Presentation Outline

INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMETATION AND

❑Basic concepts
CONTROL SYSTEMS
❑Network Topology
Lecture 7. Technical Basis of ❑Medium access control
II&CS Communication ❑Transmission medium
Basic concepts
❑Physical Standards
❑Line code
Assoc. Prof. Dr. BUI Dang Thanh
❑Error detection and correction
School of Electronic & Electrical Engineering,
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
Dai Co Viet road, Ha Noi, Viet Nam

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 Basic Concepts Basic Concepts Baud Rate

The elements implemented during a communication • Information is stimuli that has meaning in some context for its The duration of a bit in RS-232 is determined by the baud rate.
receiver Define: The baud rate of transmission hardware is the number of changes in the
signal per second that the hardware generates.
Communication
coupler
Communication • Data is information such as facts and numbers used to analyze
coupler
something or make decisions. Computer data is information in a Example: Typical baud rates: 9.6 Kbaud, 14.4 Kbaud and 28.8 Kbaud
form that can be processed by a computer
Informations For RS-232 (it is a very simple scheme), the baud rate is exactly equal to the
• Signal is the evolution of a physical quantity that contains no number of bits per second.
Program Medium Program
information/data parameters, that can be transmitted
• Analog Example: 28.8 Kbaud = 28.8 kbits per second
The duration of a bit = 1/(baud rate)
Informations • Digital To make RS-232 more general, manufacturers design each piece of hardware to
Reception
Reception • Data communications are the exchange of data between two operate at a variety of baud rates.
Transmitter/ Receiver Transmitter/ Receiver devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable • Sender and receiver must agree on the baud rate
or wireless. • Receiver samples the signal to verify agreement
The information is physical elements (light, sound, image, voltage etc ...) to which • Disagreement results in a framing error
a meaning has been attributed.

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 Basic Concepts Basic Concepts Basic Concepts
Transmissions techniques Types of transmission
Types of transmission
The information can be transmitted in analog form: Simplex transmission: mono-directional
continuous evolution of value

◼ Parallel transmission :
The bits of a byte are transmitted simultaneously.
Half duplex transmission: alternate bi-directional
Used for short distances, each channel tends to disturb its neighbors
Or in digital form: signal quality deteriorates rapidly.
discontinuous change in value (sampling)

Full duplex transmission: simultaneous bi-directional

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 Parallel Transmission Basic Concepts Serial Transmission
Parallel transmission allows transfers of multiple data bits at the same time over Serial transmission sends one bit at a time.
separate media.
• It is used with a wired medium Most communication systems use serial mode, because:
• The signals on all wires are synchronized so that a bit travels across each of Types of transmission • serial networks can be extended over long distances at less cost
the wires at precisely the same time
• using only one physical wire means that there is never a timing problem caused
by one wire being slightly longer than another
The figure omits two important details:
1. a parallel interface usually contains other wires that allow the sender and receiver ◼ Serial transmission:
to coordinate
2. to make installation and troubleshooting easy, the wires are placed in a single The connection generally requires 3 wires: transmission,
physical cable
reception and mass.
A parallel mode of transmission
has two chief advantages:
The bits of one byte are transmitted one after the other.
(1) High speed- it can send
N bits at the same time.
(2) It can match the speed
Sender and receiver must contain a hardware that converts data from the parallel
of the underlying hardware.
form used in the device to the serial form used on the wire

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 Transmission Order: Bits and Bytes Transmission Order: Bits and Bytes Basic Concepts
Additionally, the order the bytes are sent must be determined.
In serial mode, when sending bits, which bit should be sent across the • Data in a computer is divided into bytes, and each byte is further divided into bits
Types of serial transmission
medium first? (typically 8 bits per byte)

Consider an integer: Should a sender transmit Thus, it is possible to choose a byte order and a bit order independently ◼ Synchronous serial transmission :
• the Most Significant Bit (MSB) first? For example, Ethernet specifies that data is sent byte big-endian and bit little-endian The information is transmitted continuously.
• the Least Significant Bit (LSB) first? A synchronization signal is transmitted in parallel to the data signals.

