CAR-CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) was established on July 15, 1987 through
Executive Order No. 220 issued by President Corazon Aquino. It is the only land- locked
region n of the Philippines. The region consists of the provinces of Abra, Apayao,
Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, and Mountain Province. The regional center is the Chartered
City of Baguio, officially known as the Summer Capital of the Philippines. Its rugged
terrain and breath-taking topography have been home to the sturdy and industrious
indigenous tribes collectively called the Igorot, while its climate has bred an equally
unique culture distinct from that of the country's lowland colonized regions. It is located in
the North-Central part of Luzon and encompasses most of the areas within the Cordillera
Central Mountain range of Luzon. It bounded by Ilocos Norte and Cagayan in the North,
Pangasinan an Nueva Vizcaya in the South, Cagayan Valley in the East, and the Ilocos
Region in the West. It is the country's only land-locked region. It has mountainous
topography and dubbed as the "Watershed Cradle of North Luzon" as it hosts nine major
rivers that provide continuous water for irrigation and energy for Northern Luzon.

Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) is rich in ancient culture It is the home of the
indigenous tribe called the Igorot. The way of life c the people in this region existed way
back to ancient Filipinos before the Spanish colonization. Cordillera also has various
festivals, these include the Panagbenga or Baguio Flower Festival celebrated every February The festival highlights are
the flower exhibits, garden tours, flora competition, and parade of floats. Other festivals in the region include the Ulalim
Festival in Kalinga, Lang-ay Festival in Mountain Province Banaue Imbayah Festival, and the Tabuk Matagoan Festival.

Cordillera is one of the prime tourist destinations in the Philippines It has many spectacular scenic views and enchantingly
cool places The world-famous Banaue Rice Terraces in the province of Ifugao was considered as the "Eighth Wonder of
the World". This structure of abou 2000 to 6000 years old is a United Nations Organization for Education Science and
Culture (UNESCO) World Heritage Site. Other tourist attractions of the region include the Sumaguing Cave in Sagada and
the mummy caves in Benguet and Mt. Province. There are four National Parks in the region: Cassamata Hill; Mount
Pulag, which is the highest mountain in Luzon; Mount Data; and Balbalasang-Balbalan.

The region has been called "the most diversified ethno-linguistic region in the Philippines with the many "sub-dialect
variations" of its major languages. This diversity has been attributed to the mountainous topology of the region. However,
this did not lead to variations in "cultural development", and the majority of the people share a "similar cultural identity".

 Balangao, spoken in Natonin, Mountain Province.

 Bontoc, spoken in Bontoc, Mountain Province.
 Ibaloi, spoken in Benguet.
 Ifugao, spoken in Ifugao.
 Ilocano, spoken in Apayao, Abra, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Benguet, and Ifugao. It is the regional lingua
franca.
 Isnag, spoken in Apayao.
 Itneg, spoken in Abra.
 Kalinga, spoken in Kalinga.
 Kalanguya, spoken in some parts of Benguet.
 Kankanaey, spoken in western Mountain Province and some parts of Benguet.

Like most other regions of the Philippines, Roman Catholicism is the single largest denomination in this region, however,
a slightly lower (around 60-70% of the population) adhere to the faith, while Protestants, mostly Anglicans and
Evangelicals forming a large minority at about 20%-30% of the population. The traditional animist religions maintain a
significant presence in the region and are still practiced by the tribal people.

The Igorot cuisine don't have much to offer given the fact that the sources of food of the ancestors were limited. What they
ate were basically composed of what they hunted from the woods, what they planted on their farms, and what they fished
from the rivers. They didn't have much to experiment with. Still, they were able to concoct rare recipes.

 PiniKpikan is a meal prepared by beating a chicken with a stick to make its blood clot near the surface of its skin,
making its meat tastier. It is then smoked and served together with sayote and soup
 Pinuneg or blood sausages exclusive to the Benguet Kankanaey and is typically served when a pig was
butchered during a ritual or ceremony.
 Binungor is a Kalinga dish that is served as an appetizer or side dish and not a viand. It is made of various
vegetables found around a Kalinga household along with tenga ng daga and other wild mushrooms, and Ot-an,
that spiral shaped shell-fish you suck to get the meat inside.
 Kini-ing is a smoked or sun-dried piece of pork. The meat was sliced thinly and had a smoky flavor. It was well
done but the layer of fat was too thick compared to the portion of actual meat it had.

