 Differential Equation

 An equation involving derivatives of one or more dependent variables with

resect to one or more independent variables is called a differential equation.
For Example:
d2y dy v v
 5  6 y  0 ..........(i ) ;   v ........(ii )
dx 2
dx s t
Differential equations are of two types, namely
1. Ordinary Differential Equation
2. Partial Differential Equation

Ordinary Differential Equation

 A differential equation involving ordinary derivatives of one or more
dependent variables with resect to a single independent variables is called an
ordinary differential equation.

Example: d4y d2y

4
 5 2  3 y  sin x ..................(iii )
dx dx
Equ (iii) is an ordinary DE. In equ (i) the variable x is a single independent variable and y
is a dependent variable.
Partial Differential Equation
 A differential equation involving partial derivatives of one or more
dependent variables with resect to more than one independent variables is
called a partial differential equation.

Example:
 2u  2u  2u
 2  2  0 ........(iv )
x 2
y z
Equ (iv) is a partial differential equation. In equ (i) there are three independent variables x,
y, z and u is a dependent variable.

Order of a Differential Equation

 The order of the highest ordered derivative involved in a differential equation
is called the order of the differential equation.
The ordinary differential equation (i) is of the second order, since the highest derivative
involved is a second order. Equation (iii) is an ordinary DE of the fourth order. The partial
differential equations (ii) and (iv) are of the order of first and second order, respectively.
 Linear Differential Equation
 A linear differential equation order n, in the dependent variable y and the
independent variable x, is an equation that can be expressed as
dny d n 1 y dy
a0 ( x ) n  a1 ( x ) n 1  ......  a n 1 ( x )  an ( x ) y  b( x).................( v )
dx dx dx
Examples:

d2y dy
2
 5  6 y  0 ..........( vi )
dx dx

d4y 3
2 d y 3 dy
4
 x 3
 x  x sin x ..................( vii )
dx dx dx
The ordinary differential equations (vi) and (vii) are both linear. In each case y is
the dependent variable. The independent variable y and its various derivatives
occur to the first degree only and no products of y and / or any of its derivatives
are present.
 Nonlinearity of a Differential Equation
 A nonlinear ordinary differential equation is an ordinary differential
equation that is not linear.
To explain the nonlinearity of an ordinary differential equation, we consider
the following equations:
d2y dy
2
 5  6 y 2
 0...............(i )
dx dx
d2y dy 2
2
 5( )  6 y  0...............(ii )
dx dx
d2y dy
2
 5 y  6 y  0...............(iii )
dx dx
Equation (i) is nonlinear because the dependent variable y appears to the
second degree in the term 6y2.
Equation (ii) is nonlinear for the presence of the term 5(dy/dx)3, which
involves the third power of the first derivative.
Finally, equation (iii) is nonlinear because of the term 5y(dy/dx), which
involves the product of the dependent variable y and its first derivative.
Applications of Differential Equation
Differential equations are widely applied to model natural phenomena,
engineering systems and many other situations. Differential equations occur in
connection with numerous problems that are encountered in the various
branches of science and engineering. A few such problems are listed below:

1. The problem of determining the motion of a projectile, rocket, satellite, or

planet.
2. The problem of determining the charge or current in an electric circuit.
3. The problem of the conduction of heat in a rod or in a slab.
4. The problem of determining the vibrations of a wire or a membrane.
5. The study of the rate of decomposition of a radioactive substance or the rate
of growth of a population.
6. The study of the reactions of chemicals.
7. The problem of the determination of curves that have certain geometrical
properties.
First-Order Differential Equations
A standard form of first-order differential equation-

dy
 f ( x, y ) The Derivative form
dx
M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy  0 The Differential form

Types of First-Order Differential Equation:

 Exact Differential Equation

 Separable Differential Equation
 Homogeneous Differential Equation
 Linear Differential Equation
 Bernoulli Differential Equation
Total Differential
Definition of Exact DE
The expression

