roe ONIT- 4 @ Nhix in Anateg a : = 7 Ing troduction @ Noise is on onwonted signal thot interloces esith the origina message Signal in an snalog, commonication SYSEEM: Nowe Exrernat noise @tmosphexe Noise _— Soros Noise — Travstriat Noise is — Lk > apise which is generatect outsicie of the 0) External Noise communication systert aot ete Noise

_ a —- . Blectricat motor and _«iating..Machines.¢ ce Noise re noise —* fe eathode poe f)_ gho: | — eyecte¥ons : : om mmoaveme @)_Treseral Noise 3 “THE pgse caused DS sRe_ stone ene ene s erections in conducte’S* ———gare* wntch As stt) _gnd Noise nid. ott) is _tsnown 3 Moduiaced Signal ___o& —Sxost 208 pec eiien Ole jose sum of Ste) anc we). The _secetves_tnpvt Signa she band _catictth, pase siren _is_ate)+ e___The_ovtput ot bond= ie kept just wide enough _to_pass +6 a dard poss Pikes modulated Signal Ste). “useRout AiSstacoM. ye Tne _cemodutation_paccess sepmesenced by. tRe blocs aerresuiaten cdepends on _aAe nodutatian. usec —___ as Slt) ae dy Adealized characteristic of bandpass fittered. __ noise...+t BordwidiR ot bandposs filtex is _equat wo tronsmissian.. bandwidtR oP the modulated .signat and is_cenaced as Br : Midband frequency is equal to ARE comes hreqoency.; * ond it ig denoted as Sc. —— *. a owerage So As. given. OS 5 fu reise Aas aug_ncise power _pes_enit— “parciusidt® x = a ____ Randunics 8 —___— - — = No Br ale a > Inpot goat to noise vatio USNR) 3 = Avex powes_eb ‘een cen ce nigaae, Scie" “average power of eurered n ee) > Corpor Rignat to vise satio— sie rage powes ¢ He S Aemeduiated Signal (snrlo Aver ‘ Ruexoy + _ Channel Signal to mise sotio— Average powes of the modotated Signal noise in_meSsage bondwidtR (SNe = - average dower d - SNR)» i a rot of : iguie_of mexit = a CENR)e : + Highex the Molue of _mesit_, ostter “he _pasformance a -Re__stecewers. - a Me NaWwe. & Rigore. & morte “gise_depends pon. i. type ¢& modulation vsect.Ae X Noise in. DSB-SC__Receluers + | ee a i 0 : Band ~ Pass | Pees Signar sue) %* _“he__obove Figure Shows. “the model of OSREC weceiver_ “ using coherent _Derec tos. * The enered sigaat is_appiled to tO cohevene detecthos xe). Seis _couitipied uti _o_ tocauty generated sinsoidal wave cagantct bSing product Modulatost.—the _pstoduct _is_then Mltered__vsing to» _Pass_Fidtew-—____— *__‘Time- ain t_psB- gc * __channet_ 2t_Aignat to_neise taio_ GNR).= Average powes oF _ moctvtotedt_ Signals Sle) - verge powes F noi'se message bancewilth (ened, = 2th. ry CO) “Average ae eee Signal ee Ne cosanhe)* i - > Tete) (ve cosanke)? > a 2 eR fyee ee = \+cesaR ast SO. =, scoPs = eps | asinosied = sinsa Ss Weed = meet ‘eft — ser) + aa + cos =< ne (ain sale 3 a a NiCr) = mceyVe + metive costmfct + nts) « nrercosumke Ona a a a Dect) sinungfct _ 8 = THIS VCH)_1S_possed _throogh tors pass liked then, Site) = merc -« ns ce) a 3 2 TWN Ce) + Date) = ~~ Gamponent Ng = @® hom eq-®> (sue =_mAW) eset rae ce) Ae 2 = Ne | can®e = 22 Po > CSnRly ater UNoW dBin message pandend tA => De ce) Average Powe? of ais: tugepoeet tondwidth .% borclenictth. * quenoge reise poiser pes omit mae 7 plo + au * a [PL ye Tce) = wow —?