They are people with a complex system of beliefs, living simple lives to appease their gods. Their rituals celebrate
their daily lives - a good harvest, health, peace, war, and other symbols of living. Religious beliefs, generally nature-
related; offerings to Dios Adi kaila, Kabunyan, to anitos, or household gods. They believed that all objects had spirits
or were inhabited by such. They engage in gold mining, slash-and burn farming, and planting vegetables.

Igorot Dance/ Feast Igorots dance to heal, worship ancestors and gods, and insure positive outcomes during war,
harvests, and weather. They dance to ward off misfortune, to congregate and socialize, to mark milestones in the life,
and to express repressed feelings. Paypayto (Ifugao warriors portray birds in flight alternating with the role of
trappers) "To jump" for the Ifugao, the Paypayto dance is danced as an exhibition of skills as the dancers jump in and
out of sticks that are struck in musical syncopation. Ragragsakan (Kalinga women gather and prepare for a budong,
or peace pact.)

Igorot practices and beliefs includes:

 Salip-depicts a warrior claiming his bride by presenting her with a matrimonial blanket.
 Tachok -Festival Dance that imitates birds flying in the air
 Uyaoy / Uyauy -festival dance to attain the second level of the wealthy class
 Canao- offered for various purposes: to celebrate as a religious and as part of funeral rite and to secure
healing.
 Begnas- one week of celebration after planting and before they bless their crops and protect it from plagues
or insects.

Traditionally, social differentiation has been based on wealth. Wealthy aristocrats are known as kadangyan. The
possession of a shagabi, a large hardwood bench, secures their status symbolically. They maintain their high status
by giving feasts and by displaying their heirlooms. The less wealthy are known as they have little land. The poor,
nawatwat, have no land; most of them work as tenant farmers and servants to the kadangyan.

Ifugao have little by way of a formal political system; there are no chiefs or councils. However, there are 150 district,
each comprised of several hamlets; in the center of each district is a defining ritual rice field, the owner of which
makes all agricultural decisions for the district. Bilateral kinship obligations provide most of the political control. Social
control is a combination of kinship behavior and control by a monbaga, a legal authority whose power rests on his
wealth, knowledge of customary legal rules. Monbaga's main sanctions are death and fines.

Since Igorot or Cordilleran's reside in mountain ranges, their primary source of living is dry and wet farming of rice or
vegetables, gold mining, hunting, fishing (for those residing near Chico and Apayao River), tourism (Sagada, Banawe
Rice Terraces, Baguio City), Selling products (in baguio) such as vegetables, honey, coffee, woven cloth etc.

The people of an ató (one of the political divisions of a Bontoc village) could only tattoo when some person belonging
to that ató had taken a head. Tattoos placed at the back of their hands and wrists after their first kill. These striped
designs were called gulot, meaning "cutter of the head". Tattoos instrument were made from a piece of wood or water
buffalo (carabao) horn, three to five needles were affixed. The needles were laid on the skin and driven in with blows
of a wooder hammer at the rate of 90 to 120 taps per minute. En-fa-lok'-nět is the Bontoc word for war, but the
expression "na-ma'-ka"-take heads-is used interchangeably with it. The fawi of each ato in Bontoc has its basket
containing skulls of human heads taken by members of the ato.

Types of tattoos includes, the chak-lag', the tattooed chest of the head taker. Usually running upward from each
nipple, curving out on the shoulders and ending on the upper arms, indicated that the man hac taken a head or, as
one writer put it in 1905. The pong'-o, the tattooe arms of men and women. The fa'-těk, for all other tattoos of both
sexes Women were tattooed on the arms only.

Earrings (Ifugaos) or pendants (Kalinga, Bontoc, and Gaddang mostly made of gold, it is considered valuable and is
used as a wedding gift. Other are made of copper and silver, some places jade, shell, stone or clay, sign of the
wearer's status, symbol of pride worn by the youth o the mountain-dwelling people. The hole at the center of the
lingling- resembles to an outline of an embryo with umbilical cord which believed to signify to fertility. Amulet is
empowered and purified before wearing through a ritual that involves washing it with blood. According to the local
beliefs, lingling-o has supernatural powers that brings luc and improves the owner's fertility. It is also believed that
anitos reside in this item.