Terminology:
• little-endian describes a system that sends the LSB first. ◼ Asynchronous serial transmission :
• big-endian describes a system that sends the MSB first . The information can be transmitted irregularly, however the time
interval between 2 bits is fixed.
Either form can be used, but the sender and receiver must agree.
Synchronization bits (START, STOP) frame the data information.

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 Example: RS-232 Asynchronous Character Transmission Basic Concepts Needs and positioning of the main networks
For RS-232 to work asynchronously:
• Sender and receiver must agree on The needs of industrial communication
• Number of bits per character
• Duration of each bit
• Receiver Industrial communication networks 1 Mbits 1
Level 3
minute Information system
• Does not know when a character will arrive Start bit Business
• May wait forever • Same as 0 1 kbits
• To ensure meaningful exchange send: • Not part of data Production
Stop bit
For reasons of cost and robustness, most industrial communication 1s
Level 2
management
• Start bit before each character NUMBER OF Workshop
• Same as 1 supervision
• One or more stop bits after each character networks use: INFORMATION
• Follows data TO TRANSFER SPEED
NECESSARY
asynchronous half-duplex serial digital transmission. Level 1
REACTION The control command
Machinery

Level 0
1 bit 1 ms Actuator The components
Sensors
Voltage on a wire as a character is transmitted using RS-232.

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 Needs and positioning of the main networks Presentation Outline
Positioning of the main networks and buses

Computer Networks
(Data Bus)
❑ Introduction
process

❑ LAN topologies
Piloting

Industrial local networks

(Field Bus) Ethernet

Network Topologies
TCP/IP
Fieldbus
CANopen FIPWAY FTP - HTTP ❑ WAN topologies
FIPIO Ethernet
(Device Bus)
Modbus Plus TCP/IP
Profibus-DP Modbus
Bus actuator DeviceNet
Machine

sensors Interbus
control

(Sensor Bus)
Modbus
AS-i

Simple Advanced

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 Introduction Introduction Introduction

❑Link types (Types of ❑Topology: is the combination of links

❑Link: is a physical or logical relationship between two or
more communication partners connections):

• Physical link: Describes the geometric arrangement of • Point to point: A dedicated

components that make up the LAN. link is provided between

• Example: PLC, communication station

• Logical link: Describes the possible connections between pairs

two devices

• Multi point: More than two

…
of networked end-points that can communicate specific devices share a
single link Tree
• Example: system program, application program

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 MESH Topology STAR Topology BUS Topology

• Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller,

• Every device has a dedicated point-to-point
link to every other devices usually called a hub.
• Dedicated
• Link carries traffic only between the two • No direct traffic and link between devices • A multipoint topology
devices it connects • All devices are linked through a backbone cable
• A fully connected mesh network has n(n- • Advantages
1)/2 physical channels to link n devices • Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.
• Every device on the network must have • Drop line
• Less expensive
n-1 input/output (I/O) ports • A connection running between the device and the main cable
• Advantage • Easy to install and reconfigure • Tap
• Less traffic, robust, secure, easy to • A connector that either splices into the main cable or punctures the
maintain • Robustness sheathing of a cable to create a contact with the metallic core
• Disadvantage n(n-1)/2 physical duplex links • Advantage:
• Disadvantage • Ease of installation
• Need more resource (cable and ports),
expensive ▪ Disadvantages:
• Single point of failure
• Difficult reconnection and fault isolation
• Broken or fault of the bus cable stops all transmission

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 RING Topology Tree Topology A hybrid topology: A star backbone with three bus networks

Tree topologies integrate multiple topologies together

Example: Tree topology

integrates multiple star
topologies together onto
a bus

• Each device is dedicated point-to-point connection only with the two devices on either
side of it • Advantages:
• A signal is passed along the ring in the direction, from device to device, until it • Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
reaches its destination
• Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater
• Supported by several hardware and software venders.
• Disadvantages:
• Advantages • Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.
• Relatively easy to install and reconfigure • If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
• Fault isolation is simplified • More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.
• Disadvantage
• Unidirectional traffic
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 Categories of Networks WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN Interconnection of Networks: Internet
A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
2. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
4. Wide Area Network (WAN)
An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

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 Thank you very much for
your attention!

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