M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy ..............(i )

is called an exact differential in a domain D if there exists a function F of two
variables such that this expression equals the total differential dF(x, y) for all
(x,y)D. That is, the expression (i) is an exact differential in D if there exists a
function F such that

F ( x, y ) F ( x, y )
 M ( x, y ) and  N ( x, y )
x y
If M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy is an exact differential, then the differential
equation
M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy  0
is called an exact differential equation.
Theorem of Exact DE
Consider the differential equation

M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy  0 ……………(i)

where M and N have continuous first partial derivatives at all points (x, y) in a
rectangular domain D.

1. If the differential equation (i) is exact in D, then.

M ( x, y ) N ( x, y )
 for all (x,y)D.
y x

2. Conversely, if

M ( x, y ) N ( x, y )

y x

for all (x,y)D, then the differential equation (i) is exact in D.

Proof (i) Consider the differential equation M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy  0 ..…(i)

If the differential equation (i) is exact in D, then Mdx+Ndy is an exact differential in D.

By the definition of an exact differential, there exists a function F such that
Solution of Exact Differential Equations
Example 2.5: Solve the following differential equation
(3x 2  4 xy )dx  (2 x 2  2 y )dy  0 .................... .(i )
Solution: Firstly examine whether or not the equation is exact.
Here, M ( x, y )  3x 2  4 xy and N ( x, y )  2 x 2  2 y
M ( x, y ) N ( x, y )
 4x and  4x
y x
M ( x, y ) N ( x, y )
 
y x
So, the equation is exact differential equation.
Thus, we must find F such that
F ( x, y )
 M ( x, y )  3x 2  4 xy ........(ii )
x
and
F ( x , y )
 N ( x, y )  2 x 2  2 y .........(iii )
y
Integrating equ. (ii) we have
F ( x, y )   M ( x, y )x   ( y )   (3 x 2  4 xy )x   ( y )
 x 3  2 x 2 y   ( y ) .......................(iv)
Differentiating equ. (iv) with respect to y, we have
F ( x, y ) d ( y )
 2x 
2
.........( v )
y dy
Then, from equ. (iii) and equ. (v), we have
d ( y )
2x2  2 y  2x2 
dy
d ( y )
or ,  2y   ( y )  y 2  c0 where, c0 is an arbitrary constant.
dy
Thus, we have
F ( x, y )  x 3  2 x 2 y  y 2  c0
Hence, a one-parameter family of solution is
F ( x, y )  c1
or , x 3  2 x 2 y  y 2  c0  c1

 x  2x y  y  c
3 2 2
where, c=c1- c0 is an arbitrary constant.

This is the solution of the given differential equation.

 Example 2.6: Solve the following initial value problem
(2 x cos y  3x 2 y )dx  ( x 3  x 2 sin y  y )dy  0 ……………..(i)
y (0)  2
Solution: Firstly examine whether or not the equation is exact.
Here, M ( x, y )  2 x cos y  3 x y N ( x, y )  x 3  x 2 sin y  y
2
and
M ( x , y ) N ( x, y )
 2 x sin y  3x 2 and  3x 2  2 x sin y
y x
M ( x, y ) N ( x, y )
 
y x
So, the equation (i) is exact differential equation.
Thus, we must find F such that
F ( x , y )
 M ( x, y )  2 x cos y  3x 2 y ........(ii )
x
and
F ( x , y )
 N ( x, y )  x 3  x 2 sin y  y .........(iii )
y
Integrating equ. (ii) we have
F ( x, y )   M ( x, y )x   ( y )   (2 x cos y  3x 2 y )x   ( y )
 x 2 cos y  x 3 y   ( y ) .......................(iv )
Differentiating equ. (iv) with respect to y, we have
F ( x , y ) d ( y )
  x sin y  x 
2 3
.........( v )
y dy
Then, from equ. (iii) and equ. (v), we have
d ( y )
x 3  x 2 sin y  y   x 2 sin y  x 3 
dy
d ( y ) y2
or ,   y   ( y )    c0 where, c0 is an arbitrary constant.
dy 2
Thus, we have 2
y
F ( x, y )  x 2 cos y  x 3 y   c0
2
Hence, a one-parameter family of solution is
F ( x, y )  c1
or , x 3  2 x 2 y  y 2  c0  c1
2
y
 x 2 cos y  x 3 y   c ..............( vi )
2
where, c=c1- c0 is an arbitrary constant.
Applying the initial condition y(0)=2, that is, y = 2 when x = 0, we have