Bontoc Siwsiwan Fabric is mainly red with black, white, yellow and green accents; these pieces of cloth represent my
indigenou Igorot heritage. The fabrics are used for the men's "wanes" (bahag o g-string). The women's "lufid or getup"
(tapis or wrap- around skirt) Geometric designs are diamonds, triangles, hexagons and zigzags Representational
designs are the dancing man or woman, stars, leaves and rice paddies.

The Itneg people are known for their intricate woven fabrics The binakol is a blanket which features designs that
incorporate optica illusions. Woven fabrics of the Ga'dang people usually have bright red tones. Their weaving can
also be identified by beaded ornamentation.

Ikat, an Indonesian term which means "to bind together" and characterized by diamond stripes of white and red
stripes. Ikat or ikkat, is a style of weaving that uses a resist dyeing process similar to tie dye on either the warp or weft
before the threads are woven to create a pattern or design. Tapis is colorful hand-woven wraparound cloth exclusively
woven by the Ifugao women. Alampay is the tapis skirt worn by Ifugao women. Dominant color for Ifugao weaving is
blue and is much darker compared to the brighter colors of the Kalinga.

Ifugo anthropometric carving symbolizing an Ifugao rice god or guardian of spirits. Guardians of the Harvest signifies
fertility and sometimes believed to house spirits of ancestors usually come in pairs; It is said by some mumbaki that
the male bul-ul must be on the right side while the female one must be on the left side facing the fore of such
agricultural crops. In some occasions the bul-uls might have some adornments to its body. A male bul-ul could be
wearing a g-string piece of cloth while a female one could be wearing a tapis a piece of cloth placed around the waist.
Both have ornamental earrings and anklets.

Hagabi is a long wooden bench placed under the eaves in the stone- paved yard that surrounds the house signifies
an individual or family's wealth and prestige belonging to the rank of Cadangyan (wealthy) who can afford to perform
the "Hagabi Feast". It resembles a two goat-like ends, called guinulgulding

Kalinga textiles characterized by dominant red stripes and motif of geometric patterns as well as nature symbols
interlaced with white, yellow, and black fibers. The colors indigo and red symbolize sky and ground - the national
colours of Kalinga. The yellow portion is embroidered and depicts mountains. Yellow symbolizes wealth, as do the
embroidered plants that refer to growth and fertility. The colorful beads or "bongol" is a part of the native costume. It is
always worn during fiestas, weddings and important occasions. Ginamat- a beautiful native costume and G-string or
Bahag- worn by the men.

Kalinga Pottery have 3 types of vessels: ittoyom (rice cooking CS vessel)-taller, narrower, smaller aperture compared
to the oppaya and comes in small, medium, and large sizes. Oppaya (meat and vegetable)- larger aperture and a
squat appearance; are grouped into 4 general classes, the 4th being a larger pot than the largest class of cooking rice
pots. Imosso (water vessel)-restricted neck and coes in one size.

Kankan-ey impaod/impagod/pinnagod means "strapped" because of the type of weaving called bodily tension back
strap weaving fasten around their waist a back-strap loom with a warp of threads whose ends were attached to a post
or a tree and would begin weaving. Traditional weaving skills of the Kankana-ey women during their farming breaks.
Their main source of the colors transferred to the fibers for weaving are different plant species in their surroundings.
Traditionally weave for clothing, for ceremonial use, and forexchange. They weave decorated blankets (galey now
referred to as ules), woman's skirts (getap now called tapis) and waistband (wakes or bakget); man's loincloth/g-string
(wanes) and headcloth (bedbed). Design patterns and motifs are festive expressions in the celebration of life (the
joys, the revelry, attendant to fertility and abundance/bountiful harvest). Reverence towards their natural surroundings
and their harmonious relations with the environment.

