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Cloud Computing
Fundamentals & Architecture
Cloud Concepts, Characteristics, Models, & Architecture

Module 2
Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D.

Distributed & Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing
• The cloud computing is a culmination of numerous attempts at large
scale computing with seamless access to virtually limitless resources
o on-demand computing
o utility computing
o ubiquitous computing
o autonomic computing
o platform computing
o edge computing
o elastic computing
o grid computing
o etc…….

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Cloud Computing
• American National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
defines the cloud as following
o "Cloud computing is a model
▪ for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access
• to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks,
servers, storage, applications, and services)
• that can be rapidly provisioned and released
• with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction"

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Cloud Computing Concepts

• Cloud computing characteristics
• Cloud computing deployment model
• Cloud computing service model
• Cloud computing architecture
• Multi-cloud / federated cloud computing
• Cloud engineering

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Cloud Model & Characteristics

Service Model Deployment Model Characteristics

Infrastructure as a Service Public cloud On demand service provision
Platform as a Service Private cloud Dynamic elasticity
Software as a Service Hybrid cloud Resource pooling
Community cloud Measured services
Network provisioning

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Cloud Computing Characteristics

Essential Characteristics Common Characteristics

• On Demand Self-Service • Massive Scale

• Resource Pooling • Homogeneity
• Network Provisioning • Virtualization
• Measured Service • Low-Cost Software
• Rapid Elasticity • Resilient Computing
• Geographic Distribution
• Service Orientation
• Advanced Security
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Cloud Computing Deployment Models

• Public cloud
• Private cloud
• Community cloud
• Hybrid cloud

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Public Cloud
• Intended to be used by the general public
• Generally, sells cloud services to the users over the internet
• Public cloud services may be free or offered on a pay-per-usage model
• Generally owned and managed by a business organization
o but can also be managed by academic or government organizations, or in their
combination
o in case of business organization's public cloud, they generally charge the users for
the cloud services usage
• User is far from the cloud data center
• Examples of public clouds Public
cloud
Private
cloud
o Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) Deployment
Models

o Google Cloud Platform Communi Hybrid

ty cloud cloud
o Microsoft Azure
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Public Cloud: Key Benefits

Managed Scalability/Elasticit Eliminates complex Removes Pay as you go

Infrastructure y procurement Undifferentiated
cycles "Heavy Lifting“
easy and inexpensive set- you get more/less improving the time-to- let its users focus on no wasted resources
up because hardware processing power, market for its users delivering differentiating because you pay for
(+storage) is managed by storage, etc. when business value instead of what you use
the provider needed wasting valuable
resources on IT
management

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Public Cloud: Main Drawbacks

• Vendor lock-in for PaaS
o e.g. you cannot easily change your software environment (e.g. from Windows
Azure with C# to Google App Engine with Java)
• Security concerns
o Public clouds are run by third parties, and applications from different
customers are likely to be mixed together on the cloud’s servers, storage
systems, and networks

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Private Cloud
• It is a proprietary of a single organization (in general)
o intended to provide services to its users, which are normally its business units
• It may be owned, managed, and operated by the same organization, a
third party, or some combination of them
• It may exist on the premises of the organization or in part or full
somewhere else
• Examples of private clouds
o Eucalyptus
Private
o Openstack Public
cloud cloud
o Cloudstack Deployment
Models

Communi Hybrid
ty cloud cloud

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Private Cloud: Key Benefits

Exclusive use Ownership Managed by companies High level of control

own IT organization
providing the utmost control has control over infrastructure
over data, security, and quality and how applications are
of service deployed

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Private Cloud: Main Drawbacks

Infrastructure costs Operating costs for Average utilization is

(e.g. capital expenses running the data not always known in
for storage) center advance

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Private & Public Cloud

Managed Private Hosted Private Shared Cloud
Private Cloud Cloud
Public Cloud
Cloud Services
• Enterprise • Enterprise • Cloud • Cloud • Cloud
Datacenter Datacenter Provider Provider Provider
Datacenter Datacenter Datacenter

• To be used by • To be used by • To be used by • To be used by • To be used by

one one one some many
enterprise enterprise enterprise exclusive enterprises
• Build by • Build & • Build, enterprises • Resources
Cloud Managed by Managed & • Mix of shared by
Operator Cloud Hosted by Shared & multiple
Operator Cloud Dedicated
Provider Resource

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Community Cloud
• It is intended for exclusive use by a specific community of users from
organizations that have common concerns
o e.g., compliance, mission, security, and policy
• It may be owned, managed, and operated by one or more of the
organizations in the community, a third party, or some combination of
them, and it may exist on or off premises
• The operating cost is divided among user organizations
Public Private
cloud cloud
Deployment
Models