002c  c  2
Hence, the required solution is given by

2
y
 x cos y  x y 
2
 2 3

This is the solution of the given differential equation.

Exercises
## Determine whether or not each of the given differential equations is
exact and solve those that are exact.
1. (3 x  2 y )dx  ( 2 x  y )dy  0. [ Ans : 3 x 2  4 xy  y 2  c]

2. ( y 2  3)dx  ( 2 xy  4)dy  0. [ Ans : xy 2  3 x  4 y  c]

3. ( 2 xy  1)dx  ( x  4 y )dy  0.
2 [ Ans : x  x 2 y  2 y 2  c]

5. (6 xy  2 y 2  5)dx  (3x 2  4 xy  6)dy  0. [ Ans : 3x 2 y  2 y 2 x  5 x  6 y  c]

## Solve the initial-value problems of the followings:
11. ( 2 xy  3)dx  ( x  4 y )dy  0, y (1)  2.
2 [ Ans : x 2
y  3 x  2 y 2
 7]

12. (3x 2 y 2  y 3  2 x )dx  ( 2 x 3 y  3xy 2  1)dy  0, y ( 2)  1.

[ Ans : x 3 y 2  xy 3  x 2  y  1]
13. ( 2 y sin x cos x  y 2 sin x )dx  (sin 2 x  2 y cos x )dy  0, y (0)  3.
[ Ans : y 2 cos x  y sin 2 x  9]

14. ( ye x  2e x  y 2 )dx  (e x  2 xy )dy  0, y (0)  6 [ Ans : ye x  2e x  xy 2  8]

Integrating Factor
Consider the differential equation

M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy  0

M ( x, y ) N ( x, y )
If  then the equation is exact.
y x
M ( x, y ) N ( x, y )
But if  then the equation is not exact.
y x

Definition
If the differential equation
M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy  0 .............(i )
is not exact in a domain D but the differential equation
 ( x, y ) M ( x, y )dx   ( x, y ) N ( x, y )dy  0
is exact in D, then (x,y) is called an integrating factor of the differential equ. (i).
Exercises
17. Determine the constant A such that the equation is exact and solve the
resulting exact equation:
3
(a ) ( x 2  3 xy )dx  ( Ax 2  4 y )dy  0. [ Ans : A  , 2 x 3  9 x 2 y  12 y 2  c]
2

1 1 Ax  1
(b) (  )dx  ( )dy  0. [ Ans : A  2, 2 x 2  2 y 2  x  cxy 2 ]
x y2 2
y 3

21. Consider the differential equation

(4 x  3 y )dx  2 xy dy  0
2

(a) Show that this equation is not exact.

(b) Find the integrating factor of the form xn, where n is a positive integer.
(c) Multiplying the given equation through by the integrating factor fond
in (b) and solve the resulting exact equation.
[ Ans : (b) x 2 , (c) x 4  x 3 y 2  c]
 Separable Differential Equations
An equation of the form

F ( x) G ( y ) dx  f ( x) g ( y ) dy  0 ………….(1)

is called a separable differential equation.

