EXPERIMENT NO : 11

TEST FOR ACETIC ACID

Physical properties :
Colourless liquid, vinegar odour, sour in taste, soluble in water, alcohol and ether in all proportions, corrosive on skin.

Identification :

Test : 1 – To one ml of sample, add 2 ml of saturated solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate.

Observation : Effervescence with evolution of CO2. (presence of carboxyl group)

Test : 2 – Treat 2 ml of sample with few drops of ferric chloride solution.

Observation : A wine red colour is produced.

Test : 3 – Place a little amount of sample in a clean test tube. Add to it 3 ml of ethyl alcohol and a few drops of
conc.H2SO4. Warm the contents and cool.
Observation : A pleasant fruity smell of ethyl acetate is felt.

Conclusion : The given organic compound contains carboxyl group (-COOH) and is acetic acid.
 EXPERIMENT NO : 12

TEST FOR ACETONE

Physical properties :
Colourless liquid, pleasant smelling liquid with pungent sweet taste, soluble in water, alcohol and ether in all
proportions, inflammable and volatile.

Identification :

Test : 1 – Take few crystals of Iodine and add 2 ml of sample, keep shaking till the crystals of iodine dissolve. Now add
caustic soda solution with constant shaking until brown colour disappears. Heat gently and cool.
Observation : On cooling the yellow precipitate is formed. The yellow precipitate is of iodoform (CHI3) which has got a
characteristic smell.

Test : 2 – To 2 ml of sample, add 0.5 ml of caustic soda solution followed by 2-3 drops of freshly prepared sodium
nitroprusside solution. Allow it to stand for some time. Warm gently then cool.
Observation : A ruby red colouration is produced. The red colouration fades to yellow or disappears.

Test : 3 – To 1 ml of sample, add a few drops of freshly prepared solution of sodium nitroprusside and then ammonia
solution.
Observation : A violet colour is produced. The violet colour disappears on warming and reappears on cooling.

Test : 4 – Take about 2 ml of a saturated solution of sodium bisulphite in a test tube and to this add a few drops of
sample.
Observation : A white crystalline precipitate is obtained.

Conclusion : The given organic compound is Acetone.

 EXPERIMENT NO : 13

TEST FOR ETHANOL

Physical properties :
Colourless, mobile, sweet smelling liquid with burning taste, soluble in water and ether in all proportions, inflammable
and volatile.

Identification :

Test : 1 – Treat about 2 ml of sample with few drops of Iodine solution using a clean test tube. Warm the solution
carefully and now add aqueous caustic soda solution drop by drop in this solution.
Observation : Yellow crystals of iodoform are seperated out on cooling which can be readily detected by characteristic
smell.

TEST : 2 – In a clean test tube, take 1 ml of sample and add to it a pinch of potassium dichromate. Heat it gently.
Observation : Vapours of acetaldehyde are evolved. Now place a paper moistened with Tollen’s reagent. A black stain of
metallic silver is produced on the paper.

TEST : 3 – Place 2 ml of sample in a clean test tube with equal volume of acetic acid followed by few drops of conc.
sulphuric acid. Heat the test tube gently.
Observation : A pleasant fruity odour of ethyl acetate is detected.

Conclusion : The given organic compound is ethanol.

 EXPERIMENT NO : 14

TEST FOR FORMALDEHYDE

Physical properties :
Colourless, pleasant smelling gas. Readily soluble in water and is available as formalin. (40% solution of formaldehyde in
water)

Identification :

Test : 1 – In a clean test tube, treat 1 ml of sample with freshly prepared strong solution of pyrogallol containing excess
of hydrochloric acid.
Observation : A white precipitate is formed which readily turns pink and then deep red.

TEST : 2 – 1 ml of 1 % phenyl hydrazine solution is mixed with 1 ml of freshly prepared solution of sodium nitroprusside.
This mixture is now added to 5 ml of sample and finally the contents are made alkaline by adding excess NaOH solution.
Observation : A deep blue colour appears which turns green to brown and finally red on standing.

TEST : 3 – Take 2 ml of sample in a clean test tube and add equal volume of Fehling solution A and B & shake.
Observation : A red precipitate of Cu2O is formed.

TEST : 4 – Take 5ml Schiff’s reagent and add to it 3 ml of formalin.

Observation : The pink colour of original dye is restored.