The shield is made of a single sheet of wood but is cut so that three points project above, and two points, below.
Rattan strips are laced across the shield, serving as both ornament and reinforcement. For ornamentation, some
shields are etched with geometric lines or crude drawings of snakes, frogs, or humans. Otherwise, the shield is simply
soot-black. The spear is a wooden weapon with either a bamboo or metal blade. Other weapons are the battle ax and
knives.

Funerary Art indicate social status, the Ibalois use blankets not only in the participation of cañao ritual but also for
wrapping the body of the dead. The number of blankets used to wrap the corpse indicate the wealth of the deceased.
 Some coffins are incised with geometric designs and placed inside caves Kankanayas of Bakun sometimes carve the
shape of an animal head with horns on one end of a wooden coffin, but simple coffins belong to the poorer families.

Smoking pipes are made of wood, clay, or metal. Pipe makers may place a design on the bowl of the pipe by first
making a beeswax model. One example of a design is that of a sitting figure of a man; his knees are folded up, his
elbows resting on his knees, and his chin resting on his hands. His facial features are clearly etched.

The typical Bontoc dwelling has walls about three and a half feet high, with the front wall open in the middle. The walls
on the front and the sides are built of wood slabs but the rear is constructed with siones chinked with clay. The floor is
the earth itself often covered with hardened mud.

Isneg architectural roof are made of layer on layer of bamboo shingles that make their roofs unique.

The color preferences are distinctive among the different groups. Bontocs, Ifugaos and Kankanaysprefer blue, red
and black, Ibalois and Tinguians prefer white and Kalingas have the most colorful costumes.

PROVINCES

Abra is a landlocked province located on the western side of the Cordillera. It is

bounded by Ilocos Norte and Apayao on the north, Mountain Province and Ilocos
Sur on the south, Kalinga on the east and Ilocos Sur on the west.

It was created as a politico- militar province in 1846, prior to which it formed part
of the old Ilocos Province and later to Ilocos Sur when Ilocos was divided into
two provinces in 1818. Civil government was established in Abra on August 19,
1901, but in February 1905 it was re-annexed to Ilocos Sur. Abra remained a
sub-province for 12 years, regaining its status as a regular province only after the
passage of Act No. 2683 on

The Province of Abra has a land area of 3,975.55 sq. km. or 1.3% of the total
land area of the Philippines. It is the largest in terms of land area among the
provinces in the Cordillera. Abra's climate is characterized by two distinct
seasons. The dry season occurs from November to April and the wet season
occurs from July to November with high rainfall intensities, storms and typhoons. It has an extremely rugged terrain with
mountains and hills rising along the periphery and in the interior. Geographically, the province may be divided into two
parts, the highlands and the lowlands. The highlands are the east and northwestern portions bordering the provinces of
Ilocos Norte and Kalinga where most of the hills and mountains are located. The lowlands are the south and western
portions where most of the plains and valleys are situated completely surrounded by mountain ranges. Grasses and
shrubs are the dominant cover occupying 45.7% of the total land area of the province. These areas are formerly cultivated
and then abandoned, from the northern central portion extending to the southeastern side, closer to the southern part of
the province. Areas planted with rice, corn and other diversified crops constitute only 9.4%, while 48% is covered with
primary and secondary forest. Open/cogonal areas form 16.1% of the total land area.

To date, Abra has many tourist attractions, both explored and unexplored. Among them are: the Lady of Victory Statue,
the Bangued Cathedral and its Bell Tower, the Bani Hotspring and its living stones, the Century-old Tree in Boliney, the
Ikmin River, the Casa Real, Burokibok Mini Park, Abra Mountain Development Educational Center, Cablaan Falls of
Lamao, Susok-Narra Falls, Sisim Hotspring, Bucloc River, Bucloc Rice Terraces, Sabangan-Labo Falls, Panawidan Falls,
Mapaso Hotspring, Libtec Underground River, Libtec Crystal Cave, Lacub Catholic Church, Abra State Institute of Science
and Technology, Lusuac Dam and Lusuac Spring Resort, Nagpawayan Falls, Mt. Patong, Panaklisan Falls, Banaaw
Lake, Sto. Tomas Cave, Manabo Irrigation Tunnel, San Jose Church, Sagsagacat Spring Resort, Calm Spring, Ganuay
Cave, Brima Resort, Pidigan Old Church, An-anito Lake, Toloboy Resort, Sallapadan Centennial Tree, Nuestra Señora
Del Pilar Church, Malanas Overflow Bridge, Angalo's Footprint, Tangadan Tunnel, Abra River, Don Mariano Marcos
Bridge, Tayum Roman Catholic Church, Don Teodoro Brillantes Ancestral House, Gabriela Cariño-Silang Gallery of Fine
Arts, Holy Ghost Building, Cellophil Resources Corporation, Sibud-sibud Cave, Mainit Hotspring, Datalan Waterfalls,
Tanubong Cave, Kasaniyan-Pingeo Cave, Damanil Waterfalls, Buasao Virgin Forest, Asin Hotspring, and Kimkimay Lake.