For example, the equation ( x  4) y 4 dx  x 3 ( y 2  3) dy  0 is a separable

equation.
1
The separable equation is no exact but it has an integrating factor .
f ( x)G ( y )
Solution of Separable DE
Example 2.8: Solve the following differential equation
( x  4) y 4 dx  x 3 ( y 2  3) dy  0 .
Solution: The equation is separable. Separating the variables by dividing x 3y4,
we obtain
( x  4) ( y 2  3)
3
dx  4
dy  0
x y
or , ( x 2  4 x 3 )dx  ( y 2  3 y 4 ) dy  0

Integrating the above equation, we have

 
2 3 2 4
( x  4 x )dx  ( y  3 y ) dy  0

1 2 1 1
   2   3 c where, c is the arbitrary constant.
x x y y

This is the solution o the above DE.

 Example 2.8: Solve the following initial value problem
2 
x sin y dx  ( x  1) cos y dy  0, y (1)  .
2
Solution: The equation is separable. Separating the variables by dividing (x 2+1)siny,
we obtain
x cos y
dx  dy  0
x 1
2
sin y
Integrating the above equation, we have
x cos y 1
 ln( x 2
 1)  ln sin y  ln c 1
 x 2  1  sin y
dx  dy  0 2
or , ln( x 2  1)  2 ln(sin y )  2 ln c 1
or , ln( x 2  1)  ln(sin 2 y )  ln c12  ln c or , ln( x 2  1) sin 2 y  ln c
 ( x 2  1) sin 2 y  c where, c is the arbitrary constant.
Applying initial condition y = /2 when x = 1, we have

(1  1) sin 2  c  c 2
2
 ( x 2  1) sin 2 y  2
This is the solution o the above DE.
Exercises
## Solve the following differential equations

1. 4 xy dx  ( x 2  1) dy  0 [ Ans : ( x 2  1) 2 y  c]

17. (3x  8) ( y 2  4)dx  4 y ( x 2  5 x  6) dy  0, y (1)  2.

[ Ans : 16( x  3)( x  2) 2  9( y 2  4) 2 ]

Homogeneous Equations
The first-order differential equation M(x, y) dx  N(x, y) dy  0 is said to be
homogeneous if, when written in the derivative form (dy/dx) = f(x,y), there
exists function g such that f(x,y) can be expressed in the form g(y/x).

2 2
The differential equation ( x  3 y )dx  2 xy dy  0 is homogeneous. The
differential form of this equation is

dy 3 y 2  x 2

dx 2 xy
3y x 3 y 1 1
   ( )
2 x 2 y 2 x 2 ( y x)
in which the right-handed members are of the form g(y/x).
Theorem:
If M(x, y) dx  N(x, y) dy  0 is a homogeneous equation , then the
change of variables y=vx transforms it into a separable equation in the
variables v and x.
Proof: Since M(x, y) dx  N(x, y) dy  0 is homogeneous, it may be written in
the dy y
form  g( ) .......... ........(i )
dx x
dy dv
Let y = vx, then we have  v  x
dx dx
dv
Then, equ. (i) becomes v  x  g ( v )
dx
 [ v  g ( v )]dx  xdv  0 .......... .....(ii )
This equation is separable in the variables v and x. Separating the variables we obtain
dv dx
 0
v  g (v) x
If we integrate the above equation, we obtain the solution of the given homogeneous
equation as dv dx
 v  g (v)  x  c
 where, c is an arbitrary constant
Solution of Homogeneous DE
Example 2.12: Solve the following differential equation
( x 2  3 y 2 ) dx  2 xy dy  0 .
Solution: This equation can be written in the form as
dy x 3y 1 1 3 y
    ( ) which is a homogeneous equation.
dx 2 y 2x 2 ( y x) 2 x
Letting y = vx, we obtain
dv 1 3v dv 1 3v 1 v
vx   or , x     v   
dx 2v 2 dx 2v 2 2v 2
dv v 2  1
 x 
dx 2v
This equation is separable equation. Separating the variables, we obtain
2v dv dx

