Unit IV

Presentation and Interaction Skills

 Lecture – 18
Introduction to Oral Communication
 Introduction to Oral Communication
 Meaning of communication: Communication is the
process or act of exchanging, expressing or conveying
information and ideas through writing, speaking and
gesturing.
Communication is mainly of two types:
• Verbal communication
• Non-verbal Communication

 Verbal communication can further be of two types:

a) Oral communication: Communication in which
language is used to draft a message and speech organs
are used to deliver that message is called oral
communication.
 b) Written Communication: Communication in which
language is used to draft a message and writing skills are
used to deliver that message is called written
communication.

Examples of oral communication:

• Face-to-face conversations
• Telephonic conversations
• Discussions
• Presentations
• Classroom lectures
 Advantages of Oral Communication
• There is high level of understanding and transparency in
oral communication as it is interpersonal.
• Oral communication is time saving.
• Oral communication is essential for teamwork.
• We get immediate feedback.
• More flexible than written communication.

 Disadvantages of Oral Communication

• In oral communication we can’t maintain record.
• Retake is not possible in oral communication.
• There may be misunderstandings as the information is
not complete.
• It requires attentiveness on part of the receivers/audience.
• A word when uttered cannot be taken back.
 Interpersonal Communication Skills
Interpersonal Skills
Interpersonal Communication is exchange of messages
between two or more people. It is an act of
communicating and interacting with other people. In this
type of communication two individuals exchange facts,
feelings and other information for the purpose of
understanding.

Types of interpersonal communication:

• Verbal communication: What and how the speaker
says something.
• Non-verbal communication: What the speaker
communicates without words.
 Listening skills: How the listener interprets both the
verbal and nonverbal messages sent by others.

 Emotional intelligence: Being able to understand and

manage one’s own and other’s emotions.

 Negotiation, Persuasion and Inference Skills: Working

with others to find a mutually agreeable outcome.

 Principles of Interpersonal communication

1. It is inescapable.
2. It is irreversible.
3. It is complicated.
4. It is contextual.
Uses of interpersonal communication: It is a key life
skill and can be used to:

• Give and collect information.

• Influence the attitude and behaviour of others.
• Form contacts and maintain relationships.
• Make sense of the world and its experiences.
• Interpersonal communication helps express personal
needs and understand the needs of others.
• Interpersonal communication helps to give and receive
emotional support.
• Interpersonal communication helps in making decisions
and solving problems.
 Steps to build interpersonal skills:

• Smile always.
• Be appreciative.
• Pay attention
• Practice active listening.
• Bring people together.
• Resolve conflicts.
• Communicate clearly with simple language.
• Step in others shoes
• Avoid complaining.
 Lecture – 19
Nuances of Speech Delivery
 Nuances of Speech Delivery

PAIBOC Model: It is an instrumental tool for

effective communication ,specifically with speeches.
Details of this model are as under :
• Purpose: Firstly the speaker should know what is
the purpose of his speech, is it meant for
informing, instructing or demonstrating etc.
• Audience: Know your audience. As a good
speaker one should have complete knowledge of
target audience and content of the speaker should
be as per the interest, understanding and need of
the audience.
Information: Craft a meticulous message. What does the
speaker want to deliver? The speaker should avoid
complicated vocabulary and jargons.

Benefits: What will your audience get? Why should your

audience listen to you? This will help speaker to keep his
speech perfectly aligned with needs ,expectations and
interests of his audience.

Objections: Speaker should make himself prepared with

the solutions of the objections that can be raised by his
audience.
Context: What prompted the speaker to deliver the speech?
 Lecture – 20
Modes of Speech Delivery
 Modes of Speech Delivery
Various mode of speech delivery are: Impromptu, Extempore,
Manuscript and Memorized.

 Impromptu Speech- An Impromptu speech is delivered at

the spur of the moment and is spontaneous. It is an
unprepared speech, an example of which can be a toast at a
wedding or a reception party.

 Advantages of impromptu speech

• It sounds natural.
• It gives the speaker the chance to express his ideas.

