RPH Midterms REV

ARTICLE II
You shall obey. Let all your debts with the headman be
The Code of Kalantiaw is a mythical legal code in the met punctually. He who does not obey shall receive
epic history Maragtas. Before it was revealed as a for the first time one hundred lashes. If the debt is
hoax, it was a source of pride for the people of Aklan. large, he shall be condemned to thrust his hand in
In fact, a historical marker was installed in the town of boiling water thrice. For the second time, he shall be
Batan, Aklan in 1956, with the following text: beaten to death.

ARTICLE III
Datu Bendehara Kalantiaw
Obey you: let no one have women that are very young
 Third Chief of Panay, born in Aklan. nor more than he can support; nor be given to
 Established his government in the peninsula excessive lust. He who does not comply with, obey,
of Batang, Aklan Sakup. and observe this order shall be condemned to swim
 Considered the First Filpino Lawgiver for three hours for the first time and for the second
 He promulgated in about 1433 penal code time, to be beaten to death with sharp thorns.
now known as Code of Kalantiaw containing
ARTICLE IV
18 articles
Observe and obey; let no one disturb the quiet of the
graves. When passing by the caves and trees where
they are, give respect to them. He who does not
Don Marcelino Orilla of Zarugoza observe this shall be killed by ants, or beaten to death
 Born in Spain. with thorns.
 Obtained the original manuscript from an old
chief of Panay which was later translated into
Spanish by Rafael Murviedo Yzamaney ARTICLE V
You shall obey; he who exchanges for food, let it be
always done in accordance with his word. He who
Code of KALANTIAW does not comply, shall be beaten for one hour, he who
repeats the offense shall be exposed for one day
 lt was only in 1968 that it was proved a hoax, among ants.
when William Henry Scott, efended his
research on pre-hispanic sources in Philippine
history. ARTICLE VI
 He attributed the code to a historical fiction You shall be obliged to revere sights that are held in
written in 1913 by Jose E. Marco titled Las respect, such as those of trees of recognized worth
Antiguas Leyendas de la lsla de Negros. and other sights. He who fails to comply shall pay with
 Marco attributed the code itself to a priest one month's work in gold or in honey.
named Jose Maria Pavon.
 Prominent Filipino historians did not dissent
to Scott s findings, but there are still some
ARTICLE VII
who would like to believe that the code is a
These shall be put to death; he who kills trees of
legitimate document.
venerable appearance; who shoot arrows at night at
old men and women; he who enters the houses of the
headmen without permission; he who kills a shark or a
ARTICLE I streaked cayman.
You shall not kill, neither shall you steal, neither shall
you do harm to the aged, lest you incur the danger of
death. All those who infringe this order shall be
ARTICLE VIII
condemned to death by being drowned in the river, or
Slavery for a doam (a certain period of time) shall be
in boiling water.
suffered by those who steal away the women of the
headmen; by him who keep ill-tempered dogs that
bite the headmen; by him who burns the fields of beaten: who eat the diseased flesh of beasts which
another. they hold in respect, or the herb which they consider
good, who wound or kill the young of the Manaul, or
the white monkey.
ARTICLE IX
All these shall be beaten for two days: who sing while
traveling by night; kill the Manaul; tear the documents ARTICLE XV
belonging to the headmen; are malicious liars; or who The fingers shall be cut-off: of all those who break
mock the dead. idols of wood and clay in their alangans and temples;
of those who destroy the daggers of the tagalons, or
break the drinking jars of the latter.
ARTICLE X
It is decreed an obligation; that every mother teach
secretly to her daughters matters pertaining to lust ARTICLE XVI
and prepare them for womanhood; let not men be These shall be killed: who profane sites where idols
cruel nor punish their women when they catch them are kept, and sites where are buried the sacred things
in the act of adultery. Whoever shall disobey shall be of their diwatas and headmen. He who performs his
killed by being cut to pieces and thrown to the necessities in those places shall be burned.
caymans.

ARTICLE XVII
ARTICLE XI Those who do not cause these rules to be obeyed: if
These shall be burned: who by their strength or they are headmen, they shall be put to death by being
cunning have mocked at and escaped punishment or stoned and crushed; and if they are agorangs they
who have killed young boys; or try to steal away the shall be placed in rivers to be eaten by sharks and
women of the elders. caymans.