Communi Hybrid
ty cloud cloud

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Hybrid Cloud
• It is a composition of two or more different cloud deployment models
(private, community, or public) that remain unique entities, but work
together to fulfill user's tasks
• It enables the users to obtain immediate availability of resources
(even without internet connectivity) and high degree of fault
tolerance
• It provides the flexibility of in-house applications with the fault
tolerance and scalability of cloud-based services
Public Private
cloud cloud
Deployment
Models

Communi Hybrid
ty cloud cloud

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Hybrid Cloud
• The main benefits of using a hybrid cloud service are
o Augment a private cloud with the resources of a public cloud
▪ provide on-demand, externally provisioned scale
• The main drawbacks are
o Complexity
▪ how to distribute applications across both a public and private cloud

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Cloud Computing
Service Models

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Cloud Computing Service Model

Infrastructure
Platform as a Software as a
as a Service
Service (PaaS) Service (SaaS)
(IaaS)

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Cloud Computing Service Model

• Other service models
o Network as a service (NaaS)
o Storage as a service (STaaS)
o Security as a service (SECaaS)
o Data as a service (DaaS)
o Desktop as a service (DaaS)
o Database as a service (DBaaS)
o Test environment as a service (TEaaS)
o API as a service (APIaaS)
o Backend as a service (BaaS)
o Integrated development environment as a service (IDEaaS)
o Integration platform as a service (IPaaS)
• Everything as a service (XaaS)

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Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

• IaaS is the most basic and widely used cloud computing service model
• Provides the users with the processing, network, storage, and other fundamental
computing resources
o the users use IaaS resources to run software like, operating systems and user
applications
• The underlying infrastructure is managed by the cloud service provider, whereas
the user manage and has a control over operating systems, and applications
• In most of the cases, user is provided with the virtual machines located in the
data centers
• Users have to install operating system and applications on these virtual machine
images
• Billing is done on the basis of the amount of resources allocated and consumed
• Examples of IaaS includes
o Amazon CloudFormation (and underlying services such as EC2), AmazonEC2UG,
Rackspace Cloud, and RightScale

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Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Example

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Platform as a Service (PaaS)

• PaaS offers a set of software and product development tools hosted on the cloud
service provider's infrastructure
• Users deploy onto the cloud infrastructure his self developed or acquired
applications created using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools
provided by the cloud vendor
• The users do not have a control over the underlying cloud infrastructure including
network, servers, operating systems, or storage
o but they have a control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for
the application-hosting environment
• Developers can create applications on the provider's platform over the Internet
without incurring cost for purchase and management of underlying hardware and
software layers
• Examples of PaaS include
o Salesforce's Force.com, Google App Engine, Amazon Elastic Beanstalk, Microsoft Azure,
Heroku, and Engine Yard
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Platform as a Service (PaaS) Example

Google App
Engine

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Software as a Service (SaaS)

• SaaS offers service in form of application software
• The SaaS cloud service provider offers the applications running on its
infrastructure to the users through either a thin client interface (such as a web
browser), or a program interface
• The users do not have control over the underlying cloud infrastructure or even
individual application capabilities (except user's specific application configuration
settings)
• User does not need to even create, install, or manage the application software in
the cloud
o these tasks are carried out by the cloud service provider.
• In SaaS, a cloud application can be multi-tenant to accommodate many users
• It provides a high level of application elasticity
• The billing for SaaS applications is normally done on a monthly or yearly basis.
• Examples of SaaS include
o Google Apps, Quickbooks Online and Salesforce.com
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Software as a Service (SaaS) Examples

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Cloud Computing Service Model

Infrastructure Platform as a Software as a
as a Service Service Service
(IaaS) (PaaS) (SaaS)

SalesForce CRM

LotusLive

Google App
Engine

Amazon Web Services

Dedicated Server, Managed Hosting Web Hosting from Rackspace

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Cloud Service Model:

Infrastructure Management Context

Traditional
IaaS PaaS SaaS
IT
Managed by user

Application Application Application Application

Managed by user

Data Data Data Data

Managed by cloud provider

Run time Run time Run time Run time

Managed by user

Managed by cloud provider

Middleware Middleware Middleware Middleware

Operating System Operating System Operating System Operating System
Managed by cloud provider

Virtualization Virtualization Virtualization Virtualization

Servers Servers Servers Servers
Storage Storage Storage Storage
Networking Networking Networking Networking

Managed by User Managed by Vendor

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Cloud Computing Architecture

• Cloud architecture is the design and implementation of the cloud
computing software for the delivery of services
• Cloud architecture can differ in different scenarios
o as cloud does not have any defined service or deployment mode
• There are some cloud architecture patterns to build cloud applications,
which helps to minimize the use of underlying computing infrastructure
o For example demand the necessary compute instance on-demand, perform a specific
job, remove the unnecessary resources
• The cloud architecture typically requires multiple cloud components to
communicate with each other in a loosely coupled way
• It enables the services to scale up or down elastically based on required
number of resources
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Multi-Cloud / Intercloud / Cloud Federation

