Lecture-2

Internal Architecture of 8086

CSE-231: MICROPROCESSOR &

A S S E M B LY L A N G U A G E
REFERENCES:
1. A s s e mb l y l a n gu ag e pr o gr ammi n g a nd o rgani za t i on
o f t h e I B M P C – C h a r l e s M a r ut – c h apt er 1 ( s ec
1.1.2,1.2), chapter 3.

2 . M i c r o p r o c e s s o r s a n d i nt e r fa ci ng p r og r a mmi n g a n d
h a r d w a r e , s e c o n d e d i t i o n , D . V. H a l l – c h a p t e r 2
 Internal Architecture of 8086

The 8086 microprocessor is internally divided into two separate functional

units.
• These are the Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and the Execution Unit (EU). The
BIU fetches instructions, reads data from memory and ports, and writes
data to memory and I/O ports. The EU executes instructions that have
already been fetched by the BIU. The BIU and EU function
independently.
• The BIU’s instruction queue is a First-In First-out (FIFO) group of
registers in which up to six bytes of instruction code are perfected from
memory ahead of time.
• The BIU contains a dedicated adder, which is used to produce the 20-bit
address.
• The bus control logic of the BIU generates all the bus control signals such
as read and write signals for
memory and I/O.
 Functionality of Segment Registers of 8086

 The BIU has four 16-bit segment registers. These are the Code Segment (CS)
register, the Data Segment (DS) register, the Stack Segment (SS) register, and
the Extra Segment (ES) register.
 The SS register points to the current stack. The 20-bit physical stack address is
calculated from SS and SP for stack instruction such as PUSH and POP.
 The DS register points to the current data segment; operands for most
instructions are fetched from this segment. The 16-bit contents of Source Index
(SI) or Destination Index (DI) are used as offset for computing the 20-bit
physical address.
 The ES register points to the extra segment in which data (in excess of 64k
pointed to by DS) is stored. String instructions always use ES and DI to
determine the 20-bit physical address for the destination.
 Functionality of Segment Registers of 8086

 The BIU computes the 20-bit physical address internally

using the programmer-provided logical address(16-bit
contents of CS and IP) by logically shifting the contents of
CS four bits to left and then adding the 16-bit contents of
IP. For example, if [CS] = (456A)16 and [IP] = (1620)16,
then the 20-bit physical address is generated by the BIU as
follows:
Four times logically shifted [CS] to left = (456A0) 16
+ [IP] as offset = (1620)16
20-bit physical address = (46CC0)16
 Maths

 Calculating 20-bit Physical Address

Formula
Physical Address = Segment X 10h + Offset

Examples
Example 3.1
Example 3.2
Do Exercise
 Segment Address of 8086

 The segment can be continuous, partially overlapped, fully

overlapped, or disjoint. An example of how five (segment 0 through
segment 4) may be stored in physical memory are shown.
Registers of 8086
 General Purpose Registers

 AX - the accumulator register (divided into AH / AL):

1. Generates shortest machine code
2. Arithmetic, logic and data transfer
3. One number must be in AL or AX
4. Multiplication & Division
5. Input & Output
 BX - the base address register (divided into BH / BL).
 CX - the count register (divided into CH / CL):
1. Iterative code segments using the LOOP instruction
2. Repetitive operations on strings with the REP command
3. Count (in CL) of bits to shift and rotate
 DX - the data register (divided into DH / DL):
1. DX:AX concatenated into 32-bit register for some MUL and DIV operations
2. Specifying ports in some IN and OUT operations
 Pointer and Index Registers
 SI - source index register:
1. Can be used for pointer addressing of data
2. Used as source in some string processing instructions
3. Offset address relative to DS
 DI - destination index register:
1. Can be used for pointer addressing of data
2. Used as destination in some string processing instructions
3. Offset address relative to ES
 BP - base pointer:
1. Primarily used to access parameters passed via the stack
2. Offset address relative to SS
 SP - stack pointer:
1. Always points to top item on the stack
2. Offset address relative to SS
3. Always points to word (byte at even address)
4. An empty stack will had SP = FFFEh
 Segment Registers

 CS - points at the segment containing the

current program.
 DS - generally points at segment where
variables are defined.
 ES - extra segment register, it's up to a coder
to define its usage.
 SS - points at the segment containing the
stack.
 Special Purpose Registers

 IP - the instruction pointer:

1. Always points to next instruction to be executed
2. Offset address relative to CS
 IP register always works together with CS
segment register and it points to currently
executing instruction.
 Flag Register

 The 8086 have six one-bit flags.