ARTICLE XII Sa Aking Mga Kabata

These shall be drowned: all who interfere with their
superiors, or their owners or masters; all those who
abuse themselves through their lust; those who  Written by Jose Rizal.
destroy their anitos (idols) by breaking them or  He was eight years old and is one of Rizal's
throwing them down. most prominent works.
 "Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang
salita/mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda”
ARTICLE XIII  There exists no manuscript of the poem
All these shall be exposed to ants for half a day: who handwritten by Rizal.
kill black cats during a new moon; or steal anything  The poem was first published in 1906, in a
from the chiefs or agorangs, however small the object book by Hermenegildo Cruz.
may be.  Cruz said he received the poem from Gabriel
Beato Francisco, who claimed to have
received it in 1884 tirom Rizal's close friend,
ARTICLE XIV Saturnino Raselis.
These shall be made slave for life: who have beautiful  Criticism of the poem reveals more about the
daughters and deny them to the sons of chiefs, and wrongful attribution of the poem to Rizal.
with bad faith hide them away.  The poem was written in Tagalog and reterred
to the word "kalayaan”.
 But it was documented in Rizal's letters that
ARTICLE XV he first encountered the word through a
Concerning beliefs and superstitions; these shall be Marcelo H. del Pilar's translation of Rizal's
 essay El Amor Patrio, where it was spelled as A few days later they saw the island of Ibabao [Samar]
kalayahan. in this Archipelago. But the first island they touched at
 The poem's spelling is also suspect-the use of was Humunu, a small uninhabited island near Guiuan
letters "k” and "w" to replaced c and u, Point .... To that and other islets they gave the name of
respectively was suggested by Rizal as an Buenas Senas [Good Omens) but to the entire
adult. Archipelago they gave the name San Lazaro, being the
 If the poem was indeed written during his Saturday of Saint Lazarus' Sunday in Lent of the year
time, it should use the original Spanish 1521. On Easter Day, in the territory of Butuan, the
orthography that was prevalent in his time. first Mass ever offered in these parts was celebrated
and a cross planted. Magellan then took formal
possession of the Islands in the name of the Emperor
First Mass Site in the Philippines and of the Crown of Castille. The man who gave the
Where Did the First Catholic Mass Take Place in the most signal service to our men was the chief of
Philippines? Dimasaua [sic] , relative of the chief of Butuan and of
that of Zebu, whither he led the armada, which
There are two conflicting school of thoughts about the entered that harbor at noon on the 7th of April, the
site of the first mass in the Philippines. The first claim Octave of Easter.
is that the site of the first mass took place at Butuan,
Agusan del Norte first Eucharistic celebration was held
near the mouth of the Agusan River where a brick PRIMARY SOURCE : FRANCISCO ALBO’S LOGBOOK
pillar was mounted to serve as a monument which has
inscription as follow:
First Mass Site in the Philippines
To the Immortal Magellan: the People of Butuan with
their Parish Priest and the Spaniards resident therein, 1. On the 16th of March (1521) as they sailed in a
to commemorate his arrival and the celebration of the westerly course from Ladrones, they saw land towards
First Mass on this site on the 8th of April 1521. the northwest; but owing to many shallow places they
Erected in 1872, under the District Governor Jose Ma. did not approach it. They found later that its name
Carvallo. was Yunagan.

First Mass Site in the Philippines 2. They went instead that same day southwards to
another small island named Suluan, and there they
The construction of the said monument is a tangible anchored. There they saw some canoes but these fled
manifestation of the long practiced tradition by the at the Spaniards' approach. This island was at 9 and
people of Butuan that leads to the assertion that the two-thirds degrees North latitude.
first mass actually happened in Agusan del Norte.

3. Departing from those two islands, they sailed

The second school of thought was the widely accepted westward to an uninhabited island of Gada "where
version of the site of the first mass story. It was held they took in a supply of wood and water. The sea
on Limasawa southern Leyte on an Easter Sunday. To around that island was free from shallows. (Albo does
have a clearer distinction about the topic, here are the not give the latitude of this island, but from Pigatetta's
different versions of the story as narrated by each testimony, this seems to be the "Acquada or
authors: Homonhon, at 10 degrees North latitude.)