v 1 x
2

Integrating, we obtain
ln( v 2  1)  ln x  ln c or , (v 2  1)  xc
y2
or , 2  1  xc
x
 y 2  x2  c x3 This is the required solution.
 Example 2.13: Solve the initial-value problem
( y  x 2  y 2 dx  x dy  0, y (1)  0.
Solution: This equation can be written in the form as
dy y  x  y
2 2
y y 2
   1 ( ) which is a homogeneous equation.
dx x x x
Letting y = vx, we obtain
dv dv
vx  v  1  v2  x  1  v2
dx dx
This equation is separable equation. Separating the variables, we obtain
dv dx

v2  1 x
Integrating, we obtain
ln v  v 2  1  ln x  ln c or , v  v 2  1  cx

y y2
or ,  2
 1  cx or , y  x 2  y 2  cx 2
x x
Applying initial condition y=0, when x =1, we obtain c=1

 y  x2  y2  x2 This is the required solution.

Exercises
## Solve each of the differential equations:

9. (2 xy  3 y 2 )dx  (2 xy  x 2 )dy  0. [ Ans : x 2  xy  cx 3 ]

13. ( x 3  y 2 x 2  y 2 )dx  xy x 2  y 2 dy  0 [ Ans : ( x  y )  x 3 ln cx 3 ]

2 2 2

20. (3x 2  9 xy  5 y 2 )dx  (6 x 2  4 xy )dy  0, y ( 2 )  6

[ Ans : 2( y 2  3 xy  3 x 2 ) 2  9 x 5 ]

21. (a) Show that the homogeneous equation ( Ax  By )dx  (Cx  Dy )dy  0
is exact I and only if B = C.

(b) Show that the homogeneous equation ( Ax 2  Bxy  Cy 2 )dx  ( Dx 2  Exy  Fy 2 )dy  0
is exact if and only if B = 2D and E = 2C.
Linear Equations
A first-order ordinary differential equation is linear in the dependent variable
y and independent variable x if it can be written in the form
dy
 P (x) y  Q ( x ) .......... .......... (i )
dx
For example, the equation
dy
x  ( x  1) y  x 3
dx
is a first-order linear differential equation, for it can be written as
dy 1
 (1  ) y  x 2
dx x

which is of the form (i) with P(x) = 1+1/x and Q(x) = x 2.

Theorem
The linear differential equation
dy
 P(x) y  Q ( x ) .......... .......... (i )
dx
has an integrating factor of the form

 e  P ( x ) dx

Proof:
Let us write equ. (i) in the form

[ P ( x ) y  Q ( x )]dx  dy  0 ...........................(ii )

Equ. (ii) is of the form

M ( x, y ) dx  N ( x, y )dy  0

where, M ( x, y )  P ( x ) y  Q ( x ) and N ( x, y )  1
 Since
M ( x , y ) N ( x, y )
 P( x) and 0
y x
Hence equ. (ii) is not exact unless P(x) = 0. But, if P(x)=0, then equ. (i)
degenerates into a simple separable equation. So, equ (ii) has an integrating factor
that depends on x only.
Let (x) be the integrating factor. Let us multiply equ. (ii) by (x), we obtain
[  ( x ) P ( x ) y   ( x ) Q ( x )]dx   ( x ) dy  0 .......... .................(iii )
By definition, (x) is an integrating factor of equ. (iii) if and only if equ. (iii) is
exact, that is, if and only if
 
[  ( x ) P( x ) y   ( x )Q ( x )]  [  ( x )]
y x

or ,  ( x ) P( x )  [  ( x )] ..................(iv )
x
In equ. (iv), P is a known function of x, but  is an unknown function of x,
then d
 P( x)  This is a separable DE
dx
Separating the variables, we have

d
 P( x )dx

Integrating, we obtain

ln    P( x )dx

  e  P ( x ) dx (Proved)
Solution of Linear DE
Example 2.14: Solve the following differential equation
dy 2 x  1
( ) y  e 2 x ................(i )
dx x dy
Solution: This is a linear differential equation of the form dx  P(x) y  Q ( x).
2x  1
Here, P( x )  ( ) and Q ( x )  e 2 x
x
Hence, an integrating factor  is given by
2 x 1 1
 