Originally known as the Arya Abra Festival which started in 1987 under then Governor Vicente P. Valera, the Abrenian
Festival is a week- long celebration coinciding with the province's foundation anniversary held every March 5-10 in the
capital town of Bangued. It showcases the province's history and culture, through parades and cultural shows as well as
agro-industrial fairs. Other activities in the festival include karerakit, a raft-racing competition along the Abra River. The
karerakit aims to highlight the importance and optimum utilization of bamboos and the Abra River -- two of key resources
in the province. Other sports competitions related to bamboo and the river are likewise featured.n

The Province of Abra is composed of Twenty-Seven (27) Municipalities, namely: Bangued, Boliney, Bucay, Bucloc,
Daguioman, Danglas, Dolores, La Paz, Lacub, Lagangilang, Lagayan, Langiden, Licuan-Baay, Luba, Malibcong, Manabo,
Peñarrubia, Pidigan, Pilar, Sallapadan, San Isidro, San Juan, San Quintin, Tayum, Tineg, Tubo and Villaviciosa.

Apayao is located at the northernmost tip of the Luzon mainland. It is bounded on the
east by the province of Cagayan, on the west by Ilocos Norte and Abra, and on the
south by Kalinga.

It was formerly a part of the old province of Kalinga-Apayao. However, on February

14, 1995, Republic Act No. 7878 authored by Congressman Elias K. Bulut of the lone
district of Kalinga-Apayao, was passed converting the province of Kalinga-Apayao
into two separate and regular provinces: Kalinga and Apayao.

The province is almost equally mountainous/hilly (Upper Apayao and flat (Lower
Apayao) with intermittent patches of valleys and plateaus. The municipalities of
Calanasan, Conner and Kabugao are in Upper Apayao while the municipalities of
Flora, Luna, Pudtol and Sta. Marcela are located in Lower Apayao. The prevailing
climate in the province falls under Corona's Type III Classification. It is characterized by not very pronounced dry and wet
seasons, relatively dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. Heaviest rain occurs during December
to February while the month of May is the warmest.

With the province's beautiful and untapped resources, Apayao boasts of a lot of natural as well as man-made places of
interests. Among them are the following: Porag, Banna-ang and Banselan Caves and Porag Falls in Conner; Dacao Dam
in Flora; Madarang Memorial Shrine in Kabugao; Mt. Ziniladdun in Luna; the old Spanish Church, the Pudtol Dam and the
Nagan River in Pudtol; and the Sta. Marcela Dam.

The Province of Apayao is composed of Seven (7) Municipalities, namely: Calanasan, Conner, Flora, Kabugao, Luna,
Pudtol and Sta. Marcela.

Benguet is located on the southernmost part of the Cordillera Administrative

Region between 16'10" and 16'33" north latitude and 120'34" to 120'52" east
longitude. It is bounded on the north by Mountain Province, on the south by
Pangasinan, on the west by La Union and Ilocos Sur, and on the east by Nueva
Vizcaya and Ifugao.

Benguet is politically divided into 13 municipalities and 140 CS barangays with

the municipality of La Trinidad as its capital. The 13 municipalities with some
basic information are as follows.

It was formerly a sub- province of the old Mountain Province with the passage of
Act No. 1876 on August 13, 1908. It only became a separate province with the
enactment of Republic Act No. 4695 on June 18, 1966.