At the end of three months and twelve days during 4. From that island they sailed westwards towards a
which they traversed 4,000 leagues, having crossed large island names Seilani that was inhabited and was
the Equator a second time, they climbed up to 15 known to have gold.(Seilani- or, as Pigafetta calls it,
degrees North latitude where they came upon two "Ceylon-was the island of Leyte.)
islands which they named Las Velas [the Sails]. At 12
degrees North they came upon the Ladrones Islands.
5. Sailing southwards along the coast of that large PRIMARY SOURCE : PIGAFETTA'S TESTIMONY ON THE
island of Seilani, they turned southwest to a small ROUTE OF MAGELLAN'S EXPEDITION
island called "Mazava." That island is also at a latitude
of 9 and two-thirds degrees North.
First Mass Site in the Philippines

1. Saturday, 16 March 1521- Magellan's expedition

6. The people of that island of Mazava were very
sighted a "high land" named "Zamal" which was some
good. There the Spaniards planted a cross upon a
300 leagues westward of Ladrones (now the
mountain-top, and from there they were shown three
Marianas) Islands.
islands to the west and southwest, where they were
told there was much gold. "They showed us how the
gold was gathered, which came in small pieces like
peas and lentils. 2. Sunday, March 17 "The following day" after sighting
Zamal Island, they landed on "another island which
7. From Mazava they sailed northwards again towards was uninhabited" and which lay "to the right" of the
Seilani. Tney followed the coast of Seilani in a above mentioned island of "Zamal." (To the "right”
northwesterly direction, ascending up to 10 degrees of here would mean on their starboard going south or
latitude where they saw three small islands. southwest.) There they set up two tents for the sick
members of the crew and had a sow killed for them.
The name of this island was Humunu (Homonhon).
8. From there they sailed westwards some ten This island was located at 10 degrees North latitude.
leagues, and there they saw three islets, where they
dropped anchor for the night. In the morning they
sailed southwest some 12 leagues, down to a latitude 3. On that same day (Sunday, March 17), Magellan
of l0 and one-third degree. There they entered a named the enure archipelago the "Islands of Saint
channel between two islands, one of which was called Lazarus" the reason being that it was Sunday in the
"Matan" and the other "Subu." Lenten season when the Gospel assigned for the Mass
and the liturgical office was the eleventh chapter of St.
John, which tells of the raising of Lazarus trom the
9. They sailed down that channel and then turned dead.
westward and anchored at the town (la villa) of Subu
where they stayed many days and obtained provisions
and entered into a peace-pact with the local king. 4. Monday, March 18- In the afternoon of their second
day on that island, they saw a boat coming towards
them with nine men in it. An exchange of gifts was
10. The town of Subu was on an east-west direction effected. Magellan asked for food supplies, and the
with the islands of Suluan and Mazava. But between men wentaway, promising to bring rice and other
Mazava and Subu, there were so many shallows that supplies in four days.
the boats could not go westward directly but has to go
(as they did) in a round-about way.
5. There were two springs of water on that island of
Homonhon. Also they saw there some indications that
It must be noted that in Albo's account, the location of there was gold in these islands. Consequently
Mazava fits the location of the island of Limasawa, at Magellan renamed the island and called it the
the southern tip of Leyte, 9°54N. Also, Albo does not "Watering Place of Good Omen " (Acquada la di bouni
mention the first Mass, but only the planting of the segniali).
cross upon a mountain- top from which could be seen
three islands to the west and southwest, which also
fits the southern end of Limasawa. 6. Friday, March 22-At noon the natives returned. This
time they were in two boats, and they brought food
suppies.
7. Magellan's expedition stayed eight days at 12. Thursday, April 4-They left Mazaua, bound for
Homonhon: from Sunday, March 17, to the Monday of Cebu. They were guided thither by the king of Mazaua
the following week, March 25. who sailed in his own boat. Their route took them past
five "islands" namely: "Ceylon, Bohol, Canighan,
Baibai, and Gatighan."
8. Monday, March 25 In the afternoon, the expedition
weighed anchor and left the island of Homonhon.In
the ecclesiastical calendar, this day (March 25) was the 13. At Gatighan, they sailed westward to the three
feast-day of the lncarnation, also called the feast of islands of the Camotes Group, namely, Poro, Pasihan
the Annunciation and therefore Our Lady's Day. On and Ponson. Here the Spanish ships stopped to allow
this day, as they were about to weigh anchor, an the king of Mazaua to catch up with them, since the
accident happened to Pigafëtta: he fell into the water Spanish ships were much faster than the native
but was rescued. He attributed his narrow escape balangha-a thing that excited the admiration of the
from death as grace obtained through the intercession king of Mazaua.
of the Blessed Virgin Mary on her feast-day. First Mass
Site in the Philippines
14. From the Camotes Islands they sailed southwards
towards "Zubu.”
9. The route taken by the expedition after leaving
Homonhon was "toward the west southwest, between
four islands: namely, Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson and 15. Sunday, April 7 - At noon they entered the harbor
Albarien." Very probably Cenalo is a misspelling in the of "Zubu (Cebu). It had taken them three days to
Italian manuscript for what Pigafetta in his map calls negotiate the journey from Mazaua northwards to the
Ceilon and Albo calls "Seilani: namely the island of Camotes Islands and then southwards to Cebu. It must
Leyte. Hiunanghan" (a misspelling of Hinunangan) be pointed out that both Albo and Pigafetta's
seemed to Pigafetta to be a separate island, but is testimonies coincide and corroborate each other.
actually on the mainland of Leyte G.e.,"Ceylon"). On Pigafetta gave more details on what they did during
the other hand, Hibuson (Pigafetta's Ibusson) is an their weeklong stay at Mazaua.
island east of Leyte's southern tip. Thus, it is easy to
see what Pigafetta meant by sailing toward the west
southwest" past those islands. They left Homonhon It must be pointed out that both Albo and Pigafetta's
sailing westward towards Leyte, then followed the testimonies coincide and corroborate each other.
Leyte coast southward, passing between the island of Pigafetta gave more details on what they did during
Hibuson on their portside and unangan Bayon their their weeklong stay at Mazaua.
starboard, and then continued southward, then
turning westward to “Mazaua.”