  e
P ( x ) dx ( ) dx ( 2  ) dx
e e
x x

   e ( 2 x ln x )  e 2 x .e ln x  xe 2 x
Multiplying equation (i) by this integrating factor, we obtain
dy 2x  1 dy
xe 2 x  xe 2 x ( ) y  xe 2 x e 2 x or , xe 2 x  e 2 x (2 x  1) y  x
dx x dx
d
 ( xe 2 x y )  x
dx
Integrating, we obtain the solution

x 2 1 2 x c 2 x
xe 2 x y  c  y  xe  e This is the required solution.
2 2 x
 dy
Example 2.15: Solve the initial vale problem ( x  1) dx  4 xy  x, y(2)  1.
2

Solution: We can write the equation as dy 4x x

 y  .......... .........(i )
dx x 1
2
x 1
2

This is a linear differential equation.

Here, P( x )  (
4x x
) and Q( x) 
x 1
2
x2  1
Hence, an integrating factor  is given by
4x
 x2 1dx
  e
P ( x ) dx 2 ln( x 2 1) ln( x 2 1)2
e e e  ( x 2  1) 2
Multiplying equation (i) by this integrating factor, we obtain
dy 4x x
( x 2  1) 2  ( x 2  1) 2 . 2 y  ( x 2  1) 2 . 2
dx ( x  1) ( x  1)
dy d
or , ( x 2  1) 2  4 x( x 2  1) y  x( x 2  1) 
[( x 2  1) 2 y ]  x 3  x
dx dx
x 4 x2
Integrating, we obtain the solution ( x  1) y 
2 2
 c
4 2
Applying the initial condition y=1 when x =2, we have 25  4  2  c  c  19
4 2
x x
 ( x 2  1) 2 y    19 This is the required solution.
4 2
Exercises
## Solve the given differential equations.
dy [ Ans : y  x 3 e 3 x  ce 3 x ]
3.  3 y  3 x 2 e 3 x
dx
dv 3u 4 3u 2
6. (u  1)  4uv  3u
2 [ Ans : (u  1) v 
2 2
  c]
4 2
du
dy 2 x  1
7. x  y  x 1 [ Ans : 3( x 2  x ) y  x 3  3 x  c]
dx x  1

13. (cos 2 x  y cos x )dx  (1  sin x )dy  0 [ Ans : 2(1  sin x) y  x  sin x cos x  c]

## Solve the initial-value problems of the followings:

dy
19. x  2 y  2 x 4 , y (2)  8. [ Ans : y  x 4  2 x 2 ]
dx

21. e x [ y  3(e x  1) 2 ]dx  (e x  1)dy  0, y (0)  4. [ Ans : y  (e x  1) 2 ]

Bernoulli Equations
A first-order ordinary differential equation is Bernoulli equation in the
dependent variable y and independent variable x if it can be written in the
form dy
 P (x) y  Q ( x ) y n
dx

where n is an integer, n 0 or 1. If n=0 or 1, the above Bernoulli equation is

actually a linear equation.

For example, the equation

dy
 y  xy 3
dx
is a first-order Bernoulli differential equation.
 Theorem
Suppose n0 or 1. Then the transformation v  y 1n reduces the Bernoulli
equation
dy
 P (x) y  Q ( x ) y n .......... .....(i )
dx

to a linear equation in v.

