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    The Structure of The Atom

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    brentlouisericamora

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    The Structure of The Atom

    Uploaded by

    brentlouisericamora
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    The Structure of the Atom

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    2 views12 pages

    The Structure of The Atom

    Uploaded by

    brentlouisericamora

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Atomic Structure

    The Structure of the Atom


    v Atoms are the simplest particle of an element that retains all
    the properties of that element.
    • Three sub-atomic particles:
    s electrons = "-" negative charge
    s protons = "+" positive charge
    s neutrons = neutral (a charge of zero)

    • Protons and neutrons are always in the center of atom


    (the nucleus).
    • The electrons are found whizzing around the nucleus in
    areas called orbitals.
    The Electrons
    v Electrons were discovered by Joseph John Thomson in 1897
    • He sealed the gases in glass tubes with metal disks called
    electrodes in each end which are connected to a high voltage
    source of electricity.
    • A glowing beam (cathode ray) formed and travels from cathode
    to the anode.
    s The cathode ray was attracted to the metal plate that carry a
    positive electrical charge and repelled by the metal plate
    carrying a negatively charge.
    The Electrons
    v The Millikan Oil Drop Experiment was designed to obtain
    the charge of an electron which would then allow for the
    calculation of the electron’s mass.
    • Robert A. Millikan of the
    University of Chicago used
    droplets of oil for the suspension
    measurement.
    • The electron has a very small
    mass.
    The Electrons
    v Negatively charged high energy particles with negligible
    mass of 9.10938215 x10-28 g.
    v Travel at very high speeds at various distances (energy
    levels) from the nucleus
    v Electrons in the same energy level are approximately the
    same distance from the nucleus
    v Outer energy levels have more energy than inner levels
    v The currently accepted most accurate value for the
    electron’s charge in coulombs is 1.602176487 x10-19 C or
    simply, -1.
    The Nucleus
    v The nucleus is a dense central core within the atom
    • It consists of positive charged
    protons and neutral neutrons
    • According to Rutherford, most of
    the mass of the atom and all its
    positive charge reside in a very
    small, extremely dense region which
    he called the NUCLEUS.
    The Protons
    v Protons were discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1919, when
    studying the nature of radioactivity.
    • The positively charged particles in the
    nucleus has a mass of 1.672621637 x 10-24
    g, which is about 1800 times the mass of
    an electron.
    • The charge is 1.602176487 x10-19 C
    (represented by +1), equal in size, but
    opposite in sign, to the charge on an
    electron.
    The Neutrons
    v The neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick (1932)
    • They are electrically neutral particles in the nucleus of an
    atom with no charge and a mass of 1.674927211 x10-24 g,
    nearly the same as the mass of a proton.
    • The number of neutrons varies slightly among atoms of
    the same element.
    The Structure of the Atom
    • Sub-atomic particles
    Atom

    Electrons
    Nucleus
    (-charge)

    Protons Neutrons
    (+charge) (no charge)
    Ions
    v An ion is an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or
    negative charge.
    v During a chemical reaction, the number of positively charged
    protons in the nucleus of an atom remains the same but negatively
    charged electrons may be lost or gained.
    v Cation is a positively charged ion and formed when the neutral
    atom loses one or more electrons.
    • Example: Magnesium atom can readily lose 2 electrons to
    become Magnesium ion (Mg+2)
    Mg atom: 12 electrons Mg+2 ion: 10 electrons
    12 protons 12 protons
    Ions
    v Anion is a negatively charged ion and formed when the neutral
    atom gains electrons
    • Example: Oxygen atom can gain 2 electrons to become Oxygen
    ion (O-2)
    O atom: 8 electrons O-2 ion: 10 electrons
    8 protons 8 protons
    v With very few exceptions, metals tend to lose electrons and form
    cations and nonmetals gain the electrons and form anions.
    • Mg - 2e Mg+2 OR Mg Mg+2 + 2e
    • O + 2e O-2 OR O O-2 - 2e

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