10. Thursday, March 28 In the morning of Holy PRIMARY SOURCE : PIGAFETTA AND SEVEN DAYS IN
Thursday, March 6, they anchored off an island where MAZAUA
the previous night they hadseen a light or a bonfire.
That island "lies in a latitude of nine and two-thirds
towards the Arctic Pole (i.e., North) and in a longitude First Mass Site in the Philippines
of one hundred and sixty-two degrees from the line of
First Mass Site in the Philippines Thursday, March 28 -
demarcation. lt is twenty-five leagues from the
On Thursday, March 28, Magellan 's ships anchored
Acquada, and is called Mazaua
near an island and encountered natives, exchanging
gifts with the local king, who remained seated in his
boat. Later that day, they moved closer to the shore
11. They remained seven days on Mazaua lsland. and anchored near the king's village, marking the
occasion of Holy Thursday.
On Friday, March 29, Magellan sent his interpreter to Cavite Mutiny and the martyrdom of the three priests:
request food supplies from the native king, assuring Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora
him they came in peace. The king visited Magellan's (GOMBURZA).
ship, where they exchanged gifts, and two members of
the expedition, including Pigafetta, spent the night
ashore as guests. SPANISH ACCOUNTS OF THE CAVITE MUTINY

The documentation of Spanish historian Jose Montero

y Vidal centered on how the event was an attempt in
On Saturday, March 30, after spending the previous
overthrowing the Spanish government in the
evening feasting and drinking with the native king and
Philippines.
his son, Pigafetta regretted having to eat meat on
Good Friday. The next morning, he and his companion
left their hosts and returned to the ships.
His account of the mutiny was criticized as woefully
biased and rabid for a scholar
On Sunday, March 31, Easter Day, Magellan sent a
priest ashore to prepare for Mass, which he later
attended with about fifty men, followed by the Another account from the official report written by
veneration of a cross. In the afternoon, they returned then Governor General Rafael Izquierdo implicated the
to plant a cross on the highest hill, with the kings of native clergy, who were then, active in the movement
Mazaua and Butuan present at both events. toward secularization of parishes.

