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    GCSE Arabic Companion Grammar

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    GCSE Arabic Companion Grammar

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    GCSE Arabic Companion Grammar

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    GCSE Arabic Companion

    Grammar

    Regular Plural ‫الجمع الّس الم‬


    This type of plural applies to words that refer to groups of more than three
    human males or females such as teachers and engineers or to groups of
    humans that are both males and females such as teachers (males and
    females). To form this type of plural, you just add the suffix -oon for males
    and -aat for females to the word as in these examples:

    Engineers ‫ُمَهنِدُس ـون‬ Engineer ‫ ُمَهنِدَس ة‬/‫ُمَهنِدس‬


    Teachers ‫ُمَهنِدَس ـات‬/ Teacher ‫ ُمَدِّر َس ة‬/‫ُمَدِّر س‬
    Employees /‫ُمَدِّر ُس ـون‬ Employees ‫ ُمَوَّظَفة‬/‫ُمَوََّظف‬
    ‫ُمَدِّر َس ـات‬
    /‫ُمَوََّظُفـون‬
    ‫ُمَوَّظَفـات‬

    The adjectives follow the same rule:

    Americans ‫ أمريِكَّيات‬/ ‫ أمريكُّيون‬American ‫ أمريِكَّية‬/ ‫أمريكّي‬


    Egyptians / ‫ َمصِرُّيـون‬Egyptian ‫ َمصِرَّية‬/ ‫َمصِرّي‬
    Successful ‫ َمصِرَّيـات‬Successful ‫ َناِج َح ة‬/ ‫َناِج ح‬
    ‫ َناِج َح ـات‬/ ‫َناِج ُح ـون‬

    Irregular (Broken) Plural ‫جمع التكسير‬


    The broken plural of nouns in Modern Standard Arabic is formed from the
    singular noun and usually involves internal changes. Even though there are
    about thirty different broken plural patterns, the broken plural can rarely be
    accurately predicted from the singular. For this reason, students of Arabic
    are advised to learn the plural form of a noun along with the singular.

    Countable & Uncountable Nouns ‫األسماء التي ُتَعُّد والتي ال ُتَعُّد‬


    Count nouns are nouns that refer to single units when they are grammatically
    singular, and to plural units when they grammatically plural:

    Men ‫ ِرَج ال‬Man ‫َر ُج ل‬


    Houses ‫ ُبُيوت‬House ‫َبْيت‬

    1
    When mass nouns refer to uncountable objects (such as water, sugar. etc.),
    the grammatically singular noun will refer to small or large amounts of the
    object, and the grammatically plural noun will refer to large amounts of the
    object.

    Large amount ‫َماء‬ Small ‫َماء‬


    of water amount
    Large amount ‫َهَواء‬ of water ‫َهَواء‬
    of wind Small
    amount
    of wind

    Some nouns, like the names of materials, can indicate either a unit (a piece, a
    type) or a substance, so those can be both countable and uncountable.
    However, when plural, they usually refer only to multiple units (countable
    only):

    Papers ‫أوراق‬ Small/large ‫َوَر ق‬


    of paper
    Pieces / Types Type of wood or a ‫َخ َش ب‬
    of wood ‫أخشاب‬ certain amount of
    wood

    Possessive form / Construction ‫اإلضافة‬


    The iDaafa or ‘of ’ construction involves two (or more) nouns or a noun and a
    pronoun to express the possession or belonging relation of one thing to
    another.
    In the first example above the word for university is indefinite, and it is not
    clear which university we are talking about. However, when that noun is
    followed by another (usually definite), we understand that the first belongs to
    the second i.e., the university is that of Cairo.
    ‫جاِمعُة القاهرة‬

    In the second example, the word for book is made definite by relating it to
    the language, but that is not informative; ‘the language book’.

    ‫ِكَتاُب اللغِة‬
    Finally, in the last example, the word for book is made definite by relating it
    to the speaker, and since the referents of pronouns are set contextually, you
    know that the book belongs to whoever said that sentence.
    ‫ِكَتاِبـي‬

    Adverbs
    In English, adverbs of manner modify verbs and answer the question “How?”
    2
    For example:
    He carefully reads the classified jobs section each morning.
    He waited anxiously for the test results.
    In Arabic, ‫ الحال‬answers the question “How?” The word ‫ حال‬means condition,
    situation, attitude, or circumstance. ‫ الحال‬describes the state or condition of
    the subject or object.
    Remember the phrase ‫كيف الحال؟‬
    Adverbs of manner are formed in three ways:
    1. The letter ‫ بـ‬is attached to some nouns, as in ‫ِبُس رَعة‬،‫ِبَترُّدٍد‬, which means
    hesitently and quickly.

