R for MATLAB users – Mathesaurus 3/30/14 11:48 PM

R for MATLAB users

Help
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
help.start() doc Browse help interactively
help -i % browse with Info
help() help help or doc doc Help on using help
help(plot) or ?plot help plot Help for a function
help(package='splines') help splines or doc splines Help for a toolbox/library package
demo() demo Demonstration examples
example(plot) Example using a function

Searching available documentation

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
help.search('plot') lookfor plot Search help files
apropos('plot') Find objects by partial name
library() help List available packages
find(plot) which plot Locate functions
methods(plot) List available methods for a
function

Using interactively
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
Rgui octave -q Start session
source('foo.R') foo(.m) Run code from file
history() history Command history
savehistory(file=".Rhistory") diary on [..] diary off Save command history
q(save='no') exit or quit End session

Operators
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
help(Syntax) help - Help on operator syntax

Arithmetic operators

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R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description

a<-1; b<-2 a=1; b=2; Assignment; defining a number

a + b a + b Addition
a - b a - b Subtraction
a * b a * b Multiplication
a / b a / b Division
a ^ b a .^ b Power, $a^b$
a %% b rem(a,b) Remainder
a %/% b Integer division
factorial(a) factorial(a) Factorial, $n!$

Relational operators
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
a == b a == b Equal
a < b a < b Less than
a > b a > b Greater than
a <= b a <= b Less than or equal
a >= b a >= b Greater than or equal
a != b a ~= b Not Equal

Logical operators
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
a && b a && b Short-circuit logical AND
a || b a || b Short-circuit logical OR
a & b a & b or and(a,b) Element-wise logical AND
a | b a | b or or(a,b) Element-wise logical OR
xor(a, b) xor(a, b) Logical EXCLUSIVE OR
!a ~a or not(a) Logical NOT
~a or !a
any(a) True if any element is nonzero
all(a) True if all elements are nonzero

root and logarithm

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
sqrt(a) sqrt(a) Square root
log(a) log(a) Logarithm, base $e$ (natural)
log10(a) log10(a) Logarithm, base 10

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log2(a) log2(a) Logarithm, base 2 (binary)

exp(a) exp(a) Exponential function

Round off
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
round(a) round(a) Round
ceil(a) ceil(a) Round up
floor(a) floor(a) Round down
fix(a) Round towards zero

Mathematical constants
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
pi pi $\pi=3.141592$
exp(1) exp(1) $e=2.718281$

Missing values; IEEE-754 floating point status flags

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
NaN Not a Number
Inf Infinity, $\infty$

Complex numbers
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
1i i Imaginary unit
z <- 3+4i z = 3+4i A complex number, $3+4i$
abs(3+4i) or Mod(3+4i) abs(z) Absolute value (modulus)
Re(3+4i) real(z) Real part
Im(3+4i) imag(z) Imaginary part
Arg(3+4i) arg(z) Argument
Conj(3+4i) conj(z) Complex conjugate

Trigonometry
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
atan2(b,a) atan(a,b) Arctangent, $\arctan(b/a)$

Generate random numbers

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R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description

runif(10) rand(1,10) Uniform distribution

runif(10, min=2, max=7) 2+5*rand(1,10) Uniform: Numbers between 2 and 7
matrix(runif(36),6) rand(6) Uniform: 6,6 array
rnorm(10) randn(1,10) Normal distribution

Vectors
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
a <- c(2,3,4,5) a=[2 3 4 5]; Row vector, $1 \times n$-matrix
adash <- t(c(2,3,4,5)) adash=[2 3 4 5]'; Column vector, $m \times 1$-
matrix

Sequences
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
seq(10) or 1:10 1:10 1,2,3, ... ,10
seq(0,length=10) 0:9 0.0,1.0,2.0, ... ,9.0
seq(1,10,by=3) 1:3:10 1,4,7,10
seq(10,1) or 10:1 10:-1:1 10,9,8, ... ,1
seq(from=10,to=1,by=-3) 10:-3:1 10,7,4,1
seq(1,10,length=7) linspace(1,10,7) Linearly spaced vector of n=7
points
rev(a) reverse(a) Reverse
a(:) = 3 Set all values to same scalar value

Concatenation (vectors)
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
c(a,a) [a a] Concatenate two vectors
c(1:4,a) [1:4 a]

Repeating
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
rep(a,times=2) [a a] 1 2 3, 1 2 3
rep(a,each=3) 1 1 1, 2 2 2, 3 3 3
rep(a,a) 1, 2 2, 3 3 3

