Chemistry 219 Article

Jermaine Sorell
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY_219_ARTICLE
Acadia (French: Acadie) was a colony of New France in northeastern North America which
included parts of what are now the Maritime provinces, the Gaspé Peninsula and Maine to
the Kennebec River.The population of Acadia included the various indigenous First Nations
that comprised the Wabanaki Confederacy, the Acadian people and other French
settlers.The first capital of Acadia was established in 1605 as Port-Royal.Soon after, English
forces of Captain Argall, an English ship's captain employed by the Virginia Company of
London attacked and burned down the fortified habitation in 1613.A new centre for Port-
Royal was established nearby, and it remained the longest-serving capital of French Acadia
until the British siege of Port Royal in 1710.There were six colonial wars in a 74-year period
in which British interests tried to capture Acadia, starting with King William's War in
1689.French troops from Quebec, Acadians, the Wabanaki Confederacy, and French priests
continually raided New England settlements along the border in Maine during these
wars.Acadia was conquered in 1710 during Queen Anne's War, while New Brunswick and
much of Maine remained contested territory.Prince Edward Island (Île Saint-Jean) and Cape
Breton (Île Royale) remained under French control, as agreed under Article XIII of the
Treaty of Utrecht.The English took control of Maine by defeating the Wabanaki Confederacy
and the French priests during Father Rale's War.During King George's War, France and New
France made significant attempts to regain mainland Nova Scotia.The British took New
Brunswick in Father Le Loutre's War, and they took Île Royale and Île Saint-Jean in 1758
following the French and Indian War.The territory was eventually divided into British
colonies.The term Acadia today refers to regions of North America that are historically
associated with the lands, descendants, or culture of the former region.It particularly refers
to regions of the Maritimes with Acadian roots, language, and culture, primarily in New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the Magdalen Islands and Prince Edward Island, as well as in
Maine."Acadia" can also refer to the Acadian diaspora in southern Louisiana, a region also
referred to as Acadiana since the early 1960s.In the abstract, Acadia refers to the existence
of an Acadian culture in any of these regions.People living in Acadia are called Acadians,
which in Louisiana changed to Cajuns, the more common, rural American, name of
Acadians.== Etymology ==
Explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano is credited for originating the designation Acadia on his
16th-century map, where he applied the ancient Greek name "Arcadia" to the entire Atlantic
coast north of Virginia."Arcadia" is derived from the Arcadia district in Greece, which had
the extended meanings of "refuge" or "idyllic place".Henry IV of France chartered a colony
south of the St. Lawrence River between the 40th and 46th parallels in 1603, and he
recognized it as La Cadie.Samuel de Champlain fixed its present orthography with the r
omitted, and cartographer William Francis Ganong has shown its gradual progress
northeastwards to its resting place in the Atlantic provinces of Canada.As an alternative
theory, some historians suggest that the name is derived from the indigenous Canadian
Miꞌkmaq language, in which Cadie means "fertile land".== Territory ==
During much of the 17th and early 18th centuries, Norridgewock on the Kennebec River and
Castine at the end of the Penobscot River were the southernmost settlements of Acadia.The
French government defined the borders of Acadia as roughly between the 40th and 46th
parallels on the Atlantic coast.The borders of French Acadia were not clearly defined, but
the following areas were at some time part of French Acadia :

Present-day mainland Nova Scotia, with Port Royal as its capital.Lost to Great Britain in
1713.Present-day New Brunswick, which remained part of Nova Scotia until becoming its
own colony in 1785.Lost to Great Britain in 1763.Île-Royale, later Cape Breton Island, with
the Fortress of Louisbourg.Lost to Great Britain in 1763.Île Saint-Jean, later Prince Edward
Island.Lost to Great Britain in 1763.The part of present-day Maine east of the Kennebec
River.Lost to Great Britain in 1763.== History ==
=== 17th century ===
The history of Acadia was significantly influenced by the great power conflict between
France and England, later Great Britain, that occurred in the 17th and 18th century.Prior to
the arrival of Europeans, the Mi'kmaq had been living in Acadia for at least two to three
thousand years.Early European settlers were French subjects primarily from the Poitou-
Charentes and Aquitaine regions of southwestern France, now known as Nouvelle-
Aquitaine.The first French settlement was established by Pierre Dugua de Mons, Governor
of Acadia, under the authority of the French King, Henri IV, on Saint Croix Island in
1604.The following year, the settlement was moved across the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal
after a difficult winter on the island and deaths from scurvy.There, they constructed a new
habitation.In 1607, the colony received bad news as Henri IV revoked Sieur de Mons' royal
fur monopoly, citing that the income was insufficient to justify supplying the colony
further.Thus recalled, the last of the French left Port Royal in August 1607.Their allies, the
Mi'kmaq, agreed to act as custodians of the settlement.When the former lieutenant
governor, Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just, returned in 1610, he found the

Port Royal habitation just as it was left.During the first 80 years of the French presence in
Acadia, there were numerous significant battles as the English, Scottish, and Dutch
contested the French for possession of the colony.

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Jermaine Sorell

the extended meanings of "refuge" or "idyllic place".Henry IV of France chartered a colony

recognized it as La Cadie.Samuel de Champlain fixed its present orthography with the r

northeastwards to its resting place in the Atlantic provinces of Canada.As an alternative

Miꞌkmaq language, in which Cadie means "fertile land".== Territory ==

the following areas were at some time part of French Acadia :

River.Lost to Great Britain in 1763.== History ==

=== 17th century ===

Charentes and Aquitaine regions of southwestern France, now known as Nouvelle-

Mi'kmaq, agreed to act as custodians of the settlement.When the former lieutenant

governor, Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just, returned in 1610, he found the

contested the French for possession of the colony.

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