Generally, Benguet is a mountainous area. Rising thousands of feet above sea level is the second highest mountain in the
Philippines, Mt. Pulag, afew feet lower than Mt. Apo, located in the municipality of Kabayan. Elevation ranges from 200
meters to 2,792 meters, the highest at Mt. Pulag. The Halsema Mountain Highway, 95 kilometers of which are in Benguet,
traverses the province from south to north. The highest point of t of the Philippine Highway System, 2,256.10 meters
above sea level, is in Mt. Paoay, Atok.

Of the province's total land area of 2,616.48 square kilometers, forest land comprises 1,747.40 sq. km. (66.78%) while
alienable and disposable lands make up 869.08 sq. km. (33.22%). Classified forest land is distributed as follows:
forest/watershed reservation is 657.43 sq. km., timberland is 233.61 sq. km., national parks is 698.67 sq. km., military
reservation is 5.54 sq. km. and civil reservation is 152.15 sq. km.

Climate in the province is under the Type I climate classification by the Corona's Systems of Classification with two
distinct pronounced seasons, wet from May to October and dry during the rest of the year. The area is pleasantly cool
comparable to springtime in temperate countries. Temperature ranges from a low of 8.60 degrees Celsius during the
month of January to a high of 26 degrees Celsius during the month of April.

Benguet's tourist destinations and places of interest which are both natural and man-made, are: the Benguet Provincial
Capitol, Haight's Place, Philippine Pali, Naguey Rice Terraces, Pasdong Rice Terraces, Hal Tunnel Road along Halsema
Highway, Mt. Kabunian, Mt. Guedguedayan Elephant Mountain, Mt. Lanipew, Tres Marias Falls, Sukod Pulica- Falls,
Bedekbek Hotspring, The Ambuklao and Binga Dams, Natublen- Vegetable Gardens, Balatoc Mines, Mt. Ugo, Mt. Pulag,
The Mummie of Kabayan, Les-eng Rice Terraces, Palina Rice Terraces, La Trinida Vegetable Trading Post, Strawberry
Farms and Rose Gardens of L Trinidad, Benguet State University Lepanto Golf Course and Air Stri Subdang Waterfalis,
Hyaro Fails, the historic Kennon Road, Bridal Veil. Falls, Woodcarving Community of Asin, Asin Hot Spring, Mt. Sto.
Tomas Colorado Falls, Tokang Cave, Ambongdolan Falls, and Ambongdolar Caves.

Benguet's tourism event, Adivay, was born out of the same vision as Panagbenga. The goal was to start with a festival in
Baguio Baguio and then spread out the "festival fever" to BLIST (Baguio, La Trinidad, Itogon, Sablan, Tuba), with the
objective of strengthening tourism and increasing business and employment opportunities in BLIST. Adivay is held every
November coinciding with the province's foundation anniversary and puts focus on Benguet as a viable tourism
destination. It is an Ibaloi term for coming together and having fun.

The Province of Benguet is composed of Thirteen (13) Municipalities, namely: Atok, Bakun, Bokod, Buguias, Itogon,
Kabayan, Kapangan, Kibungan, La Trinidad (Capital), Mankayan, Sablan, Tuba & Tublay.

Ifugao is located at the foot of the Cordillera Mountain Ranges. It is bounded

on the west by Benguet, on the south by Nueva Vizcaya, on the east by
Isabela and on the north by Mt. Province. It is generally located at 120
degrees 40'17" longitude.

It is politically divided into 11 municipalities and 175 barangays with the

municipality of Lagawe as its capital.

Ifugao was formerly a part of the old Mountain Province. It was created as an
independent province on June 18, 1966 by virtue of Republic Act No. 4695,
otherwise known as the "Division Law of Mountain Province." Under this law,
Mountain Province was divided into four (4) provinces namely: Ifugao,
Kalinga- Apayao, Benguet and Mountain Province.

It has a land area total of 2,517.78 sq. km. spread over its 11 municipalities. The biggest municipality in terms of land area
is Aguinaldo with 454.51 sq. km. or 18.05% of the total provincial land area while the smallest is Hingyon with 114.56 sq.
km. or 4.55%.

