Chapter5lesson1 2

GMOs
&
GE https://www.avensonline.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Genetically-Modified-Organisms.jpg
Genetically Modified
Organisms (GMOs)
➢living things whose genetic
material, like DNA, has been
altered in a way that doesn't
occur naturally
➢adding new traits to
organisms or change existing
ones by inserting genes from
another organism
Genetic Engineering (GE)
➢involves directly
inserting a specific gene
into an organism's DNA
➢allows scientists to give
the organism new traits or
enhance existing ones
Transgenesis
➢transferring genes
between organisms that
are not closely related
GE Techniques
1. Recombinant DNA
Technology
➢combining DNA from different
organisms to create new genetic
sequences
➢A common method is to insert a
foreign gene into a plasmid (a small
circular DNA molecule found in
bacteria) and then introduce the
plasmid into a host organism.
DNA from DNA from Recombinant
organism A organism B DNA
GE Techniques
2. Gene Cloning
➢process of making
multiple copies of a
specific gene
GE Techniques
3. Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR)
➢a technique used to make
millions of copies of a
specific DNA sequence
GE Techniques
4. CRISPR-Cas9
➢a relatively new and
powerful gene-editing tool
➢precisely cuts and edits
DNA at specific locations
Historical Background
Early Forms of Genetic

Modification
❑ Selective breeding: Humans
have been selectively breeding
plants and animals for desired
traits for thousands of years.
Early Forms of Genetic
Modification
❑ Hybridization: Crossing
different species or varieties to
create new hybrids with
desirable characteristics.
Modern Genetic
Engineering
❑ 1953: The discovery of the
double-helix structure of DNA
by Watson and Crick laid the
foundation for modern genetic
engineering.
❑1970s: The development of

recombinant DNA technology,
which allows scientists to
combine DNA from different
organisms, marked a significant
breakthrough.
❑ 1978: The first genetically
engineered organism, a
bacterium, was created.
Modern Genetic
Engineering
1982: The first genetically
engineered drug, insulin, was
approved for use.
Genetics & Biotechnology
1990s: The first genetically
modified crops were
commercialized.
2010s: The development of
CRISPR-Cas9, a precise gene-
editing tool, has revolutionized
genetic engineering.
Applications of GMOs
➢Agriculture: To create
crops that are resistant to
pests, diseases, or
herbicides, or that produce
higher yields.
Genetics & Biotechnology
➢Medicine: To produce
therapeutic proteins and
vaccines.
➢Industry: To create
enzymes and other
products used in
manufacturing.
Golden Rice
❖ Rice that has been
genetically modified to
produce beta-carotene, a
precursor of vitamin A.
❖ aims to address vitamin A
deficiency in regions where
rice is a staple food
Flavr Savr Tomato
❖ engineered to have a
longer shelf life by
delaying ripening
Arctic Apple
❖ modified to resist
browning when sliced
or bruised, allowing
them to maintain their
appearance for longer
periods
Roundup Ready Soybeans
❖ engineered to be resistant
to the herbicide glyphosate,
allowing farmers to control
weeds without harming
their crop
Insect-Resistant Cotton
❖ modified to produce
toxins from the
bacterium Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt),
providing resistance to
certain pests like cotton
bollworms
Bt Corn
❖ modified to produce
Bt which is toxic to
certain pests like the
corn borer
First GMO Patent:
Pseudomonas fluorescens
❖ engineered to consume
oil spills more efficiently
❖ The patent was granted
in 1980.
Glowing Zebrafish
❖ These fish have a gene

from a jellyfish that codes
for a fluorescent protein,
allowing them to emit a
green fluorescent light
under certain conditions.
Spider Silk Goat
❖ produce spider
silk proteins in
their milk
Fast-Growing Salmon
❖ grows to market size
faster than
conventional salmon
❖ contain a growth
hormone gene from
Chinook salmon and a
genetic switch from an
ocean pout, enabling
them to grow year-
round
Bt Talong
BT Talong has been approved for
commercial cultivation in the
Philippines. However, its adoption by
farmers has been slow due to various
factors, including lack of awareness,
concerns about safety and regulation,
and the availability of alternative pest
control methods. Efforts are ongoing to
promote the adoption of BT Talong
among Filipino farmers and to address
the concerns surrounding its use.
Benefits of GMOs
❑ Increased Crop Yield
❑ Improved Nutritional Content
❑ Reduced Need for Chemical
Pesticides
❑ Enhanced Crop Quality
❑ Environmental Benefits
Risks and Concerns
➢Health risks: There is no

scientific evidence to suggest
that GMOs are harmful to
human health. However, some
people remain concerned about
potential long-term health
effects.
Risks and Concerns
➢Environmental impacts:
There are concerns that
GMOs could have negative
impacts on the environment,
such as the development of
herbicide-resistant weeds or
the harm to beneficial
insects.
Risks and Concerns
➢Ethical concerns: Some

people have ethical concerns
about the creation and use of
GMOs, particularly when it
comes to the potential for
genetic modification of
humans
Risks and Concerns
➢Social and economic

issues: Genetic
engineering could
exacerbate inequalities
or create new social
problems.

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GMOs

Early Forms of Genetic

❑1970s: The development of

❖ These fish have a gene

➢Health risks: There is no

➢Ethical concerns: Some

➢Social and economic

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