• The Intercloud is an interconnected global “cloud of clouds”
• The multi-cloud environment have to cope with the changes in the offered
resources and user requirements in an adaptive way
• The simplest form of the multi-cloud is the hybrid cloud where a user have
an access to his private cloud and some public clouds
• The more advanced form is the federated cloud scenario
o It is motivated by the need to balance the trade-off between cost and performance
o Federated multi-cloud provides federation of sites and services from various cloud
infrastructure providers
o They provide very high level of scalability to the users and competitiveness among
the cloud service providers
o In a federated cloud, multiple public, private, or community cloud works together to
provide services
o User request its services from a cloud, and that cloud transparently serves its request
either on its own infrastructure or request some other cloud in the federation to
serve the request
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Cloud Engineering
• Cloud engineering is the application of engineering disciplines to
cloud computing
• It brings a systematic approach to the high-level concerns of
commercialization, standardization, and governance in conceiving,
developing, operating and maintaining cloud computing systems
• It is a multidisciplinary method encompassing contributions from
diverse areas
o such as systems, software, web, performance, information, security, platform,
risk, and quality engineering

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Cloud Computing Architecture

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Reference Architecture
• A reference architecture in the field of software architecture or
enterprise architecture provides a template solution for an
architecture for a particular domain
• It provides a blueprint of a to-be-model with a
o well-defined scope
o requirements it satisfies and
o architectural decisions it realizes

• It ensures consistency and quality across development and delivery

projects by delivering best practices in a standardized and methodical
way

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Cloud Computing Architecture

• Cloud reference architecture model provides a template solution for a
cloud computing architecture
• The cloud architecture typically requires multiple cloud components
to communicate with each other in a loosely coupled way
• Cloud architecture can differ in different scenarios
o as cloud does not have any defined service or deployment mode
• There are some cloud architecture patterns to built cloud
applications, which helps to minimize the use of underlying
computing infrastructure
o for example demand the necessary compute instance on-demand, perform a
specific job, remove the unnecessary resources

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Architectural Layers of Cloud Computing

Architectural layers of cloud computing by Sun Microsystems

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NIST Cloud Computing

Reference Architecture

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NIST Cloud Conceptual Reference Model

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Actors in Cloud Computing

Cloud A person or organization that maintains a business relationship with, and uses
Consumer service from, Cloud Providers

Cloud Provider A person, organization, or entity responsible for making a service available to
interested parties

Cloud Auditor A party that can conduct independent assessment of cloud services, information
system operations, performance and security of the cloud implementation

Cloud Broker An entity that manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud services, and
negotiates relationships between Cloud Providers and Cloud Consumers

Cloud Carrier An intermediary that provides connectivity and transport of cloud services from
Cloud Providers to Cloud Consumers

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Example Services for a Cloud Consumer

Example services available to a cloud consumer

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Cloud Provider
• A cloud provider is the entity responsible for making a service available to
interested parties
• SaaS cloud provider
o deploys, configures, maintains and updates the operation of the software applications on a
cloud infrastructure so that the services are provisioned at the expected service levels to
cloud consumers
• PaaS Cloud Provider
o manages the computing infrastructure for the platform and
o runs the cloud software that provides the components of the platform, such as runtime
software execution stack, databases, and other middleware components
o supports the development, deployment and management process of the PaaS Cloud
Consumer
• IaaS Cloud Provider
o acquires the physical computing resources underlying the service, including the servers,
networks, storage and hosting infrastructure
o runs the cloud software necessary to makes computing resources available to the IaaS Cloud
Consumer

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Cloud Consumer
• SaaS consumers can be
o organizations that provide their members with access to software applications
o end users who directly use software applications
o software application administrators who configure applications for end users
• PaaS consumers can be
o application developers who design and implement application software
o application testers who run and test applications in cloud-based environments
o application deployers who publish applications into the cloud
o application administrators who configure and monitor application performance on a platform
• IaaS consumers can be
o system developers
o system administrators and
o IT managers who are interested in creating, installing, managing and monitoring services for
IT infrastructure operations

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Cloud Auditor
• A cloud auditor is a party that can perform an independent
examination of cloud service controls with the intent to express an
opinion thereon
• Audits are performed to verify conformance to standards through
review of objective evidence
• Evaluates the services provided by a cloud provider in terms of
security controls, privacy impact, performance, etc.
• Generally cloud auditors perform
o Security audit
o Privacy impact audit
o Performance audit

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Cloud Broker
• A cloud broker is an entity that manages the use, performance and
delivery of cloud services and negotiates relationships between cloud
providers and cloud consumers
• In general, a cloud broker can provide services in three categories
o Service Intermediation
o Service Aggregation
o Service Arbitrage