On the afternoon of Sunday, March 31, while on the These two accounts corroborated eachother.
summit of the hill, Magellan asked the two kings for
advice on ports where he could obtain better supplies.
They suggested Ceylon, Zubu, and Calagan, with Zubu
being the main trade hub. Magellan expressed his PRIMARY SOURCE : EXCERPTS FROM MONTERO'S
intent to sail to Zubu the next day, but later that ACCOUNT OF THE CAVITY MUTINY
evening, the King of Mazaua offered to guide him
personally after completing his harvest, requesting
help from Magellan's men for the task.
Two Faces of Cavite Mutiny

The abolition of privileges for laborers at the Cavite

Monday, April 1 - Magellan sent men ashore to help arsenal was one cause of the insurrection, though
with the harvest, but no work was done that day there were others.
because the two kings were sleeping off their drinking
bout the night before.
The Spanish revolution, anti-monarchical propaganda,
Tuesday, April 2 and Wednesday, April 3- Work on the
and republican ideas from Spain and the U.S.
harvest during the next to days, 1.e., Tuesday and
contributed to the growing desire for Filipino
Wednesday, the 2nd and 3rd of April.
independence.
Thursday, April 4 -They leave Mazaua, bound for Cebu.

These ideas were further promoted by a governor

The Two Faces of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny who implemented them in the Philippines.

What Happened in the Cavite Mutiny?

Some Filipino leaders, with the support of sections of
the native clergy, began working toward
Two Faces of Cavite Mutiny independence, partly motivated by resentment
The year 1872 is a historic year of two events: the toward the friars.
 plans to reduce friar influence in civil governance and
universities, raising hopes among Filipinos for
In early 1872, authorities received anonymous
improvements in their country.
warnings about a planned uprising against the
Spaniards, including the assassination of friars, but
these were ignored.
Until that point, there was no intention of secession
from Spain; instead, the people's aspirations focused
on achieving material and educational advancement.
The conspiracy had been secretly ongoing since the
time of La Torre.

The incident at the Cavite arsenal is described as a

mutiny by Filipino soldiers and laborers driven by
Key leaders met in the homes of D. Joaquin Pardo de
dissatisfaction with the harsh policies of Governor
Tavera and the native priest Jacinto Zamora, with
Izquierdo, including the abolition of privileges and the
meetings often attended by the influential curate of
prohibition of a school for arts and trades. Tavera
Bacoor.
argues that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo
exaggerated this isolated mutiny to justify their
continued dominance in the face of the Central
His wealth and strong character made him a driving Government's plans to reduce friar influence in civil
force behind the movement. and educational matters.

PRIMARY SOURCE : EXCERPTS FROM THE OFFICIAL In response, the Central Spanish Government
REPORT OFGOVERNOR IZQUIERDO ON THE CAVITE introduced a decree that merged sectarian schools
MUTINY OF 1872 into the Philippine Institute, requiring competitive
examinations for teaching positions, which was
positively received by most Filipinos. French writer
Two Faces of Cavite Mutiny Edmund Plauchut’s account further analyzes the
Key leaders, including D. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera and motivations behind the 1872 Cavite Mutiny,
Jacinto Zamora, held meetings, often attended by the supporting Tavera’s perspective.
influential and wealthy curate of Bacoor.

Differing Accounts of the Events of 1872 Two, other

His strong character and resources made him a central primary accounts exist that seem to counter the
figure in the movement. accounts of Izquierdo and Montero. First, the account
of Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera, a
Pilipino scholar and researcher, who wrote a Filipino
version of the bloody incident in Cavite.
On 17 February 1872, the GOMBURZA were executed
to serve as a threat to Filipinos never to attempt to
fight the Spaniards again.
The actions of a misguided governor sent by the
Revolutionary government to implement these ideas
in the Philippines further encouraged this movement.