 Disadvantages of impromptu speech

• The preparation lacks organized material.
• Chances of rambling are very high.
 Extempore Speech - An extempore speech is a style
used in public speaking which uses an outline for the
speech and some prior preparation. It is a mix of
spontaneous and prepared speech in the sense that
the speaker can change the speech as it goes. The
speaker may speak using main points or a brief
outline.
 Advantage of extemporaneous speaking
• The presentation sounds natural
• The speakers are able to speak in a more
conversational tone.
 The disadvantage of extemporaneous speaking
• Chances of confusion are very high.
• The presentation may fail if the person does not have
proficiency in the language.
 Manuscript Speech- When a speaker reads from a
prepared speech, using a manuscript, the style of
speaking falls under this category. The entire speech
may be read out from notes or printed material. An
example would be a televised news report which a
teleprompter reads out during a newscast.
 Advantages of Manuscript Speech
• There is a permanent and exact record of what the
speaker is saying.
• There is no guesswork or memorization needed.
 Disadvantages of Manuscript Speech
• The disadvantage with a manuscript is that the speaker
has many words in front of him on the page, this stops
the speaker to make eye contact.
• There is not much scope of nonverbal communication.
 Memorized Speech- When a speaker delivers a
speech by memorizing it or committing it to
memory, it can be termed as a memorized speech.
This kind of delivery has its pros and cons. Such a
speech may either appear effortless or may appear
artificial to the audience.

 Advantages of a memorized speech

• It’s easy for speaker to make eye contact.
• The speaker can use nonverbal communication in
his speech.

 Disadvantages of a memorized speech

• Memorization requires a lot of time in preparation.
• Forgetting any part of the presentation can be very
frustrating.
 Lecture – 21
Public Speaking:
Confidence, Clarity and Fluency
 Public Speaking
Public speaking is the process of communicating
information to an audience. It is usually done in front of a
large audience. It is different from other types of speaking
such as videos, online presentations which are created and
then uploaded to the internet. Public speaking is a soft skill
that requires excellent communication skills, enthusiasm
and the ability to engage with an audience.

 Advantages of public speaking

• It improves speaker’s confidence level.
• Candidates with strong public speaking skills are in
demand.
• Well prepared speakers are highly valued by employers.
 Public Speaking: Confidence, Clarity and Fluency
 Confidence
During public speaking the speaker often interacts with a
large audience. The speaker needs confidence and courage
to say whatever he or she has planned to convey. If the
speaker has lack of confidence then there is a possibility that
he will not be able to deliver the speech although he or she
has prepared well.
 How to confidently speak in public
The speaker should:
1. Know his audience.
2. Speak in his own style confidently.
3. Keep the speech simple.
4. Use positive body language.
5. Practice and be prepared before speaking in front of an
audience.
 Clarity
The content the speaker is going to present should have
clarity both in its meaning and pronunciation. The speaker
should try to avoid providing details that may create
confusion among the audience.

1. If the speaker wants to make his speech clearer and

easier to understand, he will have to enunciate better.
(Enunciation is pronouncing a word clearly).
2. Another way to increase clarity in public speaking is to
decrease the use of “fillers”. Filler words such as ‘um’
or ‘uh’ are words, sounds, or phrases people use to “fill
in” empty spaces in communication.
3. Clarity in public speaking can be achieved by closely
looking at the way the speaker speaks.
 Fluency
Fluency is one of the important qualities of a public speaker
which attracts the audience to listen to whatever he or she is
speaking. If a speaker does not have fluency in speaking
then the audience might feel disconnected from the speech
because of the interruption caused by lack of fluency.

 In order to speak fluently the speaker should:

1. Speak slowly. He should not rush.
2. Breathe easily and naturally so that he does not run out
of air when he talks.
3. Start slowly. The slower the speaker begins to speak,
the more relaxed his vocal chords become.
4. Practice public speaking. Practicing in front of others
will make the speech more fluent.
 Public Speaking approaches and styles
The speaker should:
• Know what is the need or expectation of his potential audience.
• Grab the attention of the audience with a powerful opening, this
will lead the speaker’s speech to the path of success.
• Create attractive PowerPoint slides with the right amount of
details.
• Give his speech in a logical flow.
• Prepare examples relevant to the experience of the expected
audience.
• Rehearse the presentation.
• Memorize enough content.
• Control performance anxiety through breathing deep.
• Maintain eye contact.
• Add some element of humour to his speech.
 Lecture – 22
Individual Speaking: Elements
 Individual Speaking: Elements
Individual speaking is the process of communicating information
to a small audience or when we are in a one to one interaction.

 Individual speaking elements: Individual speaking has two

main elements, what the speaker says and the manner in which
he says it. What the speaker says refers to his choice of words.

Some aspects of effective speaking are:

• The words that the speaker uses.
• The voice of the speaker
• The other non verbal communication of the speaker
particularly his body language.
To sum up, in order to speak well the speaker must understand
and practice pronunciation, articulation, and audience
engagement.
 Lecture – 23
Non-verbal Communication: Kinesics
 Non verbal Communication: When we share
information, knowledge, ideas or opinion through
gesture, posture, body language and signs and
symbols, it is called non verbal communication. It is
the process of sending and receiving information both
intentionally and unintentionally without using written
or spoken language.