The land use pattern in Ifugao consists mostly of grassland and shrubland. Agricultural land is mostly found on narrow
river valleys,plateaus and mountain side swidden (kaingin). Most cultivated areas areterraced riceland on mountain slopes
and river valleys. Of the aggregate land area, only 7.7% or 193.91 sq. km. are cultivated for agriculture while grassland
and shrubland occupy about 1,607.44 sq. km. or 63.84% of the total land area. The rest of the area are pastureland 22.45
sq. km., woodland 658.62 sq. km. and miscellaneous uses, 35.36 sq. km.

The soil types of Ifugao are clay loam, silt loam and sandy loam of different varieties. In most cases, the crops planted on
clay loam are paddy rice (terraces), coffee, vegetables, root crops and citrus.

The province is blessed with a temperate climate. It has a short dry season lasting for three months which starts from the
early part of January and lasts through late April. The wet season starts from May and ends by late December. The
hottest months are March and April while the coolest months are from November to February. Banaue, Tinoc, Hungduan
and the southern part of Kiangan are the coolest places in the province. During summer, Ifugao's temperature is
moderate. This is attributed to its geographical location and its forested areas that tend to regulate the extreme heat of the
summer sun. The extreme temperature coming from the southwest direction radiates towards the forest and in return cool
mountain breezes profusely blow towards the locality producing a favorable temperature.

The province has 45 existing and potential tourist attractions which are classified into four categories: man-made,
historical, cultural and natural spots. The man-made attractions include the Rice Terraces of Banaue, Batad, Bangaan,
Hapao, Kinga, Bacung, Nunggulunan, Mayoyao, Nagacadan and Julongan, Gohang Mummified Couple and the Magat
Dam. The historical attractions which are all located in the municipality of Kiangan are: the Kiangan War Memorial Shrine,
Ifugao Museum, the Surrender Site of General Tomoyuki Yamashita, the Million-Dollar Hill and the Apfo'or Burial Tombs.
The natural attractions include the Nah-toban and Bintacan Caves, Guihob Natural Pool, Tappiyah Waterfalls, Ambuaya
Lake, Chapah Waterfalls, Buyuccan Waterfalls, Tenogtog Waterfalls, O'phaw Mahencha Waterfalls, Tukukan Sulfur Hot
Spring, Bogya Hot Spring and Ducligan Hot Spring. The cultural attractions include the villages of Tam-an, Bocos,
Bokiawan, Pula, Cambulo, Matanglag and Nuntamangan. Added attractions for domestic as well foreign tourists are the
cultural festivals namely: Gotad ad Kiangan, Gotad ad Hingyon, Tungoh ad Hungduan, Imbayah ad Banaue, Kulpi ad
Lagawe, Tighaw ad Mayoyao, Bakle ad Nagacadan and Boklay ad Asipulo. For mountain climbing and/or trekking, the
province can boast of several mountains to venture to and conquer, like Mt. Amuyao, Mt. Napulawan, Mt. Anapawon and
Mt. Nagchayan, to name a few.

The Province of Ifugao is composed of Eleven (11) Municipalities, namely: Aguinaldo, Lista, Asipulo, Banaue, Hingyon,
Hungduan, Kiangan, Legawe, iamet, Mayoyao and Tinoc.

Kalinga is a landlocked province lying on the central part of the Cordillera

Administrative Region. It is bounded on the north by the province of Apayao,
on the east by Cagayan and Isabela, on the west by Abra and on the south by
Mt. Province.

Kalinga is politically divided into 7 municipalities, 1 component city and 152

barangays with the City of Tabuk as its capital. The 7 municipalities and the
lone component city and some basic information are as follows.

It was formerly a part of the old province of Kalinga-Apayad However, on

February 14, 1995, Republic Act No. 7878 authored b Congressman Elias K.
Bulut of the lone district of Kalinga-Apayao, wa passed converting the
province of Kalinga-Apayao into two separate and regular provinces: Kalinga
and Apayao.

The province's geographic feature is characterized on the western portion by sharp-crested interlinking peaks of steep
slopes, isolated flat lands, plateaus and valleys. The eastern portion is generally rolling t gradually sloping foothills, with
interlocking wide tracks of flat lands and flood plains along its main drainage system.

Kalinga has a total land area of 3,071 sq. km. having a topography that is generally rugged and sloping, with mountain
peaks ranging from 1,500 meters to 2,500 meters in height.

