain provinces to choose not to
be a part of a united India—a provision that was received positively
by Mohammed Ali Jinnah, whose Muslim League desired the creation of a
separate Muslim-majority nation to be called Pakistan, but was viewed
negatively by Gandhi and Congress, who vehemently opposed any
potential partition of India. The offer was swiftly rejected by most leaders
of the Indian independence movement, and Gandhi irately called the offer
“a post-dated cheque on a bank that was failing.”

The perception that Britain did not take their demands seriously
hardened the position of some Congress politicians and strengthened
calls to engage in action toward independence. In the shadow of the
growing military presence of British and American troops in India, and
with the increasing food shortages in India due to the war effort, Indians
continued to suffer. Japanese forces moved into the Bay of Bengal,
attacked British ships, and bombed the east coast ports
of Visakhapatnam and Kakinada, thus making the threat of full-scale war
on Indian soil seem imminent. Gandhi became more adamant about the
departure of the British colonists and less concerned about internal
squabbles among Indian leadership. He notably demanded of the British
in his magazine Harijan on May 24, 1942: “Leave India to God. If that is
too much leave her to anarchy.”
Preparations for protest
On July 14, 1942, the Congress Party passed its “Quit India” resolution
calling for an immediate end to British rule in India and authorizing
Gandhi to lead a mass nonviolent protest movement if independence was
not granted. The slogan “Quit India” was coined by mayor
of Bombay (now Mumbai) Yusuf Meherally. When the British government
failed to meet its demands, the Congress Party met in Bombay and voted
on August 8 for the initiation of the Quit India Movement. During that
meeting, Gandhi delivered his “Do or Die” speech, in which he famously
declared: “The mantra is ‘Do or Die.’ We shall either free India or die in
the attempt; we shall not live to see the perpetuation of our slavery.”
Despite earlier disagreements within the party, only a small number of
delegates at the meeting opposed implementing the Quit India
resolution.

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Others within the independence movement outside of Congress opposed
the decision to engage in a widespread mass protest, notably B.R.
Ambedkar and Mohammed Ali Jinnah. They viewed the Quit India
resolution as a hasty power play by Gandhi to achieve Indian
independence and keep the Congress Party in charge. From their
perspective, independence on these terms would leave India without
sufficient safeguards in place for the protection of the Dalits,
Ambedkar’s constituency, and the Muslims, for whom Jinnah’s Muslim
League advocated.

The morning after the Quit India resolution was agreed upon in Bombay,
British authorities invoked the Defense of India Act, which permitted
detention without a trial, to arrest Gandhi and dozens of other leaders of
the Congress Party, including Jawaharlal Nehru, Abdul Kalam Azad,
and Vallabhbhai Patel. Concern for Gandhi’s age and fear of worldwide
condemnation convinced the British not to jail Gandhi, and instead they
confined him in the Aga Khan’s summer palace in Pune along with his
wife, Kasturba, his secretary, and some followers. The British authorities
erroneously hoped they could stifle the movement by imprisoning its
leaders. Meetings of Congress Party committees were forbidden, and
strict press censorship prevented news of both the Quit India
Movement’s approval by the Congress Party on August 8 and the arrests
of August 9 from being reported in the press.
Protests and reprisals
The British authorities were, however, misguided. With the leaders of the
Congress Party in jail, younger, more militant forces turned the
movement in a more incendiary direction. News of the arrests leaked out
in Bombay by the end of the day, and protests—both violent and
nonviolent—quickly spread throughout the north of the country,
particularly within the Bombay Presidency
(later Maharashtra state), Bihar, and the United
Provinces of Agra and Oudh (now in Uttar Pradesh state). Underground
presses and radio stations launched across the country, spreading word
of the mass demonstration. Nonviolent actions included marches, strikes
(many of which hit war industries), and even the creation of Indian-led
local government bodies.

The British government, particularly Secretary of State Leopold Amery in

a radio address, further fanned the flames by justifying the arrests of the
Congress leaders as a means of preventing mass violence. Amery’s
description of the movement’s disruptive tactics might have inadvertently
given voice and legitimacy to those very actions among more militant
protesters. Also partly due to the lack of Congress leaders emphasizing
nonviolence, many demonstrations turned into attacks on the British
themselves and parts of the British raj’s infrastructure. Telegraph lines
and railroads were destroyed, and hundreds of railway stations, post
offices, and police stations were burned down or damaged.

The British response to these protests was often brutal. The military,
already present in India in larger than usual numbers for the war effort,
was deployed to disperse rioters, and in a few cases airplanes were
instructed to fire their machine guns on the crowds from the air. Parts of
the United Provinces, Bihar, the North-West Frontier,
and Bengal (now West Bengal state and Bangladesh) were bombed and
strafed by pilots as the British raj resolved to crush all Indian resistance
as swiftly as possible. Thousands of people were killed or wounded, and
roughly 60,000 arrests were made in the first few months. Most of those
arrested, along with the leaders of the Congress Party, were imprisoned
for the duration of World War II to prevent further protests, although
Gandhi was released on May 6, 1944, because of his failing health.
Conclusion and repercussions
Since the Quit India Movement grew organically in a variety of locations
and, in some places, turned into local guerrilla warfare that lasted long
after its initial upsurge and suppression, it did not have a precise ending.
Protests continued to spring up for months, but had largely died down by
the end of 1942. By March 1943 the Quit India Movement was
definitively over.

While the movement failed to achieve its stated aim of gaining India’s
immediate independence from British rule, most historians argue it
should not be viewed as a complete failure. The Quit India Movement
demonstrated the willingness of ordinary Indians to take action to
advance their independence and proved to the British government the
necessity of decolonization after World War II. Global, and especially
American, sentiment after the war favored Indian independence, and the
British rulers thought it would be impossible, both logistically and in the
court of public opinion, to quell further uprisings if they occurred during
peacetime.
Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Another key outcome of the Quit India Movement was the strengthening
of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Muslim League, and their efforts to create
a Muslim-majority nation of Pakistan on the Indian subcontinent after
British decolonization. While Congress Party leaders were in jail and
membership was effectively frozen during the war, the Muslim League
grew from about 100,000 members in 1941 to over 2,000,000 in 1944.
With Congress inactive and their party members unable to run for local
political offices, the Muslim League also took control in provinces such as
Bengal and the North-West Frontier Province, which later became part of
Bangladesh and Pakistan, respectively. Furthermore, by maintaining
loyalty to the British and cooperating with them during wartime, Jinnah
earned additional goodwill and support from the colonial authorities for
the creation of a separate Muslim state. Thus, some historians consider
the 1947 partition of India to have been, in part, a consequence of the
Quit India Movement.