Module Stat 1

7
Mathematics
Quarter 4
Statistics and Probability

We are embodied with facts and figures. We can encounter lots of statistics on television, school,
radios, newspapers and advertisements. The word statistics may mean different things to
different people.
Statistics- is a scientific body of knowledge which deals with the collection, organization and
analysis of data.
Collection- refers to the gathering of information or data
Organization or Presentation- involves summarizing data in graphical, tabular or textual forms
Analysis- involves describing the data using statistical methods and procedures
Interpretation- refers to the process of making conclusions based on the presented data.
Importance of Statistics
Why do we need to study statistics? What are the uses of statistics in our daily lives?
• The study of statistics is important because society frequently organizes and expresses data
numerically. We are exposed to statistics everyday from weather predictions, newspaper ads,
election results, surveys, etc.
• Statistics is used in business to observe patterns and behaviors of sales, forecast trends and
project future economic activity. It is also used in the areas of finance marketing, production,
promotion and advertising.
• In medicine, statistics is used to evaluate the effectiveness of newly-formulated medicines. It is
used to determine the effects of certain treatments to human behavior..
• In school, statistics is used to determine the effectiveness of teaching strategy through analysis
of test scores of students. It is also used to identify enrolment figures, rate of absenteeism of
students, IQ scores of students results of standardized test and many more.
• In government, statistics is used to assess the opinions and preference of the public on issues or
even on candidates during election
Branches of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics - is concerned with the collection, organization, and presentation of data
in a form that everyone can understand. Used to summarize some important features of a set a
data.
2. Inferential Statistics- in the other hand is concerned with the formulation of conclusions or
generalization about a population based on the information, contained in a sample drawn from
the population.
Common Terms in Statistics
Population- refers to the complete set of individuals, objects, places or event under study.
Sample- the small portion or part of a population. It is the subgroup, subset or the representative
of a population.
Parameter- numerical value that describes the characteristics of a population.
Data- are facts or a set information or observation under study. Data are gathered from a
population or from a sample. Data may be classified as quantitative or qualitative.
Statistics- is an estimate of a parameter. It is numerical value that describes the characteristics of
a sample.
Qualitative Data- are data which can assume values that manifest the concept of attributes.
Quantitative Data- are data which are numerical in nature.
Variable- is a quantity which may take on different values
Discrete Variable - is a variable whose values are obtained through the process of counting
Continuous Variable- is a variable that does not fall under the category of discrete.
Constant- is a quantity which does not vary or is fixed. It is a property or characteristics of a
population which makes the members of the group similar to each other.
Levels of Measurement
There are four levels of measurement used to classify data, namely:
1. Nominal
It is characterized by data consisting of names, labels or categories as nominal means
“name only”. The data in nominal level cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme.
Examples: Occupation, Religion, Race, Marital status, Yes or No response
2. Ordinal
It is characterized by data that may be arranged in some order but the difference between
the data is either meaningless or cannot be determined.
Examples: Economic status, Rank: 1st, 2nd, 3rd…, letter grades

3. Interval
It is characterized by data that may be arranged in order and the intervals between the
data can be determined. Data in this level do not have starting point. The “zero point” in
an interval scale is arbitrary and negative values are considered.
Variables measured at the interval level are called “interval variables” or “scaled
variables” since they have units of measurement.
Examples: Temperature: Fahrenheit and Celsius scale(as 0 degree does not mean absence
of temperature.
4. Ratio
Data in this level possess all of the characteristics of the interval level with an addition of
a true zero point. Most measurements are classified in this level.
Examples: distance, mass, length, time
 Data at the nominal and ordinal level should not be used in calculations.
Activity 1. Identify the following items and write your answer on the blank.
______1. Gathering information or data
______2. Describing data using statistical methods and procedures
______3. The process of making conclusions based on the presented data
_______4. The formulation of conclusions or generalizations about a population based on the
information contained in a sample.
_______5. An estimate of a parameter.
_______6. A numeric value that describes the characteristics of a population
_______7. The small portion or part of a population.
_______8. Data which are numerical in nature
_______9. Values obtained through the process of counting.
_______10. A quantity which may take on different values.

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Statistics and Probability

Examples: Occupation, Religion, Race, Marital status, Yes or No response

Examples: Economic status, Rank: 1st, 2nd, 3rd…, letter grades

Examples: distance, mass, length, time

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