@ Perrone 4 hom 87-7 (SNA. =. eel mw ce) L ConR)e = Nola! __¢swrie = NEP © aN hl ee & — Qvepot Signal ret to noise yakiO+— Pera ——-puerage poues a demodviared mag Signal CSNR)o = - - = os vas Puerage powes oF neise : Z a met 5) MR) mse) > ® mete) Tote nce) = we cosanlet ~ nate Sisanlet x Pemodutated Sgnat =) the oveput ef banalpass filtes => xe). xee)= Sit) nce) Xtt) = Be mee) Me SosaTlck + Nelbeos anect = mace singnle Now, Ct) IS PASSEA “through _Prodiect modula tar.with ‘Ae orothes Input cos ANTEC’ « THEN » i ne Nee) = xCE) Cos attet_ TNL) = meeNe cop anfet + Os wes 2 anfet - Nate sinanlet cosTntetFae asta ——the_block_oliagram_4 "am _rereit ae Se > = ——_ pause Seno] Bee. =a Envelop — | detector} Ml : sts ke [i+ bamilcosan&e 6 ee | Expression foram ue AG | = cB Sees 7 *_channel__Signat_to_noise_vatio + CSA e => —futerage power qf modolated -signats ste) a _____fiterage Poweer_optsie- message bandssicit_ 2=—— =o 3e_Auierage._ POLwss musty = *Awolt) rote) = Now > @ ¥ = &g-O.> CSNRe = Ste nS Ce) VE Cee KP) eh AN. ve Conese) —>@ - - Bo ee SS ee og = rico : 68 1 Bgnat aseenoes “the output of band _pass_ Fitter > er cds ete) = SCE) mie) -_ Ue Ci + ka mee)) cos antet + ngcelcas a Loe = nate) smart. ete) = | Un prose componenty= Cavadrawre comp)™ cee (ve + Vekamee) +07 COP + Enter] inthis case, Ve fobmipyssne). i ee a. a Remet)_22* Mate)’ “eo Dale)ne _ootput_f envelop detector is YC) ae Sey = Meko mee + Dale) . = Tg te) + Od tt) “ _—___—— Average power of Md Ct) = md ce), oe 9 | = Grekamce))® 7 : mat) = ark P > @ No Caw) Figure oP merit © -_CSNR)p (fom) .. COR)dor tote medutation 4, 4 CoM» b= enon in xoctto. receive tS ruve eect iS opnend! . "em siqnals are received — Awe copt shat occu ot rhe Some Frequenct - eanen twO oF MOTE > The Receives tml Cnty demodviate | tne gtronges of the ceoo Signals.» and the tweaker _Signat _witt_be_suppressed. demedviator uses o_limiter _cireuit fron exceeding o cestaig ———— > This is because the FM to prevent the Signal amptteede. > The Capture CfPect is important 20M. rodio because it_+ ollows receivers to retiably democuiate signals even intesterence trom other Signats.__ in the presence 4 in othes applications + } ‘The Coptore ePPect is also important that use FM mocotation » Such as Raday_and Telemetry... > Foctors thot atfect the Copture eFPect- - + The miefevence in Signal Strength = The bondesiath of the receiver ne = whe Linearity of “the receives : — “ ri | > canbe . The Capture effect “i Used’ to improve the” pesformancs OF FM receivers in Noisy environments ——-"SE The ThresASIH effect Tn FM fs much more pronounced han ina ~ —<—<————— —~ e_The figure of} merie Com) of FM _ is. valid. Tf the carrier -to- gh compared to unity (greater thon. : ais ENR oot a rd saci wT 0, ___Sigoais. sore _demoauinsich: 3e__The_ threshold e8fect scours’ unen the opise in the received _-Sigoot 1s _targe enoegh to cause the: discriminates —__ __Sotput +2 exceed _o cestain thyeshotd: Sie seceiuera she foput aight iss aut) sacedtmteh = nstercosantet —natersinanke ator _Input_is_given by ol cos antet - saseaneisl sa where . 72 ft) ana Nett) ee aes cand_quacrature. fomponents narmw hand noise signal née) ev-rt Carries: %_let_us deriue the conditions for +ve clicks to occur and -ve ticks tp _eceut areas fottems:. a] condigens fox sve. clicks: PCE) = tan’ [ny \ eats) reed > Ae \ o) | led < TW <, Blt) ta HCE) Ye) varies trom, dee) >o 0°to.60°for de | One. complete. cenditiens “or -VE elickSt = cycle. 24 Te) > de . ‘ Ypuuese wenn | s ele) >= B > He) td Mle). 