Conditions

Lecture 3
Sheet #2
Due Friday 18 Oct

https://forms.gle/tnFaQKL8Voifkz3e6
 x=5
Conditional Steps
Yes
x < 10 ?

No print('Smaller') Program:
Output:
x = 5
Yes if x < 10: Smaller
x > 20 ? print('Smaller') Finis
if x > 20:
No print('Bigger') print('Bigger')

print('Finis')

print('Finis')
 Comparison Operators
• Boolean expressions ask a Python Meaning
question and produce a Yes or No < Less than
result which we use to control
program flow <= Less than or Equal to
== Equal to
• Boolean expressions using >= Greater than or Equal to
comparison operators evaluate to
> Greater than
True / False or Yes / No
!= Not equal
• Comparison operators look at
variables but do not change the Remember: “=” is used for assignment.
variables
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boole
 Comparison Operators
x = 5
if x == 5 :
print('Equals 5') Equals 5
if x > 4 :
print('Greater than 4') Greater than 4
if x >= 5 :
print('Greater than or Equals 5') Greater than or Equals 5
if x < 6 and x > 3:
print(Between 3 and 6') Between 3 and 6 Exclusive
if x >= 6 or x <= 3:
print(‘Not between 3 and 6')
Not Between 3 and 6
if x != 6 and x !=9 and x != 12: Not equal 6 or 9 or 12
print('Not equal 6')
 One-Way Decisions
x = 5 Yes
print('Before 5') Before 5 x == 5 ?
if x == 5 :
print('Is 5') Is 5 No print('Is 5’)
print('Is Still 5')
Is Still 5
print('Third 5')
print('Afterwards 5')
Third 5 print('Still 5')
print('Before 6') Afterwards 5
if x == 6 : Before 6 print('Third 5')
print('Is 6')
print('Is Still 6')
print('Third 6')
print('Afterwards 6') Afterwards 6
• Increase indent indent after an if statement
or for statement (after : )

• Maintain indent to indicate the scope of the Indentation

block (which lines are affected by the if/for)

• Reduce indent back to the level of the if

statement or for statement to indicate the
end of the block

• Blank lines are ignored - they do not affect

indentation

• Comments on a line by themselves are

ignored with regard to indentation
increase / maintain after if or for
decrease to indicate end of block
x = 5
if x > 2 :
print('Bigger than 2')
print('Still bigger')
print('Done with 2')

for i in range(5) :
print(i)
if i > 2 :
print('Bigger than 2')
print('Done with i', i)
print('All Done')
Think About begin/end Blocks
x = 5
if x > 2 :
print('Bigger than 2')
print('Still bigger')
print('Done with 2')

for i in range(5) :
print(i)
if i > 2 :
print('Bigger than 2')
print('Done with i', i)
print('All Done')
 Nested x>1
yes

Decisions no print('More than one’)

x = 42
if x > 1 : yes
print('More than one') x < 100
if x < 100 :
no
print('Less than 100') print('Less than 100')
print('All done')

print('All Done')
Two-way Decisions
x=4

• Sometimes we want to
do one thing if a logical no yes
x>2
expression is true and
something else if the
expression is false print('Not bigger') print('Bigger')

• It is like a fork in the

road - we must choose
one or the other path but print('All Done')
not both
 Two-way Decisions
x=4
with else:
no yes
x = 4 x>2

if x > 2 :
print('Bigger') print('Not bigger') print('Bigger')
else :
print('Smaller')

print('All done')
print('All Done')
 Visualize Blocks x=4

no yes
x = 4 x>2

if x > 2 :
print('Bigger') print('Not bigger') print('Bigger')
else :
print('Smaller')

print('All done')
print('All Done')
 Multi-way
yes
x<2 print('small')
no
if x < 2 :
yes
print('small')
elif x < 10 :
x < 10 print('Medium')
print('Medium') no
else :
print('LARGE') print('LARGE')
print('All done')

print('All Done')
 x=0
Multi-way
yes
x<2 print('small')
x = 0
no
if x < 2 :
yes
print('small')
elif x < 10 :
x < 10 print('Medium')
print('Medium') no
else :
print('LARGE') print('LARGE')
print('All done')