The province enjoys average temperatures ranging from 170 to 22'C and Type III weather patterns. The dry season
extends from November to April. The rest of the year is rainy. The heaviest rains usually occur in the months of July and
October.

Some of the places in the area which are most likely to be see or cited by visitors are the following: Sleeping Beauty
Tinglayan Kabunyan Natural Dam and Pasil River - Pasil; Preserved Tributary Falls and Forest, and Saltan River
Balbalan; Capitol Provincial Park and Chico River - Tabuk; Biggest Acacia Tree Pinukpuk. The Pasil, Saltan and Chico
Rivers are the premier whitewater rafting places in the region if not in the nation. For whitewater rafting trips, these rivers
not only offers rapid-fire excitement but also a glimpse of the cultural history of the Kalinga people.

The Ullalim Festival is celebrated every 15th of February. This is acceltural festival where ali guests and visitors are
treated to an ethnic presentation of major Kalinga cultural practices, songs and dances. All eight municipalities of the
Province of Kalinga regularly participate in this event.

The Province of Kalinga is composed of Seven (7) Municipalities and One (1) Component City, namely: Balbalan,
Lubuagan, Pasil, Pinukpuk, Rizal, City of Tabuk (Capital), Tanudan and Tinglayan.

Mt. Province is situated centrally in the Cordilleras, Mt. Province is bounded on the north by Kalinga, on the south by
Ifugao, southwest by Benguet and on the west by Abra and Ilocos Sur. It
is accessible from Ifugao through the Banaue-Bontoc Road, Ilocos Sur
through the Tagudin- Cervantes-Tadian Road, Kalinga through the
Lubuagan-Bontoc Road and Baguio through the scenic Halsema
Highway famously known as Mountain Trail.

Mt. Province is politically divided into 10 municipalities and 144

barangays with the municipality of Bontoc as its capital.
The former Mt. Province was created in 1908 with seven sub- provinces, namely: Benguet, Bontoc, Ifugao, Lepanto,
Amburayan, Kalinga and Apayao. Later, Amburayan and Lepanto were incorporated by the sub-province of Benguet and
Bontoc respectively leaving the five sub-provinces known as BIBAK.

Mt. Province became an independent province on March 25, 1967 when President Ferdinand E. Marcos officially
appointed and inducted into office the first provincial board.

On April 7, 1967, the new Mt. Province came into operation. This date was unanimously adopted as the Mt. Province Day
by the provincial board in its regular meeting held on June 10, 1980.

The topography of Mountain Province is rough characterized by very steep slopes and deep ravines. Small patches of
gentle stones may be found along river banks, narrow valleys and tops of ridges. Elevation ranges from 500 meters at
Saclit, Sadanga to as high as 2,714 meters to the top of Mt. Kalawitan in Sabangan.

The province has two general types of climate. The western portion is under Type I with two pronounced seasons; dry
from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. The eastern portion is under Type III with season not very
pronounced: relatively dry from November to April and wet for the rest of the year.

Just like other provinces in the Cordillera, Mt. Province is also blessed with many natural sceneries, terraces and other
tourist attractions. Its places of interests are: Rizal Memorial Plaza, Bontoc Village Museum, Mornang Lingoy Hot Spring,
Mainit Hot Spring, The famous caves of Sagada (Matangkib, Sugong, Sumaguing, Ganga and Angoten), Sagada Hanging
Coffins, Alab lab Petroglyph, Lake Danum, Lake Dananao, Inodey Waterfalls, Chico River Panoramic View, Bontoc
Panoramic View, Mt. Data Hotel, Gueday Stone Calendar, Sagada Weaving, Masferre Photographs and the Enchanted
Eels of Cagubatan in Tadian.

Lang-ay Festival is a wine and cultural festival to celebrate the Mt. Province Foundation Day. It is a week-long activity
culminating on the 7th of April, the Mt. Province Day. Among the activities are cultural street dancing, cultural
presentations, exhibits and an agro-industrial fair. Mt. Province is composed of Ten (10) Municipalities, namely: Barlig,
Bauko, Besao, Bontoc, Natonin, Paracelis, Sabangan, Sadanga. Sagada and Tadian.