4 S AYE) 2o . | ee) : ‘ Sox xwe clicks ensure that © Ce) changes we cttctes ensurs’ tno &Ct) increment, "Re _sendivons BYy_ST_Aodians__and fox grances HY. ~AN Tadians during the time axe 42 sett & The averags— nord clickSs pt | _____prnpansinnal_to_2.! *® Treshsiad con be avoided by keeping P.>A0 #, \8d8 s+ fg. 280 > AL > anwab 0 2 Wo 2 FE > WowAle ~ # To Overcome the Threshold Sfbect in FM. ell - vsing oa high quality receiver ee - placing the receives _in_a quiet tocation.____—— | = wsing an antenna ewith_goed shielding —__— - osing pre-emphasis and cde- emphasis techniques. _ - using a noise - canceling receiver + AEM Testa Reset #* FM Threshold Reduction isa technique osed to improve = noise the pesformonce of FM receivers in teu signat= Can) conditions. hella —ail # “he Thresnotd crfect is a phenomenon that occurs «nen _ the SNR dtops below a cestain tevet, xesviting in the Meceiver. ee There ore. B main. techniques. fox EM. threshold rechuctions FMB: demodolatos: # This LYyPE of aemodviatos uses.a— negative feedback top to improve ‘SNR. The. Feedback loop he\ps to geduce the noise thar is added by she demodotatos Unsere. Réx PLL. Cemodulator 2 "This type gf dermmedviarer- uses a PNASE - LOCKE Ioop to Mack the Frequency of the _ incoming Signal, This helps to seduce. the effects, a Meine on He Stgrat, which con improve tAE SNR,4 An addition (a these teehniqueds there ore 0 O6.d othe's approaches that can be obec In eEduce FM thieohaid + these Tnotudte Aptimem filtering & This Ceghnique vse9 a fitter that in speciticavy designed te improve the snk al 64 signals. oie cancelling thio Cechnique voes O noise CAN COU AQ Villes to remove noise liom the recelued efgnat ~ BenePits ¢ Ampinied Teception a mek Signals Redocea Noise Improved andio qualita Increased Range. ‘ Chattenges ¢ an be complex “to Traplement Can yeqotre Specialized components s Can alPect the dynamic yange d the receiver. | AT Tre-Soptasio ona ‘De > Poe. Emphasia and De- Emphasis are two techniques vsed mphoosis wm FM: “Net in FM transmission ond reEeption to improve the signat- to- noise “CONR) satio- ' fet Pae- emphasis + ‘ > te 1S A .proeess that increases we armpuitode of high= Frequency components o€ the signal. WE 1S done by Passing the Gignat through o. Filter thaw besGts the Wiah Frequencies.= The amount gd pre-emphasis. is typicauy specified. 1 xerms_ do time constant- m | De - Emphasis: | = Ik is the opposite of pre-emphasis: = ik meduees the ampittude oP high-frequency component? e€ the signal 2 i< = This {g done by passing the signet. ehrough & FrEEY Fhae actenvates the high. frequencies. - ciPi@d iO = “The amount cf cde- emphasis. is typicatty_» SPE texms gq a time constant — - = Pre - Emphased— _-FM_Oveput. - Cem signat) = 088 eur Fu EBOKHe De - emphasis: _ FM. demodulator e-emphasis circuit/ —> Pue- Emphasis and He Emphasis are sect in wide Uarieey oP PM applications. including FM radio » FM television and pm audio broadcaseine > The amount d pie- Empha: Specified in the FM standard > Pae- Emphasis and De-Emphasis can be “eithes. onaiog of digital town > Pre- Emphasis and De~ emphasis Modulation “BeneFies Improved Signal ~ to - noise vaio Reduced Pistcstion Improved frequency Response. can also be used Schemes » Such ao AM. 516 ang De Emphasis iG vsvally implementect in 1 in othes