Miss those elements out

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R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description

a[-1] a(2:end) miss the first element

a[-10] a([1:9]) miss the tenth element

a[-seq(1,50,3)] miss 1,4,7, ...
a(end) last element
a(end-1:end) last two elements

Maximum and minimum

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
pmax(a,b) max(a,b) pairwise max
max(a,b) max([a b]) max of all values in two vectors
v <- max(a) ; i <- which.max(a) [v,i] = max(a)

Vector multiplication
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
a*a a.*a Multiply two vectors
dot(u,v) Vector dot product, $u \cdot v$

Matrices
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
rbind(c(2,3),c(4,5)) a = [2 3;4 5] Define a matrix
array(c(2,3,4,5), dim=c(2,2))

Concatenation (matrices); rbind and cbind

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
rbind(a,b) [a ; b] Bind rows
cbind(a,b) [a , b] Bind columns
[a(:), b(:)] Concatenate matrices into one
vector
rbind(1:4,1:4) [1:4 ; 1:4] Bind rows (from vectors)
cbind(1:4,1:4) [1:4 ; 1:4]' Bind columns (from vectors)

Array creation
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
matrix(0,3,5) or array(0,c(3,5)) zeros(3,5) 0 filled array
matrix(1,3,5) or array(1,c(3,5)) ones(3,5) 1 filled array

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matrix(9,3,5) or array(9,c(3,5)) ones(3,5)*9 Any number filled array

diag(1,3) eye(3) Identity matrix

diag(c(4,5,6)) diag([4 5 6]) Diagonal

magic(3) Magic squares; Lo Shu

Reshape and flatten matrices

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
matrix(1:6,nrow=3,byrow=T) reshape(1:6,3,2)'; Reshaping (rows first)
matrix(1:6,nrow=2) reshape(1:6,2,3); Reshaping (columns first)
array(1:6,c(2,3))
as.vector(t(a)) a'(:) Flatten to vector (by rows, like
comics)
as.vector(a) a(:) Flatten to vector (by columns)
a[row(a) <= col(a)] vech(a) Flatten upper triangle (by
columns)

Shared data (slicing)

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
b = a b = a Copy of a

Indexing and accessing elements (Python: slicing)

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
a <- rbind(c(11, 12, 13, 14), a = [ 11 12 13 14 ... Input is a 3,4 array
c(21, 22, 23, 24), 21 22 23 24 ...
c(31, 32, 33, 34)) 31 32 33 34 ]
a[2,3] a(2,3) Element 2,3 (row,col)
a[1,] a(1,:) First row
a[,1] a(:,1) First column
a([1 3],[1 4]); Array as indices
a[-1,] a(2:end,:) All, except first row
a(end-1:end,:) Last two rows
a(1:2:end,:) Strides: Every other row
a[-2,-3] All, except row,column (2,3)
a[,-2] a(:,[1 3 4]) Remove one column

Assignment

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R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description

a[,1] <- 99 a(:,1) = 99
a[,1] <- c(99,98,97) a(:,1) = [99 98 97]'
a[a>90] <- 90 a(a>90) = 90; Clipping: Replace all elements over
90

Transpose and inverse

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
t(a) a' Transpose
a.' or transpose(a) Non-conjugate transpose
det(a) det(a) Determinant
solve(a) inv(a) Inverse
ginv(a) pinv(a) Pseudo-inverse
norm(a) Norms
eigen(a)$values eig(a) Eigenvalues
svd(a)$d svd(a) Singular values
chol(a) Cholesky factorization
eigen(a)$vectors [v,l] = eig(a) Eigenvectors
rank(a) rank(a) Rank

Sum
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
apply(a,2,sum) sum(a) Sum of each column
apply(a,1,sum) sum(a') Sum of each row
sum(a) sum(sum(a)) Sum of all elements
apply(a,2,cumsum) cumsum(a) Cumulative sum (columns)

Sorting
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
a = [ 4 3 2 ; 2 8 6 ; 1 4 7 ] Example data
t(sort(a)) sort(a(:)) Flat and sorted
apply(a,2,sort) sort(a) Sort each column
t(apply(a,1,sort)) sort(a')' Sort each row
sortrows(a,1) Sort rows (by first row)
order(a) Sort, return indices

Maximum and minimum

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R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description

apply(a,2,max) max(a) max in each column

apply(a,1,max) max(a') max in each row
max(a) max(max(a)) max in array
i <- apply(a,1,which.max) [v i] = max(a) return indices, i
pmax(b,c) max(b,c) pairwise max
apply(a,2,cummax) cummax(a)