Proof:
We first multiply equ. (i) by y-n, we have
dy
y n  P(x) y1-n  Q ( x ) .......... .......... ...(ii )
dx
Letting v  y 1n , then

dv  n dy n dy 1 dv
 (1  n ) y  y 
dx dx dx 1  n dx
Then equ. (ii) the transforms into
1 dv
 P(x) v  Q ( x )
1  n dx
dv
or ,  (1  n ) P(x) v  (1  n ) Q ( x )
dx

Letting P1 ( x )  (1  n) P( x ) and Q1 ( x )  (1  n)Q ( x )

Therefore, we have

dv
 P1 (x) v  Q1 ( x )
dx
which is a linear equation in v. (Proved)
Solution of Bernoulli DE
Example 2.17: Solve the following differential equation
dy
 y  xy 3 .......... ...(i )
dx
Solution:
This is a Bernoulli differential equation, where n 3.
We first multiply equation (i) by y -3 we have
dy
y 3  y 2  x .......... .........(ii )
dx
1 n 2
If we let v  y  y , we obtain
dv dy
 2 y 3
dx dx
Equ. (ii) becomes
1 dv dv
 vx   2 v  2 x .....................(iii )
2 dx dx
This is a linear equation in v.

where P(x) = -2 and Q(x)=-2x

 Hence, an integrating factor (x) is given by

 ( x)  e  P ( x ) dx
 e 2 dx  e 2 x
Multiplying equation (iii) by this integrating factor, we obtain
dv
e 2 x  2 e  2 x v  2 x e  2 x
dx
d 2 x
 (e v )  2 x e 2 x ..............(iv)
dx
Integrating equ. (iv), we obtain

 
2 x 2 x
d ( e v )   2 x e dx  c where, c is a arbitrary constant

d
or , e 2 x v  [ x  e 2 x dx   { x  e 2 x dx}dx ]  c
dx
1 1
or , e 2 x v  e 2 x (2 x  1)  c or , v  2 x   ce 2 x
1 2 2
But v  y  2  2
, therefore the solution of the given equation is
y
1 1
 x   c e 2x
This is the required solution.
y2 2
Exercises
## Solve the given differential equations.
1
dy y y2 [ Ans :  1  cx 1 ]
15.    y
dx x x
1
dy [ Ans :  2 x 6  cx 3 ]
16. x  y  2 x 6 y 4 y 3

dx

17. dy  (4 y  8 y 3 ) xdx  0 2

[ Ans : y  (2  ce 8 x )1 4 ]

## Solve the initial-value problems of the followings:

dy y x
25.   3 , y (1)  2. [ Ans : x 2 y 4  x 4  15]
dx 2 x y

3
dy 1 1
26. x  y  ( xy ) 2 , y (1)  4. [ Ans :   x  1]
dx xy 2
 Exercises :Miscellaneous Review
## Solve each of the DE (it may be exact, separable, homogeneous, linear or Bernoulli)
dy 4 x 3 y 2  3x 2 y [ Ans : x 4 2
y  x 3
y  c]
9.  .
dx x3  2x4 y
dy
10. ( x  1)  xy  e  x . [ Ans : y  e  x [ 1  c( x  1)]
dx
dy 2 x  7 y
11.  . [ Ans : (2 x  3 y ) 2  c( y  x )]
dx 3 y  8 x
dy 1
12. x 2  xy  xy 3 . [ Ans : y 2  ]
dx 1  cx 2

dy [ Ans : y  1  c( x 3  1) 2 ]
13. ( x 3  1)  6 x 2 y  6 x 2 .
dx
dy 2 x 2  y 2 [ Ans : ( y  2 x )( y  x)  cx ]
14.  .
dx 2 xy  x 2

15. ( x 2  y 2 )dx  2 xydy  0, y (1)  2. [ Ans : y  ( x 2  3x )1 2 ]

17. (e 2 x y 2  2 x )dx  e 2 x y dy  0, y (0)  2. [ Ans : y  e  x (2 x 2  4)1 2 ]

dy
19. 4 xy  y 2  1, y (2)  1. [ Ans : ( y 2  1) 2  2 x ]
dx
dy xy ( x 2  1)1 2
21.  2 , y ( 15 )  2. [ Ans : y  ]
dx x  1 2