 Advantages of Non verbal Communication:

1. It supports the message.
2. It speaks louder than words.
3. Bodily expressions can show the real intention.
 Kinesics
Kinesics is the study of the body’s physical movements. It is
the way the body communicates without words through the
various movements of its parts.
• Face: Facial expressions can reveal the real intentions of
the speaker.
• Gestures: Gestures can convey the feelings and attitudes
of the speaker more clearly than what he says.
• Posture: Posture conveys information about interpersonal
relations and personality traits such as confidence and
openness.
• Eye: Making eye contact helps the speaker and the
audience to focus on the conversation and read facial
expressions.
Body language is the communication of personal feelings,
emotions, attitudes and thoughts through body movements such
as gestures, postures, facial expressions, walking styles, position
etc.

 Role of body language in making oral communication

effective:
• Body language helps the audience in understanding and
decoding what the speaker is saying.
• It also helps the speaker to interpret the audience’s moods and
emotions.
• It helps the speaker in understanding people’s reaction to what
he says.
• It helps to show the speaker’s true feelings and if he is truly
engaged.
 Lecture – 24
Paralinguistic features of Voice Dynamics,
Proxemics, Chronemics
 Paralinguistic Features of Voice Dynamics
Vocal paralinguistic features relate to how we say something.

 Paralanguage: We speak paralanguage when we gasp, sigh,

clear our throat, change our tone, whisper or shout,
emphasize certain words, smile, laugh or cry.

 Rate: Rate is the number of words that one speaks per

minute. It varies from person to person. The normal rate is
from 120 to 150 words per minute.

 Pitch: Pitch refers to the number of vibrations of our voice

per second.

 Intonation: Intonation is like a ‘tune’ or ‘melody’ in the

voice. It is used to express different shades of meaning. Voice
varies due to intonation.
Importance of intonation in speech to make speech
effective:
• It gives information beyond just the basic meaning of the
words.
• It can express the speaker’s attitude or feeling about
something.
• It gives grammatical information (such as it shows the
difference between a statement and a question).
• Higher intonation is a way to excite the audience, while
slowing and lowering the tone will either end a point or a
speech.
• The low intonation is a natural way to let everyone know
that the speaker is approaching the end of his speech.

 Volume: Volume is the loudness and softness of the voice.

 Articulation: Articulation involves the movement and
adjustment of speech organs.
 Pronunciation: It is the way in which a particular letter,
word or sound is said.
 Stress: Stressing involves putting more emphasis on a
word or sentence to draw attention to it. For example
while discussing ‘world hunger’ in a speech the speaker
should emphasize words like ‘hunger’ and ‘poverty’ to
make sure the audience is drawn to the main idea of the
speech.
 Voice modulation: Voice modulation is when the speaker
controls or adjusts his voice. It’s when the speaker
chooses to go louder or softer, faster or slower, dramatic
or emotional. Basically, voice modulation means using
the voice and tone to communicate the speaker’s message
more effectively.
 Tone modulation: Tonality is the way the speaker
sounds when he speaks. It means tuning the pitch or tone
of the voice so that the message is delivered.

 Difference between Voice Modulation and Tone

Modulation

Voice Modulation Tone Modulation

1. Voice modulation means the Tone modulation is the rise and the
change of sound in a person’s fall of the pitch while speaking to
voice. It means that the speaker emphasize particular words and to
adjusts the volume and tempo make the conversation more
while speaking. engaging.
2. Voice modulation is an Tone modulation refers to a change
umbrella term comprising of in the pitch or tone of the voice. It
several parts like pitch, volume, is one of the many components of
pauses, tempo, and expression. voice modulation.
 Pause (a short silence): A pause is a short silence. A
pause in speaking lets the listener reflect on the message.
It helps the speaker to glide from one thought to another.
It’s a natural process to give a break.

 Silence: The speaker can use silence to help him slow

down and control the timing of his speech. The silence
allows the speaker to breathe. It allows the audience time
to take in and digest what the speaker has said. It also
gives the speaker time to recover if his mind goes blank.

 Proxemics
Proxemics (Space language)is the study of different types
of space and how we use it, and how we arrange objects and
ourselves in relation to space. Proxemics is the study of
physical space in interpersonal relations.
There are four types of distance in space that we generally use
in communication:

1. Public space: Public figure or public speaker

2. Social Space: Colleagues, customers
3. Personal space: Friends or family
4. Intimate space: Close ones

 Chronemics: Chronemics is the study of the role of time in

communication. It is the study of how human beings make
use of their time effectively while communicating. In
professional world time is a valuable resource. When we are
late for an appointment, people react negatively. So we
should always be on time. By valuing someone else’s time
we actually learn to value our own time.
 Lecture – 25
Presentation Strategies: Planning ,
Preparation
 Presentation Strategies: Planning, Preparation,
Organization, Delivery

 Presentation Strategies: Planning, Preparation

In a presentation, a presenter presents a topic to a group of
people, i.e., an audience. The presenter’s aim may be to
suggest, sell, inform, inspire, motivate, persuade, convince, or
build goodwill. The presenter may use visual aids to help
convey his or her message more effectively.