Matrix manipulation
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
a[,4:1] fliplr(a) Flip left-right
a[3:1,] flipud(a) Flip up-down
rot90(a) Rotate 90 degrees
kronecker(matrix(1,2,3),a) repmat(a,2,3) Repeat matrix: [ a a a ; a a a ]
kron(ones(2,3),a)
a[lower.tri(a)] <- 0 triu(a) Triangular, upper
a[upper.tri(a)] <- 0 tril(a) Triangular, lower

Equivalents to "size"
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
dim(a) size(a) Matrix dimensions
ncol(a) size(a,2) or length(a) Number of columns
prod(dim(a)) length(a(:)) Number of elements
ndims(a) Number of dimensions
object.size(a) Number of bytes used in memory

Matrix- and elementwise- multiplication

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
a * b a .* b Elementwise operations
a %*% b a * b Matrix product (dot product)
outer(a,b) or a %o% b Outer product
crossprod(a,b) or t(a) %*% b Cross product
kronecker(a,b) kron(a,b) Kronecker product
a / b Matrix division, $b{\cdot}a^{-1}$
solve(a,b) a \ b Left matrix division, $b^{-1}
{\cdot}a$ \newline (solve linear
equations)

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Find; conditional indexing

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
which(a != 0) find(a) Non-zero elements, indices
which(a != 0, arr.ind=T) [i j] = find(a) Non-zero elements, array indices
ij <- which(a != 0, arr.ind=T); [i j v] = find(a) Vector of non-zero values
v <- a[ij]
which(a>5.5) find(a>5.5) Condition, indices
ij <- which(a>5.5, arr.ind=T); v Return values
<- a[ij]
a .* (a>5.5) Zero out elements above 5.5

Multi-way arrays
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
a = cat(3, [1 2; 1 2],[3 4; 3 Define a 3-way array
4]);
a(1,:,:)

File input and output

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
f <- read.table("data.txt") f = load('data.txt') Reading from a file (2d)
f <- read.table("data.txt") f = load('data.txt') Reading from a file (2d)
f <- read.table(file="data.csv", x = dlmread('data.csv', ';') Reading fram a CSV file (2d)
sep=";")
write(f,file="data.txt") save -ascii data.txt f Writing to a file (2d)

Plotting

Basic x-y plots

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
plot(a, type="l") plot(a) 1d line plot
plot(x[,1],x[,2]) plot(x(:,1),x(:,2),'o') 2d scatter plot
plot(x1,y1, x2,y2) Two graphs in one plot
plot(x1,y1) plot(x1,y1) Overplotting: Add new plots to
matplot(x2,y2,add=T) hold on current
plot(x2,y2)
subplot(211) subplots
plot(x,y,type="b",col="red") plot(x,y,'ro-') Plotting symbols and color

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Axes and titles

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
grid() grid on Turn on grid lines
plot(c(1:10,10:1), asp=1) axis equal 1:1 aspect ratio
axis('equal')
replot
plot(x,y, xlim=c(0,10), axis([ 0 10 0 5 ]) Set axes manually
ylim=c(0,5))
plot(1:10, main="title", title('title') Axis labels and titles
xlab="x-axis", ylab="y-axis") xlabel('x-axis')
ylabel('y-axis')

Log plots
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
plot(x,y, log="y") semilogy(a) logarithmic y-axis
plot(x,y, log="x") semilogx(a) logarithmic x-axis
plot(x,y, log="xy") loglog(a) logarithmic x and y axes

Filled plots and bar plots

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
plot(t,s, type="n", xlab="", fill(t,s,'b', t,c,'g') Filled plot
ylab="") % fill has a bug?
polygon(t,s, col="lightblue")
polygon(t,c, col="lightgreen")
stem(x[,3]) Stem-and-Leaf plot

Functions
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
f <- function(x) sin(x/3) - f = inline('sin(x/3) - cos(x/5)') Defining functions
cos(x/5)
plot(f, xlim=c(0,40), type='p') ezplot(f,[0,40]) Plot a function for given range
fplot('sin(x/3) - cos(x/5)',
[0,40])
% no ezplot

Polar plots
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
theta = 0:.001:2*pi;

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r = sin(2*theta);
polar(theta, rho)

Histogram plots
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
hist(rnorm(1000)) hist(randn(1000,1))
hist(rnorm(1000), breaks= -4:4) hist(randn(1000,1), -4:4)
hist(rnorm(1000),
breaks=c(seq(-5,0,0.25),
seq(0.5,5,0.5)), freq=F)
plot(apply(a,1,sort),type="l") plot(sort(a))

3d data

Contour and image plots

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
contour(z) contour(z) Contour plot
filled.contour(x,y,z, contourf(z); colormap(gray) Filled contour plot
nlevels=7, color=gray.colors)
image(z, col=gray.colors(256)) image(z) Plot image data
colormap(gray)
quiver() Direction field vectors