TEST : 5 – To 2 ml of 1% phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride solution, add few drops of sample and 1ml of 5% solution of
potassium ferricyanide. Now add 2 drops of conc.HCl.
Observation : A rose red colour appears.

TEST : 6 – Treat 2 ml of sample with 2 ml of Tollen’s reagent and warm the contents.
Observation : Shiny silver mirror forms at the inner walls of the test-tube.

TEST : 7 – To 1 ml of the sample, add a crystal of resorcinol and shake. Then, slowly add about 1 ml of conc.H 2SO4 by the
side of the test tube.
Observation : A red ring is formed at the junction of the two liquids while a white precipitate forms in aqueous solution.

Conclusion : The given organic compound is formaldehyde.

 EXPERIMENT NO : 15

TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATE (GLUCOSE)

Physical properties :
Colourless crystalline solid, sweet taste, readily soluble in water but insoluble in ether.

Identification :

Test : 1 – Heat 1 gm of sample in hard glass test tube.

Observation : Substance melts, turns black on strong heating, smells of burnt sugar (charring).

Test : 2 – Small portion of sample is treated with 1 ml of conc.H2SO4 and warmed.

Observation : No charring with cold H2SO4. Charring occurs on heating. A black puffy mass is formed.

Test : 3 – Dissolve the sample in water in a clean test tube and divide into three parts :
a) To the first part add a few drops of NaOH solution and heat to boil.
Observation : Solution turns yellow, then dark brown. On acidifying the mixture with dil.HNO 3, the colour
changes to pale yellow.
b) To the second part, add 1 ml of Fehling solution and warm.
Observation : A brick red precipitate of cuprous
c) To the third part of solution, add 1 ml of Tollen’s reagent. Place the test tube in a beaker of water boiling for 2
mins.
Observation : Shiny silver mirror forms at the inner wall of the test tube

Test : 4 – Dissolve a small amount of sample in water and add 2 drops of alcoholic α-naphthol solution and then 1 ml
conc.H2SO4 carefully by the side of the test tube.
Observation : A violet ring forms at the junction of two liquids.

Test : 5 – Dissolve 1 gm of sample in 2 ml distilled water and then add 0.5 gm of solid lead acetate. Heat to boiling. Now
add 5 ml of ammonium hydroxide solution. Heat the mixture again to boiling for two minutes.
Observation : A white precipitate is formed on boiling. The white precipitate turns into salmon pink on boiling with
ammonium hydroxide.

Conclusion : The given organic compound is a carbohydrate (glucose).

 EXPERIMENT NO : 16

TEST FOR ANILINE

Physical properties :
Freshly prepared aniline is a colourless oily liquid. It becomes brown when exposed to air. It has a characteristic
unpleasant odour. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol and toxic in nature.

Identification :

Test : 1 – To aqueous sample, add bromine water.

Observation : A pinkish precipitate is obtained.

Test : 2 – To an aqueous solution of sample, add few drops of a solution of bleaching powder and shake well. Now dilute
it with water and add a few drops of ammonium sulphide [(NH4)2S] solution.
Observation : A purple colouration is produced which soon turns brown/green and then fades away. On dilution and
addition of ammonium sulphide solution, intense red colour develops.

Test : 3 – Add a few drops of potassium dichromate solution to the sample solution in dilute H 2SO4.
Observation : A deep red colour is produced which soon changes to deep blue or black.

Test : 4 – Mix few drops of sample with about 1 ml of conc.HCl in a test tube. To this mixture now, add a few drops of
iron (III) chloride solution, shake well and dilute with some water.
Observation : Pale green colour developes.

Conclusion : The given organic compound is aniline.

 EXPERIMENT NO : 17

TEST FOR PHENOL

Physical properties :
Colourless, hygroscopic, crystalline solid. On exposure to air and light, it readily turns pinkish. It possesses a
characteristic carbolic odour. It is poisonous and has a corrosive action and causes blisters upon the skin.

Identification :

Test : 1 – To an aqueous solution of the sample, add neutral FeCl3 solution.

Observation : Purple colouration formed.

Test : 2 – To a portion of sample in water, add bromine water.

Observation : Immediate flocculent white precipitate is formed.

Test : 3 – Few crystals of the given sample are heated gently with a little NaNO2 and few drops of conc.H2SO4 are added.
Observation : A deep blue colour appears. On pouring the product into water, the solution grows red. The solution turns
blue when excess alkali is added.

Conclusion : The given organic compound is phenol.