GIT _ Saline cathrathics

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com
Contents
• Protective and adsorbents
• Properties of protective and adsorbents
• The monograph analysis of Kaolin and bentonite
•Saline Cathartics
• The Mechanism of action of cathartics
• The monograph analysis of Magnesium sulphate and Sodium

orthophosphate
1
LastBenchPharmacist.blogspot.com
Faculty of Pharmacy © Ramaiah University of AppliedSciences
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lecture, the student will be able to:
• Define protective and adsorbents
• Discuss the various Properties of protective and adsorbents
• Explain the monograph analysis of Kaolin and bentonite
•Define Saline Cathartics
• Describe the Mechanism of action of cathartics
• Explain the monograph analysis of Magnesium sulphate and

Sodium orthophosphate
2
Protective and adsorbents
Properties of protective and adsorbents:

•Chemically inert substances
•Used in treatment of mild diarrhoea and dysentery
•Ability to absorb gases ,toxins and bacteria
•Form a protective layer on painful ulcers in GIT
•Light Kaolin and activated charcoal
3
Monograph of Kaolin
Name: Kaolin
Chemical formula: Al2O3,2SiO2,2H2O
Light Kaolin is a native hydrated aluminium silicate, freed from most of

its impurities by elutriation and dried. It may contain a suitable
dispersing agent
Synonyms: Hydrated aluminium silicate
4
Monograph of Kaolin contd….
Method of Preparation:
It is prepared from natural clay
It involves the following steps:

•Powdering
•Particles separation by means of electrical sedimentation
•Purification from gritty particles and other impurities by
elutriation
•Drying
•Storing in suitable container
5
Properties of Kaolin
• Description: Light, white powder free from gritty particles;odourless;

almost tasteless; unctuous to the touch
•Practically insoluble in water, in dilute acids and other solvents
How does it work?

Kaolin acts as a protective coating for the mouth to decrease pain
associated with radiation-induced damage
6
Test for purity
•Loss on drying
• Heavy metals
•Arsenic
• Chlorides
• Soluble matter
• Test for Fine particles
• Loss on ignition
• Test for coarse particles

7
Storage: Store protected from moisture
Medicinal uses:
•Diarrhea, dysentery, colitis and cholera
•Adsorbent in food and alkaloidal poisoning
•Poultice
•Dusting powders
•Filter aids
8
Saline cathartics
•Easy evacuation
•Used in cleaning the colon
•Bowel evacuation in bed ridden patients
•Hernia Haemorrhoids
•Magnesium sulphate and sodium Phosphate
9
Monograph of bentonite
Name: Bentonite
Properties of Bentonite:
Description: A very fine, pale buff or cream-coloured to

greyish-white powder, free or almost free from gritty particles
Medicinal use: Emulsifying agent , suspending agent
10
Monograph of Bentonite contd…

Test for purity:
pH
Heavy metals
Sedimentation volume
Swelling power.
Coarse particles
Microbial contamination
Loss on drying
11
Mechanism of action: Saline cathartics
•Bulk forming agents: Methyl cellulose, bran, isapgol
•Osmotic /Saline laxatives: Magnesium, sodium and phosphate salts
•Stimulants: Senna, rhubarb, cascara, castor oil
•Stool softening agents: Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
12
Monograph of Magnesium sulphate
Name: Magnesium sulphate
Chemical formula: MgSO4 .7H 2O
Standards: Magnesium Sulphate contains not less than 99.0 per cent
and not more than 100.5 per cent of MgSO4, calculated on the dried
basis
Synonyms: Epsom Salts
Molecular weight: 246.47 g/mol
13
Monograph of Magnesium sulphate contd….
Properties of Magnesium sulphate:
Description: Colourless crystals or a white, crystalline powder
•Soluble in boiling water and practically in soluble in alcohol
14
Method of Preparation:
Laboratory:
MgCO3 + H2 SO4 ==> MgSO4 + CO2 + H2O
Commercially: Dolomite
MgCO3 . CaCO3 + 2H2 SO4 ==> MgSO4 + 2CO2
+ CaSO4 + 2H2O
15
Test for purity
•Chlorides
• Appearance of solution
•Acidity or alkalinity
• Iron
• Arsenic
•Heavy metals
•Loss on drying
16
Assay Principle
For MgSO4
Complex metric , Direct titration
MgSO4 + H2O ==> Mg (OH)2
Mg (OH)2 + di Na EDTA ==> Mg EDTA complex
Buffer: Ammonia Ammonium chloride