Perspective plots of surfaces over the x-y plane

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
f <- function(x,y) x*exp(-x^2- n=-2:.1:2;
y^2) [x,y] = meshgrid(n,n);
n <- seq(-2,2, length=40) z=x.*exp(-x.^2-y.^2);
z <- outer(n,n,f)
persp(x,y,z, mesh(z) Mesh plot
theta=30, phi=30, expand=0.6,
ticktype='detailed')
persp(x,y,z, surf(x,y,z) or surfl(x,y,z) Surface plot
theta=30, phi=30, expand=0.6, % no surfl()
col='lightblue', shade=0.75,
ltheta=120,
ticktype='detailed')

Scatter (cloud) plots

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R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description

cloud(z~x*y) plot3(x,y,z,'k+') 3d scatter plot

Save plot to a graphics file

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
postscript(file="foo.eps") plot(1:10) PostScript
plot(1:10) print -depsc2 foo.eps
dev.off() gset output "foo.eps"
gset terminal postscript eps
plot(1:10)
pdf(file='foo.pdf') PDF
devSVG(file='foo.svg') SVG (vector graphics for www)
png(filename = "Rplot%03d.png" print -dpng foo.png PNG (raster graphics)

Data analysis

Set membership operators

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
a <- c(1,2,2,5,2) a = [ 1 2 2 5 2 ]; Create sets
b <- c(2,3,4) b = [ 2 3 4 ];
unique(a) unique(a) Set unique
union(a,b) union(a,b) Set union
intersect(a,b) intersect(a,b) Set intersection
setdiff(a,b) setdiff(a,b) Set difference
setdiff(union(a,b),intersect(a,b)) setxor(a,b) Set exclusion
is.element(2,a) or 2 %in% a ismember(2,a) True for set member

Statistics
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
apply(a,2,mean) mean(a) Average
apply(a,2,median) median(a) Median
apply(a,2,sd) std(a) Standard deviation
apply(a,2,var) var(a) Variance
cor(x,y) corr(x,y) Correlation coefficient
cov(x,y) cov(x,y) Covariance

Interpolation and regression

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R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description

z <- lm(y~x) z = polyval(polyfit(x,y,1),x) Straight line fit
plot(x,y) plot(x,y,'o', x,z ,'-')
abline(z)

solve(a,b) a = x\y Linear least squares $y = ax + b$

polyfit(x,y,3) Polynomial fit

Non-linear methods

Polynomials, root finding

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
polyroot(c(1,-1,-1)) roots([1 -1 -1]) Find zeros of polynomial
f = inline('1/x - (x-1)') Find a zero near $x = 1$
fzero(f,1)
solve('1/x = x-1') Solve symbolic equations
polyval([1 2 1 2],1:10) Evaluate polynomial

Differential equations
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
diff(a) Discrete difference function and
approximate derivative
Solve differential equations

Fourier analysis
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
fft(a) fft(a) Fast fourier transform
fft(a, inverse=TRUE) ifft(a) Inverse fourier transform

Symbolic algebra; calculus

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
factor() Factorization

Programming
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
.R .m Script file extension
# % Comment symbol (rest of line)

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% or #
library(RSvgDevice) % must be in MATLABPATH Import library functions
% must be in LOADPATH

string <- "a <- 234" string='a=234'; Eval

eval(parse(text=string)) eval(string)

Loops
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
for(i in 1:5) print(i) for i=1:5; disp(i); end for-statement
for(i in 1:5) { for i=1:5 Multiline for statements
print(i) disp(i)
print(i*2) disp(i*2)
} end

Conditionals
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
if (1>0) a <- 100 if 1>0 a=100; end if-statement
if 1>0 a=100; else a=0; end if-else-statement
ifelse(a>0,a,0) Ternary operator (if?true:false)

Debugging
R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
.Last.value ans Most recent evaluated expression
objects() whos or who List variables loaded into memory
rm(x) clear x or clear [all] Clear variable $x$ from memory
print(a) disp(a) Print

Working directory and OS

R/S-Plus MATLAB/Octave Description
list.files() or dir() dir or ls List files in directory
list.files(pattern="\.r$") what List script files in directory
getwd() pwd Displays the current working
directory
setwd('foo') cd foo Change working directory
system("notepad") !notepad Invoke a System Command
system("notepad")

Time-stamp: "2007-11-09T16:46:36 vidar"

©2006 Vidar Bronken Gundersen, /mathesaurus.sf.net

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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document as long as the above attribution is retained.

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