1. AF (Auxiliary carry flag) is used by BCD bit) into the high nibble or a
borrow from the high nibble into
the low nibble of the low-order 8-bit of a 16-bit number.
2. CF (Carry Flag) is set if there is a carry from addition or borrow from
subtraction.
3. OF (Overflow Flag) is set if there is an arithmetic overflow, that is, if
the size of the result exceeds the capacity of the destination location.
An interrupt on overflow instructions is available which will generate
an interrupt in this situation.
4. SF (Sign Flag) is set if the most significant bit of the result is one
(Negative) and is cleared to zero for non-negative result.
5. PF (Parity Flag) is set if the result has even parity; PF is zero for odd
parity of the result.
6. ZF (Zero Flag) is set if the result is zero; ZF is zero for non-zero result.
 Flag Register

 The 8086 has three control bits in the flag register

which can be set or reset by the programmer:
1. Setting DF (Direction Flag) to one causes string instructions to
auto decrement and clearing DF to zero
causes string instructions to auto increment.
2. Setting IF (Interrupt Flag) to one causes the 8086 to recognize
external mask able interrupts; clearing IF
to zero disables these interrupts.
3. Setting TF (Trace Flag) to one places the 8086 in the single-step
mode. In this mode, the 8086 generate
an internal interrupt after execution of each instruction.
 ADDRESSING MODES OF 8086 (1)

1. Immediate: In this type of addressing, immediate

data is a part of instruction, and appears in the form
of successive byte or bytes.
Example: MOV AX, 0005H In the above example, 0005H is the
immediate data.
The immediate data may be 8-bit or 16-bit in size.

Instruction

Opcode Operand
 ADDRESSING MODES OF 8086 (2)

2. Direct: In the direct addressing mode, a 16-bit

memory address (offset) is directly specified in the
instruction as a part of it.
Example: MOV AX, [5000H]. Here, data resides in a memory location in
the data segment, whose effective address may be computed using 5000H
as the offset address and content of DS as segment address. The effective
address, here, is 10H*DS+5000H.
 ADDRESSING MODES OF 8086 (3)

3. Register: In register addressing mode, the data is

stored in a register and it is referred using the
particular register. All the registers, except IP, may
be used in this mode.

Example: MOV BX, AX.

 ADDRESSING MODES OF 8086 (4)

4. Register Indirect: In this addressing mode, the offset

address of data is in either BX or SI or DI registers.
The default segment is either DS or ES.
Example: MOV AX, [BX]. Here, data is present in a memory location in
DS whose offset address is in BX. The effective address of the data is given
as 10H*DS+ [BX].
 ADDRESSING MODES OF 8086 (5)

5. Indexed: In this addressing mode, offset of the operand is stored in one

of the index registers. DS and ES are the default segments for index
registers SI and DI respectively. This mode is a special case of the above
discussed register indirect addressing mode.
Example: MOV AX, [SI]. Here, data is available at an offset address stored in SI in
DS. The effective address, in this case, is computed as 10H*DS+ [SI].

Instruction
Opcode DS [SI]
Memory
Registers

+ Operand
 ADDRESSING MODES OF 8086 (6)

6. Register Relative: In this addressing mode, the

data is available at an effective address formed by
adding an 8-bit or 16-bit displacement with the
content of any one of the registers BX, BP, SI and
DI in the default (either DS or ES) segment. The
example given before explains this mode.
Example: MOV Ax, 50H [BX]. Here, effective address is given as
10H*DS+50H+ [BX].
 ADDRESSING MODES OF 8086 (7)

7. Based Indexed: The effective address of data is formed, in

this addressing mode, by adding content of a base register
(any one of BX or BP) to the content of an index register
(any one of SI or DI).
Example: MOV AX, [BX] [SI]. Here, BX is the base register and SI
is the index register. The effective address is computed as
10H*DS+ [BX] + [SI].
 ADDRESSING MODES OF 8086 (8)

8. Relative Based Indexed: The effective address is formed by adding an

8-bit or 16-bit displacement with the sum of contents of any one of the
bases registers (BX or BP) and any one of the index registers, in a
default segment.
Example: MOV AX, 50H [BX] [SI]
Here, 50H is an immediate displacement, BX is a base register and SI is
an index register. The effective address of data is computed as 10H*DS+
[BX] + [SI] + 50H.
 Exercise of Addressing Modes
Self Study

 Consider AX = 1212h; BX= 1B1Bh; CX=2323h;

DX=2C2Ch; SI= 0050h; DI = 0110h; SP= 23h;
 BP= 0100h; DS=1010h
 Calculate the effective address of the
following instructions:
(i) MOV AX, [2000h]
(ii) MOV AX, 20h [BP]
(iii) MOV AX, 40h [BX][DI]
(iv) MOV AX, 500h