PRESENTATION TO BE DISTRIBUTED CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS

VERAN MATIĆ, B92, SERBIA

Conference

SPEAK UP! Freedom of Expression and Media in the Western Balkans and
Turkey

Friday 6 May 2011, Charlemagne building, Brussels

I’ve spoken up and saved my soul. Will I save my life?

I PART

Violence against journalists and media during the wars was brutal and
widespread. The intent was to conceal the truth about these wars from the
public. And some journalists were being murdered only for doing their jobs.

In the aftermath, there was no willingness among media professionals, nor

was there in place a favourable social climate to confront those warmongering
colleagues and media who had been inciting hatred and obscuring the truth.

Now the skeletons are falling out of their cupboard whenever war-time
‘journalistic crimes’ from the recent past come back to haunt those media and
colleagues who have been feigning uncompromising professionalism since
then.

This is the shaky foundation upon which the media systems have been built in
post-war years.

On the other hand, the old habit of perceiving the independent media and truly
professional investigative journalism as enemies has persisted to date.
In the post-war period, unfortunately, such an attitude towards the media has
been a legacy shared by former Yugoslav republics. Here are some examples to
illustrate the point:

- Murders of journalists – the unsolved cases: Dada Vujasinović, Slavko

Ćuruvija and Milan Pantić in Serbia; Ivo Pukanić and Niko Franić in
Croatia; Duško Jovanović in Montenegro; Bardhyil Ajeti in Kosovo…

- Assassination attempt on Željko Kopanja in Bosnia-Herzegovina who

lost his both legs in the attack and is now running Banja Luka-based
Nezavisne Novine daily;

- A failed bombing attempt on the lives of Serbian journalist Dejan

Anastasijević and his family;

- Physical and verbal violence against journalists – beatings and threats:

Dušan Miljuš in Croatia, Željko Ivanović and Mladen Stojović in
Montenegro, Goran Gavrilov and Teofil Pančić in Serbia…;

- Journalists under plainclothes police protection: Brankica Stanković,

Vladimir Mitrić, Veran Matić in Serbia, Duško Miljuš and Berislav Jelinić
in Croatia…;

- Intimidation of media companies by way of frequent bomb and arson

threats, and frequent threatening gatherings in front of media
headquarters buildings – B92 in Serbia…;

- Libel cases and exorbitant fines and damages imposed on journalists and
media which may cause financial distress and threaten with bankruptcy
as in the case of Belgrade-based Danas daily in Serbia…;

- Insidious and sometimes blatant attempts to block media operation by

levying outrageous taxes and thus threaten their survival as in the case
of TV A1 in Macedonia…

Investigative journalism is most often the cause of vicious attacks on

journalists which in turn necessitates 24-hour-a-day police protection. This,

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effectively, turns journalists into captives. However, all the colleagues that I
know of are still doing their jobs despite considerable constraints on their
freedom of movement and communication.

At B92, which is where I come from, my colleague Brankica Stanković and

myself are currently under 24-hour police protection regime. The B92 building
has been under police protection for years by now. And yet, we have managed
to expand our investigating teams, set up investigative journalism school, and
incorporate investigative journalism stories in regular day-to-day B92 news
programming in addition to special investigative shows.

Our colleague from Zagreb, Croatia, Duško Miljuš, is in a similar situation and
also under police protection after a brutal beating.

We will not and cannot reconcile ourselves with the current state of affairs,
with the threats to our lives. Against all the odds, we continue to do our work
and investigate the background to these threats.

It is, however, extraordinary that some media professionals in the Western

Balkans have come to see the threats and resulting violence against journalists
daring to investigate ‘taboo’ stories to which no one else would even come
close – as something normal.

Investigative journalism has remained a bright spot in our profession despite

sustained onslaught of fast, short, superficial and sensationalist stories. Many
do not like it, particularly powerful political figures and tycoons who have
amassed their wealth illegally and endeavour now to use it against those who
are intent on exposing their shady dealings, illicit monopolies and attempts to
effectively rule whole countries by themselves.

Too often media owners themselves also dislike this form of journalism
because, in their view, it only gives them headaches. However, investigative
journalism plays a role of paramount importance in our societies.

In Serbia, indictments have been brought and criminal proceedings launched

following B92 investigative stories. At times, though, nothing has come to pass

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due to the weakness of the system but we have at least spoken up, warned the
public at large, provided records and presented well-substantiated claims in
our investigative shows.

Economic pressures being exerted on the media are another tool used to force
the broadcasters and print media ‘to toe the line’, particularly in the times of
crisis. Big companies owned by all-powerful tycoons deny advertising
contracts, both directly and through media buying agencies. Pressure is also
exerted through selective advertising of state institutions and agencies which
favour certain media outlets over others because they never stir up public
opinion by exposing abuses and corrupt practices.

High fines coupled with damages thus wiped out one of the best weeklies in
Europe – Croatia’s Feral Tribune.

Frequent and restrictive changes to media legislation, which are often

subsequently found to be unconstitutional, inflict a lot of damage to the media,
and force journalists to resort to self-censorship.

Lack of an open public debate on free flow of information and the position of
the media and journalists has stalled the process of adopting proper media
development strategy and modern media legislation which would ensure that
journalism perform its vital societal function.

This should be a crucial requirement for all the countries in the process of
European integration to meet prior to their admission to the EU.

The economic crisis has strongly affected the media and journalists in
Southeast Europe. Newsrooms were the first to be hard hit by downsizing and
investigative journalism budget cuts. Everyone and everything is moving over
to PR sector not only metaphorically and content-wise but also in reality.

Therefore I believe it is necessary to set up special funds at the European level

specifically tasked with helping preserve and further develop investigative
journalism, but also, in the process, the traditional role of journalism as the
watchdog of democracy. These funds should help the media make the

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transition to a new age required by new technologies, social networking and
new economic realities.

The work of B92’s most influential investigative show, The Insider, would not
have been possible without the assistance provided by a variety of
organisations committed to professional journalism, fight against corruption
and other ills of our societies. Such a funding is becoming increasingly scarce
whereas the needs are bigger than ever.

If we want peace, stability and democracy in this part of Europe, it is necessary

to provide tools and mechanisms for the support of development of
investigative journalism which would not then be at the mercy of either
governments or tycoons.

Foreign media owners in Serbia should also show solidarity and responsibility
with regard to the society in which their media operate.

Just like, say, industrial facilities which are under obligation to observe EU
environmental regulations, equally the media must observe the European
standards of professional, accountable and unbiased reporting and freedom of
expression.

Or else, another two million refugees might flood Europe once again!

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PART II

Problems
National journalist associations are neither strong nor united enough, and
effective show of solidarity when needed is lacking.

Journalist trade unions are sidelined and have no clout in their respective
societies.

There is no in place a system of collective bargaining in journalistic profession

that would set wage scales and working conditions, nor mechanisms that
would protect the journalists from abuses at the hands of publishers and
owners.

Media ownership is still non-transparent and legal regulations introducing a

higher degree of transparency are being eschewed. This effectively may lead to
a media ownership concentration in the hands of few who would, in
conjunction with public service broadcasters (PSBs) – the state-run radios and
TVs, which are still a far cry from truly independent PSBs – and state’s major
ownership shares in big print media, particularly the biggest dailies, decisively
shape public opinion.

Control and manipulation of the media has become a standard. Arrival of

major foreign media companies onto the media markets has failed to boost
transparency, professionalism and independence of the media.

In Serbia, the economic crisis hit the media hard, which was reflected in
significant advertising budget cuts. This affected adversely the print media and
local broadcasters in particular.

Governmental policy of media assistance is typically either discriminatory,

meaning it is granted to ‘obedient media’, or boils down to mere token
gestures. Political elites have no awareness nor any idea of the significance of
professional and independent media for the society at large.

At the same time, there is an utter lack of understanding of the importance of

media in culture and education. Our cultures and languages as well as the
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spirit of multiculturalism and cooperation are best served by our professional
and independent media, which should therefore be supported by the state.

Instead, political elites seem to be colluding with local tycoons who are
blackmailing the media into submission by threatening to terminate
advertising contracts if stories contrary to their vested political and financial
interests are published. At present, there is no effective protection from these
types of pressure.

Professional standards and education of journalists

Professional standards in the media are declining for several reasons:

1. Lack of interest in the media themselves to stimulate and promote high-

quality and serious journalistic work, hence lack of funds for
investigative journalism;

2. Limited range of stories and overwhelming tabloidization of the media;

3. Poor economic situation that journalists find themselves in and

consequently a dwindling interest among young people in journalism
studies;

4. Inferior quality of teaching and lack of standards for journalist training;

5. Lack of serious and meaningful internships at media companies and lack

of interest on the part of editors to work with young colleagues;

6. Increasing presence of purely marketing contents disguised as authentic

journalist stories;

7. PR sector is rapidly developing encroaching upon the media turf and

blurring the distinction between PR and proper journalism.

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 State regulatory bodies
Regulatory bodies which are nominally independent are, however, under
great influence of state institutions. The manner in which they are formed
prevents them from being truly independent. Their HR and regulatory
capacities remain inexcusably low.

Judiciary, on its part, is at present utterly incompetent and unprepared to

enforce media laws and rules on the media scene. There is a lack of trained
judges who could efficiently protect freedom and independence of media
and journalists as well as prevent hate speech, threats and libels circulated
via some media. Particularly glaring is their lack of expertise in the field of
new media and the Internet.

Ongoing monitoring and legal aid to journalists, particularly to those from

local media, must be provided in order to eliminate journalists’ fear of
reporting on abuse and corruption in their communities. This should be a
high priority.

Media content diversity depletion

In the past two years, there has been a drastic impoverishment and
depletion of the range of stories covered in Serbian media. In a way, this
may be seen as the consequence of tabloidization of the overall reality in
the country but also the lack of funds for more ambitious investigative,
documentary, cultural and educational programming production.

Media projects in these four areas should be receiving consistent support

and incentives from both the state and donors.

This will also entail more efforts to educate journalists further and improve
their status.

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****

Annex I

IPI/SEEMO Press Release: OSCE Report Finds Turkey Is Holding 57

Journalists in Prison

Number Indicates Country is the Lead Jailer of Journalists in the World

Vienna, 8 April 2011- The International Press Institute (IPI) obtained on 4

April a report from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
(OSCE) indicating that Turkey is currently holding at least 57 journalists in
prison - apparently more than any other country.

The report followed an analysis of more than 70 journalists the OSCE

conducted in conjunction with Erol Önderoglu, editor-in-chief of the BIANET
Independent Communications Network in Istanbul.

While Iran and China topped lists last December by reportedly jailing some 34
journalists each, Turkey, a candidate for membership in the European Union,
has nearly doubled that number five months later, raising questions about the
country's commitment to freedom of the press and the legitimacy of its
democratic image.

The numbers in the report correspond with those given by the Freedom for
Journalists Platform - an umbrella group representing local and national
media organizations in Turkey, including IPI's Turkish National Committee.
One of the journalists jailed is IPI World Press Freedom Hero Nedim Sener,
who reportedly stands accused of belonging to an armed terrorist organisation
seeking to overthrow the government.

OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media Dunja Mijatović, who

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commissioned the study, called on Turkish authorities to bring the country's
media legislation in line with OSCE commitments on media freedom. She
wrote in a letter to Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu that the survey
was intended to show the need for media legislation reform, which she offered
her office's support in developing.

Estimating that there are between 700 and 1,000 ongoing proceedings that
could result in imprisonment of journalists, Mijatović said: "The sheer number
of cases poses fundamental questions about the legal provisions governing
journalism in Turkey, and it raises concerns that the number of journalists in
prison can further increase."

Mijatović acknowledged that governments have a legitimate need to fight

terrorism, but she said that national security should not be used as a ground to
curb media freedom. She also commented that criminalization of speech
should be restricted to clear instances of intentional incitement to terrorism or
other forms of violence.

"It is very important that authorities protect objective reporting even on

sensitive topics such as terrorism or national security," she said. "The public's
right to know includes such issues."

According to the report, another 10 journalists in Turkey are awaiting trial. An

additional journalist, whose location is unknown, is subject to a search
warrant, and two other journalists have been convicted but subsequently
released.

The report found that most of the jailed journalists are imprisoned under
articles of Turkey's anti-terror law relating to criminal code provisions on
terrorist offences and organizations, or assisting members of or making
propaganda in connection with such organizations; or under criminal code
prohibitions on establishing, commanding or becoming member of an armed
organization with the aim of committing certain offences.
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It also found that prosecutors have sought and courts have imposed extremely
long sentences. Vedat Kurºun and Emine Demir of the Azadiya Welat
newspaper were sentenced to 166 years and 138 years in prison, respectively,
while Bayram Namaz and Ibrahim Cicek of the Atilim newspaper each face up
to 3,000 years in prison. Mustafa Balbay of Cumhuriyet newspaper, Mehmet
Haberal of Kanal B Television and Tuncay Özkan of Kanal Biz Television all
face dual life sentences, plus further time.

Journalists also face several trials, the report noted, such as Halit Güdenoglu of
Halit Yürüyüs magazine, who currently faces 150 court cases.

The OSCE said in a release accompanying the study that both laws and their
implementation need to be reformed, insofar as court practices vary widely
throughout the country. The group also noted that writing about sensitive
issues, including issues of terrorism or anti-government activities, is often
viewed as support for those activities, and that imprisoned journalists are
often placed in high security prisons with the most dangerous criminals.

IPI Board Member Ferai Tinc, who is also chairperson of IPI's Turkey National
Committee, said: "These journalists are in jail because of Turkey's anti
terrorism law, which has become a law that threatens press freedom in
Turkey. Every investigative journalist is threatened by this law. We find this
unacceptable. We have asked the government to change this law, but,
unfortunately, the government does not listen to the voices of professional
journalism organizations."

IPI Director Alison Bethel McKenzie added: "Turkey, at the crossroads

between east and west, is a major regional power with an ancient cultural
heritage. The country is also often held up as an example of a healthy Muslim
democracy, and IPI held its high-profile annual World Congress in Istanbul in
2007 in recognition of the pivotal bridge-building role the country plays."

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"For Turkey to step away from this history and to jail more journalists than
any other country in the world is damaging. We call on the Turkish
government to respect the right of freedom of the press and to release all
journalists detained because of their work."

The OSCE noted in its report that in many cases it could not access full
information, meaning details could not be stated with precision. The
organisation also pointed out that in many cases classified as secret defence
lawyers were not even given access to trial documents.

This press release is supported by the South and East Europe Media
Organization (SEEMO), an IPI affiliate.

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