PRIMARY SOURCE : EXCERPTS FROM PARDO DE

TAVERA'S ACCOUNT OF THE CAVITE MUTINY Some Filipinos, with the support of sections of the
native clergy, began working toward independence,
partly motivated by resentment toward the friars.
Two Faces of Cavite Mutiny

The uprising among the soldiers in Cavite was

exploited by Spanish residents and friars, especially
after the Central Government in Madrid announced
Cry of Balintawak or Pugadlawin The meeting, presided over by Bonifacio, aimed to
decide when to initiate the
Where Did the Cry of Rebellion Happen?
uprising against Spanish rule, but some leaders
opposed an early start.
Momentous events swept the Spanish colonies in the
late nineteenth century, including the Philippines.
Journalists of the time referred to the phrase “El Grito Sensing defeat in the discussion, Bonifacio left to rally
de Rebelion” or "Cry of Rebellion" to mark the start of the waiting crowd, delivering a passionate speech
these revolutionary events, identifying the places about the dangers of inaction and the consequences
where it happened. of Spanish oppression.

He urged the people to pledge their commitment to

revolt and called for the destruction of their cedulas,
The controversy regarding this event stems from the
symbolizing their break from Spanish authority, which
identification of the date and place where the Cry
the crowd enthusiastically supported.
happened.

Prominent Filipino historian Teodoro Agoncillo

emphasizes the event when Bonifacio tore the cedula
or tax receipt before the Katipuneros who also did the
same. Cry of Balintawak

Some writers identified the first military event with

the Spaniards as the moment of the Cry, for which,
Emilio Aguinaldo commissioned an “Himno de
Balintawak” to inspire the renewed struggle after the
Pact of the Biak-na-Bato failed.

A monument to the Heroes of 1896 was erected in

what is now the intersection of Epifanio de los Santos
(EDSA) Avenue and Andres Bonifacio Drive-North
Diversion road, and from then on until 1962, the Cry
of Balintawak was celebrated every 26th of August.
The site of the monument was chosen for an unknown
reason.

PRIMARY SOURCE : ACCOUNTS OF THE CRY

GUILLERMO MASANGKAY

Cry of Balintawak

On August 26, a significant meeting of the Katipunan

leaders was held at the house of Apolonio Samson in
Balintawak, attended by key figures such as Andres
Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and others from various
regions.
Main Topic III: One Past But Many Histories Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Vol.7
(Manila: National Book Store, 1990) 281-286
A. The First Mass Site in the Philippines
 Pardo de Tavera, Trinidad, “ Filipino Version of the
According to Pigafetta, the first Mass was celebrated
Cavite Mutiny” in Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia
on March 31, 1521, an Easter Sunday. Pigafetta
Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History,
referred to the venue as “Mazaua.” Some say that the
Vol.7 (Manila: National Book Store, 1990) 274-
venue is the island of Limasawa in Leyte. Others,
280
however, claim that Pigafetta was referring to Masao
the community at the mouth of Agusan River adjacent  Plauchut, Edmund, The Cavite Mutiny of 1872
to what is now the city of Butuan. Nearing 500 years and the Martyrdom of Gom-Bur Za” in Gregorio F.
since the first Mass, debates continue whether it was Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary Sources of
held on Limasawa Island, in Agusan or somewhere Philippine History, Vol.7 (Manila: National Book
else. Store, 1990) 251- 268

1. Readings-Primary sources D. Cry of Balintawak or Pugadlawin?

Antonio Pigafetta. First Voyage Around the World The controversy among historians continues to the
Francisco Albo Logbook present day. The “Cry of Pugad Lawin” (August 23,
1896) cannot be accepted as historically accurate. It
lacks positive documentation and supporting evidence
2. Reading-Secondary sources from the witness. The testimony of only one
eyewitness (Dr. Pio Valenzuela) is not enough to
Bernad, Miguel A. Butuan or Limasawa? The Site of authenticate and verify a controversial issue in history.
the First Mass in the Philippines: A Reexamination of Historians and their living participants, not politicians
the Evidence. Kinaadman: A Journal of Southern and their sycophants, should settle this controversy.
Philippines, vol. III (1981) pp 1-35.

