Material Density

Table 1. Minimum Densities for Design Load Materials(kN/m3)

OCCUPANCY CATEGORY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTION STRUCTURE

Buildings with an assembly room with an

occupant capacity of 1,000 or more,

Educational buildings such as

Museums, libraries, auditorium with a capacity of
300 or more occupants.

Buildings used for college or adult education with

a capacity of 500 or more occupants,

Institutional buildings with 50 or more

incapacitated patients, but not included in
III, Special Occupancy Structures Category 1.

Mental hospitals, sanitariums, jails, prisons and

other buildings where personal liberties of
inmates are similarly restrained.

Churches, Mosques, and other Religion Facilities.

All structures with an occupancy of 5.000 or more

persons.

Structures and equipment in power-generating

stations, and other public utility facilities not
included in Category 1 or Category It. and
required for continued operation.

IV, Standard Occupancy Structures

All structures housing occupancies or having
functions not listed in Category 1, II or
lll and Category V.

V, Miscellaneous Structures
Private garages, carports, shed sand fences over
1.5m high.

Table 2. (cont’d) Occupancy Category

 Structure Type Directionality Factors Kd*

Buildings

Main Wind Force Resisting System 0.85

Components and Cladding 0.85

Arched Roofs 0.85

Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures

Square 0.95
Hexagonal 0.95
Round 0.95

Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Freestanding 0.85

and Attached Signs

Open Signs and Lattice Framework 0.85

Trussed Towers

Triangular, square, rectangular 0.85

All other cross sections 0.95

Table 3. Wind Directionally Factor, Kd

 Method 1 Method 2
Tributary Area (m2)
0 to 20 20 to 60 Over 60 Uniform Rate of Maximum
ROOF SLOPE Load^2 Reduction, Reduction
Uniform Load (kPa) (kPa) r R
(percentage)

1. Flat3 or rise less

than 1-unit
vertical in 3-unit
horizontal (33.3% 1.00 0.75 0.60 1.00 0.08 40
slope). Arch and
dome with rise
less than 1/8 of
span.
2. Rise 1-unit
vertical to less
than 3-unit
vertical in 3-unit
horizontal (33.3%
to less than 100% 0.75 0.70 0.60 0.75 0.06 25
slope). Arch and
dome with rise 1/8
of span to less
than 3/8 of span.
3. Rise 1-unit
vertical in I-unit
horizontal (100%
slope) and greater. 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
Arch or dome
with rise 3/8 of
span or greater. No reduction permitted
4. Awnings except
cloth covered.4 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
5. Greenhouses,
lath houses and 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
agricultural
buildings.5
Table 4. Minimum Roof Live Loads1
 BASIC LOAD COMBINATIONS (LRFD)
1.4(D + F)
1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(Lr + H) + 0.5(Lr or R)
1.2D + 1. 6(Lr or R) + (f1 or 0.5W)
1.2D + 1. 0W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R)
1.2D + 1.0E + f1L
0. 9D + 1. 0W + 1.6H
0. 9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
Table 5. (LRFD) Basic Load Combinations

ALTERNATE BASIC LOAD COMBINATIONS (ASD)

D + H + F 0.75(L + Lr (0.6W or E/1.4)
0.6D + 0.6W + H
0.6D + E/1.4 + H
D + L + (Lr or R)
D + L + 0.6W
D + L + L/1.4
Table 6. (ASD) Alternate Basic Load Combinations

Edge Bean, α Peripheral Long Side/ Minimum Thickness

Beam, αm Short Side, β
≤ 0.2 ≤ 0.2 In/30
= 1.0 = 1.0 In/33.5 120mm
˂ 0.8 = 2.0 In/36.8
≥ 2.0 = 1.0 In/37.7 90mm
= 2.0 In/45.2
≤ 0.2 ≤ 0.2 In/33
= 1.0 = 1.0 In/36.8 120mm
≥ 0.8 = 2.0 In/40.5
≥ 2.0 = 1.0 In/41.4 90mm
= 2.0 In/49.7
Table 7. Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete (ACI 318)
 Concrete Reinforcement Specified
exposure Cover, mm
Exposed to weather or in contact 20 mm ϕ or larger 50
with the ground 16 mm ϕ, MW200 or MD200 40
wire, and smaller
Not exposed to weather or in 20 mm ϕ or larger 20
contact with the ground 16mm ϕ, MW200 or MD200 10
wire, and smaller
Table 8. Specified Concrete for Cast-in Place Non-Prestressed Concrete Shells

Application Concrete Minimum Maximum

f’c MPa f’c MPa
General Normal-weight None
and 17
lightweight
Special moment frames Normal-weight 21 None
and special structural Lightweight 21 35(1)
walls
Table 9. Limits for f’c
 Ends of Lap
Reinforcement Coating lapped spiral Length
bar or wire mm.
Uncoated or
Deformed bar zinc-coated Hook not 48db
(galvanized) required

Epoxy-coated
or zinc and Hook not 72db
epoxy dual required
coated
Standard hook of 48db
Section 425.3.2(1)
Uncoated
Deformed wire Hook not 48db
required

Epoxy-coated
Hook not 72db
required

Uncoated or Standard hook of

zinc-coated Section 425.3.2(1) 48db
(galvanized)
Plain bar Uncoated
Hook not 72db
required

Standard hook of 48db

Section 425.3.2(1)
Plain wire
Hook not 72db
required

Standard hook of 48db

Section 425.3.2(1)
Table 10. Lap Length for Spiral Reinforcement
Strength Classification Transverse Maximum
reinforcement Permissible
ϕ
Flexure, Tension All cases 1.0
Axial, or Controlled
both Compression Spirals* 0.9
Controlled
Shear 0.8
Torsion, Other
or both
Bearing 0.8
0.8
Table 11. Maximum Permissible Strength Reduction Factors

f’c Mpa β1
17 ≤ f’c ≤ 28 0.85 (a)
28 ˂ f’c ˂ 55 ' (b)
0.05(f c−28)
0.85
7
f’c ≥ 55 0.65 (c)
Table 12. Values of β1 for Equivalent Rectangular Concrete Stress Distribution