    2. The preposition ‫ في‬is used with some nouns, as in ‫ في قلق‬, which means
    anxiously.
    3. An and ‫ ًا‬a double FatHa are added to singular adjectives, as in ‫َمْس ُر وًر ا‬
    which means happily.

    Look at these three cases in examples:

    1. The teacher explained the lesson slowly. ‫َش َر َح الُمَدِّرُس الَّدرَس‬


    2. The teacher explained the lesson angrily.
    ‫ِبـُبطٍئ‬
    3. The teacher explained the lesson sitting down.
    ‫َش َر َح الُمَدِّرُس الَّدرَس في‬
    ‫َغَضٍب‬
    ‫َش َر َح الُمَدِّرُس الَّدرَس‬
    ‫َج اِلًس ا‬

    Negation ‫الَّنفي‬
    Negation with ‫ال‬
    ‫ ال‬functions as the negative answer to questions that begin with Do you ..?
    ‫ ال‬is also used to negate present tense verbs, e.g. ... ‫ال أحب‬
    Negation with ‫لْيَس‬
    After ‫ لْيَس‬the predicate noun or adjective has to be in the accuasative case. is
    a special verb used for negating adjectives and nouns. It is conjugated like
    any regular past tense verb, but it always has a present tense meaning.

    The professor is not Egyptian. ‫لْيَس‬


    ‫اُألستاُذ َمصِرًّيا‬

    ‫هو لْيس‬ ‫أنَت‬


    ‫هي‬ ‫لسَت‬
    ‫لْيسْت‬ ‫أنِت‬
    ‫هما‬ ‫لسِت‬ ‫أنا‬
    ‫لْيَس ا‬ ‫أنتما‬ ‫لسُت‬
    ‫هما‬ ‫لسُتما‬ ‫نحن‬

    3
    ‫لْيَس َتا‬ ‫أنتما‬ ‫لْس نا‬
    ‫هم‬ ‫لسُتما‬
    ‫لْيُس وا‬ ‫أنتم‬
    ‫هّن‬ ‫َلْس ُتم‬
    ‫لْس َن‬ ‫أنتن‬
    ‫لسُتن‬

    Past tense with ‫كان‬


    In Arabic, the verb ‫ كان‬is used to express the past tense in nominal
    sentences.
    It is the verb “to be” in the past tense.
    Example:

    Sami is on Holiday. ‫سامي في ُعطلة‬


    Sami was on holiday. ‫كان سامي في عطلة‬

    We also use the verb to place actions and states in the past.
    Example:

    Ali has a test today. .‫عند علي إمتحان اليوم‬


    Ali had a test .‫كان عند علي إمتحان اليوم‬
    yesterday.

    ‫ كان‬is used to mark time or duration of actions, states, and events.

    Ali lives in Cairo. .‫علي يسكن في القاهرة‬


    Ali used to live in ‫كان علي يسكن في‬
    Cairo. .‫القاهرة‬

    Relative Pronouns ‫ضمائر الوصل‬


    The Relative Pronouns ‫ ضمائر الوصل‬are used to introduce subordinate
    adjectival clauses and therefore create complex sentences. The choice of
    such pronouns depends on the antecedent’s number and gender.
    ➢ ‫ الذي‬is used for masculine singular.
    ➢ ‫ التي‬is used for feminine singular.
    ➢ ‫ الّلواتي‬is used for feminine plural.
    ➢ ‫ الذين‬is used for feminine plural.
    a. If the antecedent is part of the subject phrase, the relative clause is
    embedded inside the main sentence.

    ‫الَّر ُج ُل الذي َكَّلَمِني هو َعِّمي‬

    4
    b. If the antecedent is part of the object phrase/predicate, then the relative
    clause follows the main sentence.

    ‫قاَبلُت الَّر ُج َل الذي َيْعَمُل ُهنا‬

    c. If the antecedent is indefinite, you do not need to use a relative pronoun.

    ‫قاَبلُت رُج ًال َيْعَمُل ُهنا‬

    d. Sometimes you will encounter a sentence with a relative pronoun and a


    relative clause, in which the antecedent is absent, but still understood.

    ‫الذي دَّر َس ِني العربّيَة ُأستاٌذ‬


    ‫ُتوُنِس ٌّي‬
    Originally, this sentence is:

    ‫(األستاُذ)الذي دَّر َس ِني العربّيَة ُأستاٌذ‬


    ‫ُتوُنِس ٌّي‬

    ‫ ما‬is as a relative pronoun like ‫ الذي‬. With that, it can introduce a relative
    clause for an antecedent that is only expressed in a form of an object
    pronoun.

    ‫ الذي شاهدُته هذا‬/ ‫أْعجبني ما‬


    ‫اُألْس ُبوَع‬

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