Indicator: Mordant black II
Colour change: Wine red to blue
17
Monograph of Magnesium Sulphate contd….
Storage: Store protected from moisture
Medicinal uses:
•Saline cathartic as osmotic laxative
•Electrolyte replacement
18
Monograph of Sodium Phosphate
Name: Sodium Phosphate
Chemical formula: Na2HPO4nH2O (n=12, 10, 8, 7, 5, 2 or 0)
Standards: Contains not less than 98.0 per cent and not more than
101.0 per cent of sodium phosphate, calculated on the anhydrous
basis.
Synonyms: Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate
Molecular weight: anhydrous 141.96 g/mol
19
Monograph of Sodium Phosphate contd….
Properties of Sodium Phosphate:
Description: Colourless, transparent crystals; very efflorescent
•Soluble in water and practically in soluble in alcohol
20
Monograph of Sodium Phosphate contd….
Test for purity
•Sulphates
• Heavy metals
•Arsenic
• Chlorides
• Loss on Drying
• Iron
• Test for Reducing substances
21
Monograph of Sodium phosphate contd….
Storage: Store protected from moisture.
Medicinal uses:
•Saline cathartic
•Electrolyte replacement
•Standard buffer solution
•Softening hard water
22
Summary
• Protective and adsorbents are used to treat mild diarrhoea and
dysentery, absorb toxins and gases
•The inorganic compounds used as protective and adsorbents are
kaolin and bentonite
•Kaolin is used as adsorbent and in poultice preparation
23
Summary
 Saline cathartics are used for evacuation of bowel
Magnesium sulphate: Epsom salt prepared from adding sulphuric acid
to magnesium sulphate, assayed by direct complexometric titration,
used as saline cathartics
Sodium ortho phosphate is used as laxative, prepared by adding
phosphoric acid to a solution of sodium carbonate.
24
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LastBenchPharmacist.blogspot.

• Properties of protective and adsorbents

• The monograph analysis of Kaolin and bentonite

• The Mechanism of action of cathartics

• The monograph analysis of Magnesium sulphate and Sodium

• Discuss the various Properties of protective and adsorbents

• Explain the monograph analysis of Kaolin and bentonite

•Define Saline Cathartics

• Describe the Mechanism of action of cathartics

• Explain the monograph analysis of Magnesium sulphate and

Protective and adsorbents

Properties of protective and adsorbents:

•Used in treatment of mild diarrhoea and dysentery

•Ability to absorb gases ,toxins and bacteria

•Form a protective layer on painful ulcers in GIT

•Light Kaolin and activated charcoal

Chemical formula: Al2O3,2SiO2,2H2O

Light Kaolin is a native hydrated aluminium silicate, freed from most of

Synonyms: Hydrated aluminium silicate

It is prepared from natural clay

It involves the following steps:

• Description: Light, white powder free from gritty particles;odourless;

•Practically insoluble in water, in dilute acids and other solvents

How does it work?

• Test for Fine particles

• Test for coarse particles

Storage: Store protected from moisture

•Diarrhea, dysentery, colitis and cholera

•Adsorbent in food and alkaloidal poisoning

•Used in cleaning the colon

•Bowel evacuation in bed ridden patients

•Magnesium sulphate and sodium Phosphate

Description: A very fine, pale buff or cream-coloured to

Medicinal use: Emulsifying agent , suspending agent

Monograph of Bentonite contd…

•Bulk forming agents: Methyl cellulose, bran, isapgol

•Osmotic /Saline laxatives: Magnesium, sodium and phosphate salts

•Stimulants: Senna, rhubarb, cascara, castor oil

•Stool softening agents: Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate

Name: Magnesium sulphate

Chemical formula: MgSO4 .7H 2O

Synonyms: Epsom Salts

Molecular weight: 246.47 g/mol

Properties of Magnesium sulphate:

Description: Colourless crystals or a white, crystalline powder

•Soluble in boiling water and practically in soluble in alcohol

MgCO3 + H2 SO4 ==> MgSO4 + CO2 + H2O

MgCO3 . CaCO3 + 2H2 SO4 ==> MgSO4 + 2CO2

MgSO4 + H2O ==> Mg (OH)2

Mg (OH)2 + di Na EDTA ==> Mg EDTA complex

Buffer: Ammonia Ammonium chloride

•Saline cathartic as osmotic laxative

Chemical formula: Na2HPO4nH2O (n=12, 10, 8, 7, 5, 2 or 0)

Synonyms: Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate

Molecular weight: anhydrous 141.96 g/mol

Properties of Sodium Phosphate:

Description: Colourless, transparent crystals; very efflorescent

•Soluble in water and practically in soluble in alcohol

• Test for Reducing substances

Storage: Store protected from moisture.