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Cloud Broker
• Service Intermediation
o A cloud broker enhances a given service by improving some specific capability
and providing value-added services to cloud consumers
▪ The improvement can be managing access to cloud services, identity management,
performance reporting, enhanced security, etc.
• Service Aggregation
o A cloud broker combines and integrates multiple services into one or more new
services
▪ The broker provides data integration and ensures the secure data movement between
the cloud consumer and multiple cloud providers
• Service Arbitrage
o Service arbitrage is similar to service aggregation except that the services being
aggregated are not fixed
▪ Service arbitrage means a broker has the flexibility to choose services from multiple
agencies
▪ The cloud broker, for example, can use a credit-scoring service to measure and select an
agency with the best score

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Cloud Carrier
• A cloud carrier acts as an intermediary that provides connectivity and
transport of cloud services between cloud consumers and cloud
providers
• Cloud carriers provide access to consumers through network,
telecommunication and other access devices
o For example, cloud consumers can obtain cloud services through network
access devices, such as computers, laptops, mobile phones, mobile Internet
devices (MIDs), etc.

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Service Deployment

Public Cloud

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Service Deployment

On Site Private Cloud

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Service Deployment

Out Sourced Private Cloud

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Service Deployment

On Site Community Cloud

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Service Deployment

Out Sourced Community Cloud

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Service Deployment

Hybrid Cloud

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Service Orchestration
• It is the composition of system components to
support the Cloud Providers activities in
o arrangement, coordination and management of
computing resources in order to provide cloud
services to Cloud Consumers
• A three-layered model is used in this
representation
o representing the grouping of three types of system
components Cloud Providers need to compose to
deliver their services

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Service Orchestration Layers

• Service Layer
o In this layer, Cloud Providers define the access interfaces for Cloud Consumers to
access the computing services
• Resource Abstraction and Control Layer
o It contains the system components that Cloud Providers use to provide and manage
access to the physical computing resources through software abstraction
▪ Examples of resource abstraction components include software elements such as hypervisors,
virtual machines, virtual data storage, and other computing resource abstractions
The resource abstraction needs to ensure efficient, secure, and reliable usage of the
o
underlying physical resources
o It is responsible for resource allocation, access control, and usage monitoring
• Physical Resource Layer
o It includes all the physical computing resources
▪ such as computers (CPU and memory), networks, storage components and other physical
computing infrastructure elements
o It also includes facility resources, such as heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), power,
communications, and other aspects of the physical plant

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Cloud Service Management

• Cloud Service Management includes all of the service-related
functions that are necessary for the management and operation of
those services required by or proposed to cloud consumers
• It can be described from the perspective of following requirements
o business support
o provisioning and configuration
o portability and interoperability

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Cloud Service Management

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Service Management: Business Support

Business Support involves the set of business-related services dealing with clients and supporting
processes
• Customer Management
o Manage customer accounts, manage user profiles, manage customer relationships by providing points-of-
contact and resolving customer issues and problems, etc.
• Contract Management
o Manage service contracts, setup/negotiate/close/terminate contract, etc.
• Inventory Management
o Set up and manage service catalogs, etc.
• Accounting and Billing
o Manage customer billing information, send billing statements, process received payments, track invoices, etc.
• Reporting and Auditing
o Monitor user operations, generate reports, etc.
• Pricing and Rating
o Evaluate cloud services and determine prices, handle promotions and pricing rules based on a user's profile,
etc.

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Service Management: Provisioning & Configuration

• Rapid provisioning
o Automatically deploying cloud systems based on the requested
service/resources/capabilities
• Resource changing
o Adjusting configuration/resource assignment for repairs, upgrades and joining new
nodes into the cloud
• Monitoring and Reporting
o Discovering and monitoring virtual resources, monitoring cloud operations and
events and generating performance reports
• Metering
o Providing a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type
of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts)
• SLA management
o Encompassing the SLA contract definition (basic schema with the QoS parameters),
SLA monitoring and SLA enforcement according to defined policies

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Service Management: Portability & Interoperability

• Adoption of cloud computing depends greatly on how the cloud can address users‟
concerns on security, portability and interoperability
• Portability means that data or applications can move across multiple cloud environments
at low cost and minimal disruption
• Interoperability means the capability to communicate between or among multiple clouds
• Cloud providers should provide mechanisms to support data portability, system
portability, and service interoperability
o Data portability
▪ It is the ability of cloud consumers to copy data objects into or out of a cloud or to use a disk
for bulk data transfer
o System portability
▪ It allows the migration of a fully-stopped virtual machine instance or a machine image from
one provider to another provider, or migrate applications and services and their contents
from one service provider to another
o Service interoperability
▪ It is the ability of cloud consumers to use their data and services across multiple cloud
providers with a unified management interface

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