print('All Done')
 x=5
Multi-way
yes
x<2 print('small')
x = 5
no
if x < 2 :
yes
print('small')
elif x < 10 :
x < 10 print('Medium')
print('Medium') no
else :
print('LARGE') print('LARGE')
print('All done')

print('All Done')
 x = 20
Multi-way
yes
x<2 print('small')
x = 20
no
if x < 2 :
yes
print('small')
elif x < 10 :
x < 10 print('Medium')
print('Medium') no
else :
print('LARGE') print('LARGE')
print('All done')

print('All Done')
 Multi-way if x < 2 :
print('Small')
elif x < 10 :
# No Else print('Medium')
x = 5 elif x < 20 :
if x < 2 : print('Big')
print('Small') elif x < 40 :
elif x < 10 : print('Large')
print('Medium') elif x < 100:
print('Huge')
print('All done') else :
print('Ginormous')
Puzzle 1: Multi-way Puzzle
Which will never print
regardless of the value for x?
if x < 2 :
print('Below 2')
if x < 2 : elif x < 20 :
print('Below 2') print('Below 20')
elif x >= 2 : elif x < 10 :
print('Two or more') print('Below 10')
else : else :
print('Something else') print('Something else')
 Puzzle 2: Two-way puzzle
What is this program
trying to do?

Change the program to check numbers divisible by 5

Puzzle 3: Swap two numbers
Read two numbers a, b.
Swap them if a is greater than b,
Then print them in ascending order.

For example: if the inputs are 9 , 5 then the output 5 , 9

Puzzle 3: Swap two numbers
Loops and Iteration
 n=5 Repeated Steps
Output:
No Yes Program:
n>0? 5
n = 5 4
print(n) while n > 0 :
3
print(n)
n = n – 1 2
n = n -1 print(‘Goodbye!') 1
print(n) Goodbye!
0
Loops (repeated steps) have iteration variables that
print(Goodbye') change each time through a loop. Often these iteration
variables go through a sequence of numbers.
 n=5 An Infinite Loop
No Yes
n>0?
n = 5
while n > 0 :
print(‘Start') print(Start')
print(‘End')
print(‘End') print(‘Goodbye!')

What is wrong with this loop?

print(‘Goodbye!') What happens if we start with n = 0?
 Breaking Out of a Loop
• The break statement ends the current loop and > hello there
jumps to the statement immediately following
hello there
the loop
> hello again
• It is like a loop test that can happen anywhere hello again
in the body of the loop > get me out
get me out
while True: > hello
line = input('> ')
hello
if line == 'done' :
> done
break
print(line)
Goodbye!
print(‘Goodbye!')
 Finishing an Iteration with
continue > hello there
The continue statement ends the current
hello there
iteration and jumps to the top of the loop
> # hello again
and starts the next iteration
> # get me out
while True: > hello
line = input('> ') hello
if line[0] == '#' : > hello again
continue hello again
if line == 'done' :
> done
break
Goodbye!
print(line)
print(‘Goodbye!')
 No
True ? Yes
while True: line=input()
line = input('> ')
if line[0] == '#' :
continue
if line == 'done' : continue
break
print(line)
print('Done!') break
print(line)

print(‘Goodbye’)
 Summary
• Comparison operators • Nested Decisions
== <= >= > < !=
• Multi-way decisions using elif
• Indentation
• Starting Loops
• One-way Decisions
• Two-way decisions:
if: and else:
Exercise 1

Rewrite your pay computation to give the

employee 1.5 times the hourly rate for hours
worked above 40 hours.

Enter Hours: 45 Normal Overtime

Enter Rate: 10 Rate Rate

Pay: 475.0 475 = 40 * 10 + 5 * 15

Overtime Hours
Exercise 2

Perform the pay computations for 5 employees,

input both hours and rate for each employee then
calculate the pay
Hours: 45,60,25,90,15
Rate: 10,7,15,30,120

Pay: 475.0,..,..,..,..
 Acknowledgements / Contributions
These slides are Copyright 2010- Charles R. Severance
...
(www.dr-chuck.com) of the University of Michigan School of
Information and open.umich.edu and made available under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Please maintain this
last slide in all copies of the document to comply with the
attribution requirements of the license. If you make a change,
feel free to add your name and organization to the list of
contributors on this page as you republish the materials.

Initial Development: Charles Severance, University of Michigan

School of Information