 Interaction Skills: When two individuals exchange some

facts, feelings, ideas it is called interaction. Interaction can
be both verbal and nonverbal.
 Methods/ Styles of presentation

• Visual Style: This style involves many visual elements to

support the topic and discussion points.
• Freeform Style: This is impromptu style, it does not
require slides. Instead the presenter tells strong stories to
explain his points.
• Coach Style: It allows the speaker to connect and engage
with his audience.
• Instructor Style: In this style the presenter delivers
complex messages, using figure of speech, metaphors and
a lot of content.
• Connector Style: In this style, the presenter connects with
his audience by showing how the presenter is similar to
his audience.
 A presentation has three major elements:

• The presenter
• The audience
• Content and definite objective to be achieved
A trained presenter should be aware of these elements. A
presentation involves prior planning and preparation.

 Planning and Preparing a Presentation

A good presentation requires careful planning. In general,
the presenter will need to follow these steps to plan a
successful presentation:

1. Brainstorm and outline: What is his topic? What does

he know about the topic? What does he want his audience
to know?
2. Research: Use research to support his argument, find
examples and statistics to learn more about his topic.

3. Write an outline.

4. Write a draft.

5. Plan any visual aids such as PowerPoint or any

activities that the presenter wants his audience to
participate in.

6. Practice, practice, practice! The presenter should

make sure that the presentation is not too long, and edit
it down as needed.
 Lecture – 26
Presentation Strategies: Organization, Delivery
 Presentation Strategies: Organization, Delivery

 Organizing the Presentation

A good presentation should be well organized, with a beginning,
middle and end.
 Beginning:
The beginning of a presentation is very important. This is when
the speaker has an opportunity to grab the audience's attention.

• Some attention grabbing techniques include: asking a thought-

provoking question, showing the audience a picture, telling a
story or using a real life example related to the presenter’s
topic, sharing a powerful quote or playing a short video.
• The presenter should introduce himself and the topic he will be
discussing.
• The presenter should outline what he will be talking about.
 Body:
The presenter should:
• Discuss the main points in a logical order.
• Make it clear to the audience when he is moving from one
point to another.
• Use examples to support his points.

 Conclusion:
The presenter should:
• Summarize the main points.
• Avoid providing new information at this point.
• Use language that lets his audience know that his presentation
is coming to an end.
• Avoid ending with "that's it!" or apologizing for the
presentation.
• Thank the audience for listening and invite questions.
 Delivery of Presentation-

Use of voice
• Volume of voice should be according to the size of
audience and environment. The speaker does not need to
shout to be understood.

• Speed of speech should be according to the need of the

message.

• Pitch of the speaker’s voice should indicate that he has

finished a particular point and will be taking up the next
point.

• Tone of the speaker’s voice should be according to the

status and attitude of audience.
A few points to be remembered while delivering
presentation:

• Don’t hurry.
• Be enthusiastic.
• Maintain eye contact: Making eye contact with listeners
establishes a connection with them and conveys
sincerity and confidence. It improves the speaker’s
concentration. It involves everyone in conversation.
• Modulate voice.
• Look friendly.
• Use notes.
• Remain polite while dealing with difficult questions.
Using Audio Visual Aids in delivering the
presentation:

Visual aids can make the presentation effective and reach

the desired objective. Through visual aids the presenter
can make the audience see what they hear. It includes
handouts, white/black boards, flip charts, power point
slides, charts, tables, videos, audio clips etc.

Importance of Audio Visual Aids

• It increases audience interest.

• It increases impact of the message.

• There is no need to depend on notes.

The need to understand audience and locale for a
successful presentation:
We need to understand the audience for a successful
presentation, on the basis of the following points:

• Know their age range, background, gender

distribution.
• Know their interest, their likes and dislikes.
• Know the size of the group.
• Audience analysis plays an important role because
knowing the audience helps the presenter speak their
language and gain their trust.
• Knowing the values of the audience gives the
presenter a chance to know how they make a decision.
• Attention, response and reaction of the audience
should be studied during the presentation.
Locale: Locale means physical environment. The presenter
should have knowledge of where he is going to speak
because the environment, the location, place, stage, lighting
and sound play an important role. The speaker should also
know about the:

1. Place of presentation.

2. Table or podium provided.

3. Seating arrangement, lighting.

4. Visual aids available.

Thank You!