1. Readings- Primary Source

B. The Two Faces of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny
 Valenzuela, Pio, “Cry of Pugadawin” in Gregorio F.
Two major events happened in 1872, first was the Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary Sources of
1872 Cavite Mutiny and the other was the martyrdom Philippine History, Vol.8 (Manila: National Book
of the three martyr priests in the persons of Fathers Store, 1990) 301- 302
Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora
(GOMBURZA). However, not all of us knew that there  Alvarez, Santiago, “Cry of Bahay Toro” in Gregorio
were different accounts in reference to the said event. F. Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary Sources of
All Filipinos must know the different sides of the story Philippine History, Vol.8 (Manila: National Book
—since this event led to another tragic yet meaningful Store, 1990) 303- 304
part of our history—the execution of GOMBURZA
 De Jesus, Gregoria, “ Version of the First Cry in
which in effect a major factor in the awakening of
Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary
nationalism among the Filipinos.
Sources of Philippine History, Vol.8 (Manila:
National Book Store, 1990) 305- 306

1. Readings- Primary sources  Masangkay, Guillermo, “Cry of Balintawak” in

Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary
 Montero y Vidal, Jose, “Spanish Version of the Sources of Philippine History, Vol.8 (Manila:
Cavite Mutiny of 1872” in Gregorio F. Zaide and National Book Store, 1990) 307- 309
Sonia Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine
History, Vol.7 (Manila: National Book Store, 1990)
269-273
2. Reading- Secondary Source
 Izquierdo, Rafael, “ Official Report on the Cavite
 Guerrero, Milagros C. et.al. Balintawak : The Cry
Mutiny” in Gregorio F. Zaide and Sonia Zaide,
for a Nationwide Revolution
  Such label would affect the profits of major
corporations.
E. Five Steps to Writing Strong Position Paper
 Many people would see this overreaching
In a position paper assignments, your charge is to
government control.
choose a side on a particular topic, sometimes
controversial, and build up a case for your opinion or  Whose job is it to determine which restaurants
position. You will use facts, opinion, statistics, and are bad? Who draws the line?
other forms of evidence to convince your reader that
 The program would be costly.
your position is the best one. To do this, you’ll collect
research for your position paper and craft an outline
in order to create a well- constructed argument.
3. Support and acknowledge the opposing points.
Just be sure aren’t discrediting your own views.
Sample points:
Collect Supporting Evidence
 It would be difficult and expensive for any entity
Once you’ve determined that your position is
to determine which restaurants should adhere to
supportable and the opposite position is (in your
the policy. 
opinion) weaker than your own, you are ready to
branch out with your research. Go to a library and  Nobody wants to see the government
conduct a search, or ask the reference librarian to help overstepping its boundaries. 
you find more sources. You can, of course, conduct
online research as well, but it’s important to know  Funding would fall on the shoulders of taxpayers.
how to properly vet the validity of the sources you
use. Ensure that your articles are written by reputable
sources, and be wary of singular sources that differ 4. Explain that your position is still the best one,
from the norm, as these are often subjective rather despite the strength of counter- arguments. This is
than factual in nature. Try to collect a variety of where you can work to discredit some of the
sources, and include both an expert’s opinion (doctor, counter-arguments and support your own. Sample
lawyer, or professor, for example) and personal points:
experience (from a friend or family member) that can  The cost would be countered by the
add an emotional appeal to your topic. These improvement of public health. 
statements should support your own position but
should read differently than your own words. The  Restaurants might improve the standards of food
point of these is to add depth to your argument or if warning labels were put into place. 
provide anecdotal support. A position paper can be
 One role of the government is to keep citizens
arranged in the following format:
safe. 

 The government already does this with drugs and

1. Introduce your topic with some basic background cigarettes.
information. Build up to your thesis sentence, which
asserts your position. Sample points:
5. Summarize your argument and restate your
 For decades, the FDA has required that warning
position. End you paper focusing on your argument
labels should be placed on certain products that
and avoid the counter- arguments. You want your
pose a threat to public health.
audience to walk away with your view on the topic
 Fast food restaurants are bad for our health. being one that resonates with them.

 Fast food packages should contain warning labels. When you write a position paper, write with
confidence and state your opinion with authority.
After all, your goal is to demonstrate that your
2. Introduce possible objections to your position. position is the correct one.
Sample points: