Hvdc & Facts 2marksqa

HVDC & FACTS 2 MARKS QUESTION & ANSWER
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

PART – A (2 Marks)
1. Compare AC and DC transmission.(An)
DC Transmission.
It requires only two conductors as compared to three for a.c transmission
There is no skin effect in a d.c system.
A d.c line has less corona loss and reduced interference.
AC Transmission
The power can be generated at high voltages
The maintenance of a.c sub-station is easy and cheaper
2. What are the types of DC link?(C)
Monopolar link
Bipolar link
Homopolar link
3. Draw the block diagram of bipolar link(C)
4. List the types of power devices for HVDC transmission(K)

1.Thyristor
2.Insulated fiats bipolar transistor
3.GTO-gate turn-off thyristor
4.LTT- Light hissered thyrisor
5.Mos-controlled thyristo(MCT)
NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

5. Write the advantages and disadvantages of HVDC Transmission(C)
Advantages
1.Full control over power transmitted
2.The ability to enhance transient and dynamic stability in associated AC
networks
3.Fast control to limit fault current in DC lines
4.Reduced transmission lines.
5.Interconnection of systems operating at different frequencies
Disadvantages
1.Inability to use transformer to change voltage levels
2.High cost of converter equipment
3.Generation of harmonics which requires AC and DC filters, adding to the cost
of converters station
4.Complexity of control
6. Mention the some of HVDC projects from abroad?(C)
1. Gotland 1 – 98km, 200kv, 20mw, 1954
2. HVDC Gotland 2 – vastervik (Sweden) to yipne (Sweden) 92.9km, 150kv,
130mw, 1983
3. Nelson river bipole 2 – sundance(Canada) to rosser (Canada)
937km, ±500kv, 1800Mw, 1985
4. HVDC Tjaereborg - Tjaereborg (Denmark) – Tjaereborg 4.3km, ±9kv,
7.2mw,2000(interconnection of wind power station)
5. HVDC back-to-back station – eagle pan (USA) - eagle pan
(USA)(Texas) ±15.9kv,36mw,2000
6. Caprivi link – Namibia (gerus) to Namibia zembari
970km,500kv,300mw,2010
7. HVDC valhall- lista(Norway) to valhall (offshore) 292km, 150kv, 78mw,
2009
7. What are the types of power losses in thristor?(C)
1.Forward conduction losses
2.Loss due to leakage current during forward & reverse blocking
3.Switching losses due to ton and toff
4.Gate triggering loss
8. Define Reliability.(K)
The reliability of DC transmission system is quite good on exhaustive record of existing
HVDC lines in the world in available from which the reliability statistics Can be
computed the development of LTT is expected to improve reliability Because of
elimination of high voltage pulse transformers and auxiliary supplies For turning on the

devices.
9. Define Energy Availability(K)
It is defined as,
Where equivalent outage time is the product of the actual outage time and The
fraction of system capacity lost to outage.
10. Write down any two application DC transmission?(C)
1.Long distance bulk power transmission
2.Underground or underwater cables
3.Asynchronous interconnection of A.C systems operating at different frequencies.
11. What are the factors to be considered for planning HVDC Transmission? (C)
The system planner must consider the factors are,
Cost
Technical performance
Reliability
12. What are the advantages of LTT over ETT?
Infinite gate isolation
Total noise immunity for the control circuits.Faster turn-on time
Elimination if high voltage pulse transformers and auxiliary power supplies.
13. Distinguish between AC & DC transmission. (An)
S.NO AC Transmission DC Transmission
1. It requires three conductors It requires only 2conductors

for tr nsmi sion
2. There skin effect is prese t There is no skin effect in
in AC DC Transmission
3. More corona loss Less corona loss
4. Stability problem occurs. No stability problem.
14. What is meant by MOS controlled thyristor?(C)
An MCT is a new device in the field of semiconductor-controlled devices. It is basically a
thyristor with two MOSFETs built into the gate structure o e MOSFET is used for turning
on the MCT and other for turning off device. An MCT is a High – frequency, high power,
low – conduction drop switching device.

15. Define break even distance- give its range of value for overhead line(R)
The variation of costs of transmission with distance for AC and DC Transmission For dist
nces less them break even distance, AC tends to Be economical them DC. And costlier for
longer distances. The break even Distances can vary from 500 to 800 km in overhead lines.
16. State atleast four HVDC projects in I dia.(U)

S.NO System/Project Year of Supplier Power Voltage
Commissioned Rating(mw) (kv)
1 National HVDC 1989 BHEL 100 100
project-stage-I
2 NHVDC-stage- 2000 BHEL 100 200
II
3 1991-92 ABB 750 ±500
Rihand-Delhi
4 Chandrapur- 1998 ABB 1500 ±500
padghe
17. What is meant by an Asynchronous tie?(U)

When two power systems are connected through DC ties, there is no need Of coordinated
control. It is called asynchronous fie. The two systems which Have different nominal
frequencies.
18. What is LASCR? How does it differ from a conventional SCR?(U)
Light activated thyristor, also called LASCR. It is turned on by throwing a Pulse of light on

the silicon wafer of thyristor. This is the major difference to Others.
19. What are the types of commutation?( U)
20. Why circuit turn off time should be greater than the thyristor turn-off time?(An)
Circuit turn off time should be greater than the thyristor turn-off time for re liable turn-off,
otherwise the device may turn-on at an undesired instant, a process called commutation
failure.
21. What is the turn-off time for converter grade SCRs and inverter grade SCRs? (U)
Turn-off time for converter grade SCRs is 50 – 100 ms turn-off time for converter grade
SCRs and inverter grade SCRs and for inverter grade SCRs is 3 – 50 ms.
22. What is firing angle?(U)
The angle at which thyristor is triggered it is defined as the angle between the zero
crossing of the input voltage and the instant the thyristor is fired.
23. Draw the circuit of Graetz CIRCUIT.(U)
24. What is meant by pulse number of a converter? .(U)

It is defined s the ratio of the base frequency of the DC voltage ripple To the
fundamental frequencyof the AC voltage is called pulse number.
25. List some of the converters in HVDC systems. .(U)
Line commutated converter

i.Six pulse converter
ii.12-pulse converter
Voltage source converter
i.Basic two level converter
ii.Three level voltage source converter
26. Define value rating.(R)
The value voltage rating is specified in terms of peak inverse voltage (PIV) it has to
withstand. The ratio of PIV to the average dc voltage is an Index of the value utilization.
The average maximum dc voltage across the Converter is given by
27. How can the converter configuration defined? .(U)

There are several configuration for a converter of a specified pulse Number, we have in
addition to the graetz bridge, six phase diametric Connection, cascade of three single phase
fall wave converters, cascade Of two three phase converters.
28. List the assumption made to develop the equivalent circuit of a
converter(U)
Bridge used in dynamic simulation.
All the values in a bridge have identical characteristics A value offers infinite
impedance in the reverse direction The grading and damping circuits across the values
are ignored The current id is assumed to be continuous and non zero.L/R of each phase
of the converter transformer in the same.
29. Write the assumptions for anal sis of 6 pulse converter? (U)
To consider the theoretical anal sis of a co ventional 6-pulse bridge , the following
assumptions are made:
DC current is constant (i.e. the smoothing reactor is infinite),
Valves are ideal switches, and

AC system is infinitely strong (i.e. the 3 phase emfs are balanced and
perfectly sinusoidal).
30. Mention the various modes of operation of rectifier characteristics.(U)
Mode I : 2 and 3 valve conduction (u<60)
Mode II : 3 valve conduction only α < 30 deg, u = 60deg
Mode III : 3 and 4 valve conduction mode α > 30 deg,(60<u<120deg)
31. Mention the various modes of operation of inverter characteristics.(U)
Mode I : β <60 deg for values of u <60-£ , the characteristics are
linear 60deg<β,90deg ; u=60deg - £ = 60deg – gamma = constant The
characteristics are elliptical
Mode II : For u>60deg corresponding to β> 90deg +gamma
zerothe characteristics are linear
32. circuit diagram of 12 pulse converter.(U)
33. Why series and parallel operation of thristor in HVDC TRANSMISSION?(An)

For higher voltage rating use series operation of thyristor For higher current rating use
parallel operation of thyristor.
UNIT 2- CONVERTER AND HVDC SYSTEM CONTROL

1. What is meant by firing angle control?(U)

The current or extinction angle co troller generates a control signal vc, Which is related to the
firing angle required. The firing angle controller ,Generates gate pulses in response to the
control signal vc.
2. Write the features control?(U)
i) Current order setting can be quickly and reliably changed depe di on the
requirement
ii)Power reversal can be done easily and quickly
iii)Fault current levels are limited to rated values.
3. Why the necessity of control in a DC link?(An)
The expression for current through a DC link it can be observed that the denominator has
only resistances, which are small when compared with the reactance of the AC system.
Hence, current is sensitive to change in voltage resulting in large fluctuations which can
damage the thyristors,
4. What is the principal of control in DC link? (U)
The control of powerin a DC link can be achieved through the control of current of voltage.
From minimization of loss considerations, it is important to maintain constant voltage in the
link and adjust the current to meet the required power.
5. What is meant by current and extinction control? (U)

The current controller is invariably of feedback type the controller which Is PI type.
The extinction angle controller can be of predictive type or feedback type With EPC
control. The predictive controller is considered to be less Prone to commutation
failure.
6. State any four important reasons why the current control is desirable in the
Rectifier station under normal operating conditions?(U)
i. The increase of power in the link is achieved by reducing αr, which improves
the power factor at the rectifier.
ii. The inverter can now be operated at minimum ‫ ﬠ‬thereby minimize the reactive

power consumption.
iii. The operation at minimum extinction angle at the inverter and current control at
the rectifier results in better voltage regulation them the operation with minimum
delay angle at the rectifier & current control at the inverter.
iv. The current during line fault are automatically limited with rectifier station in
current control.
7. How power is reversed in HVDC link?(U)
The power reversal in the link can take place by the rev rsal of the DC Voltage. This is done
easily by increasing the delay angle at the station initially operating as the rectifier, while
reducing the delay angle at the station initially operating as the inverter.
8. Define current margin.(R)
The difference between the current controller settings of the two stations is called current
margin(Im). In order to avoid conflict between the two current controllers at the both ens,
the rectifier current controller is provided with a higher current order.
Idi = Idr – Im
Where Idi – current order of the inverter
Idr - current order of the rectifier
Im usually about 10% of rated value
9. Draw backs of constant current control(CCC ).(U)

Increase in the converter valve voltage stress due to the voltages across the series capacitors
Increase in the magnitude of AC harmonics as the overlap angle is the reduced for a specified
DC current.
10. What are the parameters to change current and power transfer in DC link?(U)
i) Control angle of rectifier α
ii) Control angle of inverter β
iii) Tap changer on rectifier side
iv) Tap changer on inverter side
11. What is meant by compounding?(U)

The term compounding a converter implies selection of converter characteristics in order
to meet the requirements of regulation and protection.
12. Define required regulation.(R)

Converter valves should be operated strictly within their current rating, since there is
substantial rise of damage if the current is increased beyond the rated value for a even a
short time. Therefore constant current regulation is thus clearly desirable.
13. Draw the characteristics of compounding of inverter.(U)

14. What is the use of transformer tap changer control at the inverter side of an
HVDC system?(U)
The on-load tap changer control at the inverter is used mainly to mai tain a constant DC
voltage. The tap changer control at the rectifier is designed to mainta delay angle within the
limits (say 10deg to 20deg) in order to maintain certain voltage margin for the purpose of
current control.
15. What is the use of tap changing transformer in HVDC systems? (U)
The tap changing transformer used to increase the power factor obtained in the ac side and
maintain the operating point at point A or B in the Vd , id characteristics of rectifier and
inverter use tap changing transformer.
16. Draw the communication link of the HVDC transmission. (U)

A communication link is necessary to carry information from the receiving end to the
rectifier regulator and may also be needed for protective purposes, starting purposes and
reversal of the direction of power flow
There are 3 main possibilities:
1. Short wave radio link
2. Pilot wires
3. The use of carrier frequency on the power conductors.
17. What is meant by compounding a converter? (U)
The term compounding a converter implies selection of converter characteristics in order
to meet the requirements of regulation and protection.
18. What is the need for transformer tap changer control of HVDC converter? (U)
The tap changing transformer used to increase the power factor obtained in the ac side and
maintain the operating point at point A or B in the Vd , id characteristics of rectifier and
inverter use tap changing transformer.

UNIT 3- CONVERTER AND HVDC SYSTEM CONTROL
1. Mention the performance criteria for selection of harmonic filter(U)

Harmonic distortion
Telephone influence factor
Telephone Harmonic form factor IT product
2. Mention the Types of filters(U)
There are basically two types of filters

Passive filters---- tuned filters and damped filter; single and double tuned ,
high pass filters
Active filters
3. Differentiate characteristic and non-characteristic harmonics.(An)
s.no Characteristics harmonics Non-characteristics harmonics

1 It’s always presents even under ideal Unbalance and distortion in AC
operation, balanced AC voltages, voltages
2 Unequal transformer leakage
Equal transformer leakage reactance reactance
3 DC current is varied
DC current is assumed to be constant h=np
4. State the ill effects of harmonics injected into the AC line?(U)
Telephone interference Extra power looses & consequent heating in machines Over voltages
due to resonances Instability of converter controls Interference with ripple control system
used in load management.
5. What is radio interference? (U)
The radio interference is mainly due to the positive conductor. This is Because of the fact
that the corona discharges from the negative conductor are in the form of trichel pulses
which are uniformly distributed ever the conductor surface.
6. What are the sources of harmonics? (U)
1.Magnetization nonlinearities of transformer Rotating machines and Adjustable speed drives.

2.Arcing devices and Electronic and medical test equipment
3.PCs and office machines , Induction Heaters

4.Semiconductor based power supply system
5.Inverter fed A.C. drives , Thyristor controlled reactors
6.Phase controllers and A.C. regulators
7. What are the effects of trouble caused by harmonics? (U)
1. Resonance 2. Poor Damping
3. efficiency of motor reduced
4. Overheating of cable
5. Trip of protection
6. Overheating at winding.
7.Increase magnetic losses.
8. Define THD.(R)
The THD is a measure of the effective value of the harmonic components of a distorted
waveform. That is, it is the potential heating value of the harmonics relative to the
fundamental. This index can be calculated for either voltage or current
9. What are the means to reduce harmonis? (U)

Using filter (passive and active filters)circuit and increasing pulse number
10. List the causes of non-characteristics harmonis. (U)

a) Imbalance in the operation of two bridges forming 12 pulse converter
b) Firing angle errors
c) unbalance and distortion in AC voltage and
d) unequal transformer leakage impedances
11. Write the effects of unbalanced voltages. (An)

The presence of the negative sequence component in the AC voltages shifts the zero
crossing of the commutation voltages.
12. Mension the criteria for selection of DC filter. (U)
1.Maximum voltage TIF on DC high voltage bus
2.maximum induced noise voltage in mv/km in a particular test line one km
away from the HVDC line
3. maximum permissible noise to ground in dB in telephone lines close to the HVDC
lines.
13. Define short circuit ratio(SCR)(R)
The short circuit ratio is defined as

14. What are the factors depends commutation failure? (U)
The recovery from a commutation failure depends on the following Factors

The response of the gamma controller at the inverter
The current control in the link
The mag itude of AC voltage
15. What are the Function of smoothing reactor(U)
A sufficiently large series reactor is used on DC side to smooth DC current and also for
protection. The eactor is designed as a linear reactor and is connected on the line side, eutral
side.
UNIT 4- (I) INTRODUCTION TO FACTS

(II) STATIC SHUNT COMPENSATOR
1 What is meant by FACTS?

FACTS devices are made by advanced power electronic control equipments. The flexible ac
transmission systems (FACTS) give solutions to the problems and limitations which were
introduced in the power system with the introduction of power electronics based control for
reactive power.
2. What is the need for reactive power?
The reactive power is essential for the operation of electromagnetic energy devices; it
provides required coupling fields for energy devices.
3. What is reactive power?
The reactive power flows from load to source. The average value for reactive power is zero.
It does not result in any active power consumption. Unit: Volt Ampere Reactive (VAR)
4. What is the necessity of compensation?
The reactive power through the system can significantly improve the performance /
parameters of the power system as follows
• Voltage profile
• Power angle characteristics
• Stability margin
• Damping to power oscillations
5. What are the objectives of line compensation?

• To increase the power transmission capacity of the line
• To keep the voltage profile of the line along its length within acceptable bounds to
ensure the quality of supply to the connected customer as well as to minimize the
line insulation costs
6. How is the reactive power controlled, using FACTS devices?
The SVC is a shunt device of the FACTS group, regulates voltage at its terminals by
controlling the amount of reactive power injected in to or absorbed from the power
system. When a system voltage is low, the SVC generates reactive power (SVC
Capacitive). When a system voltage is high, it absorbs reactive power (SVC inductive).
7. How is reactive power controlled in electrical network?
Traditionally, rotating synchronous condensers and fixed or mechanically switched
capacitors or inductors have been used for reactive power compensation. However, in
recent years static VAR compensators are used to provide or absorb the required reactive
power have been developed.
8. Explain the objectives of FACTS controllers in the power system network.
• Better the control of power flow (Real and Reactive) in transmission lines.
• Limits SC current
• Increase the load ability of the system
• Increase dynamic and transient stability of power system
• Load compensation
• Power quality improvement
9. What are the advantages of FACTS controllers?
1.The flow of power is ordered. It may be as per the contract or as per the requirements of
the utilities
2.It increases the loading capability of the lines to the thermal capability
3.It improves the stability of the system and thus make the system secure
4.Provides secure Tie Line connection to the neighboring utilities and regions , thereby
decreasing overall generation reserve requirements on both sides
10. List the disadvantage of fixed series compensation.
• It is effective only during heavy loads
• Whenever an outage occurs on a line, with series compensation, the series

compensation is removed. This may cause overloading of other parallel lines
• If series compensation is added to an existing system, it is generally necessary to
have it on all the lines in parallel.
• One major drawback in the series capacitance compensation is that special
productive devices are required to protect the capacitors and bypass the high
current produced when a SC occurs
11 What is meant by thyristor switched capacitor?
TCSC is a capacitive reactance compensator, which consists of series capacitor bank
shunted by a thyristor-controlled reactor.
12. Define the term Static VAR compensator.
The SVC is a shunt device of FACTS group using power electronics to control power
flow and improve transient stability on power grids. The SVC regulates voltage at its
terminals by controlling the amount of reactive power injected into or absorbed from the
power system.
13. What are the diff types of compensation schemes?
Mainly two types of compensation are carried out,
• Load compensation
• Line compensation
14. Compare fixed series compensation and fixed shunt compensation.
• Voltage boost due to shunt compensators is uniform throughout the line.
• Power factor will be improved by the shunt capacitor whereas, series compensator
improves power system stability limit
• Protection required for the series compensator is more compared to shunt
compensator.
• Amount of voltage boost by the series capacitor is more.
15. What is load compensation?

Load compensation is a management of reactive power to improve the quality of supply
especially the voltage and power factor levels
Three main objectives of the load compensation are

• Better voltage profile
• Power factor correction
• Load balancing
16. What are the main areas of application of FACTS devices?
FACTS mainly find application in following areas,
• Power transmission
• Power Quality
• Railway Grid Connection
• Wind power grid Connection
• Cable Systems
17. Define VAR compensation.
It is defined as the management of reactive power to improve the performance of AC
power systems: Maximizing stability by increasing flow of active power.
18. List the generation of facts controllers.
The following generation of FACTS controllers for the development of FACTS controllers
First Generation of FACTS controllers:
Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
Second Generation of FACTS controllers:
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) Static Synchronous Series Compensator
(SSSC)
Third Generation of FACTS Controllers:
It is designed by combining the features of previous generations Series and shunt
compensation FACTS controllers.
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
19. What are various categories of FACTS controllers?

• Series FACTS controllers
• Shunt FACTS controllers

• Combined series series FACTS controllers
• Combined series shunt FACTS controllers
20 What is IPFC?
Interline power Flow Controller is a combination of two or more independently
controllable static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) which are solid state voltage
source converters which inject an almost sinusoidal voltage at variable magnitude and
couples via a common DC link.
UNIT 5- UNIT-5-(I) STATIC SERIES COMPENSATION

(II) COMPAINED COMPENSATOR
1. What is meant by emerging facts controllers?

The emerging facts controllers exchange the reactive power to the transmission lines with the
help of phase shifting techniques. If needed the real power is also supplied in addition to the
reactive power in to the transmission line with the help of emerging FACTS devices such as
STATCOM and UPFC. Here the need of large size capacitor bank and inductor bank
are reduced, so the operating performance will be improved.
2. What is meant by STATCOM?

The static synchronous compensator (STATCOM or SSC) is a shunt connected reactive
power compensation device that is capable of generating and/or absorbing reactive
power and in which the output can be varied to control the specific parameters of an
electric power system. It is capable of generating or absorbing independently
controllable real and reactive power at its output terminals when it is fed from an dc energy
source or energy storage device at its input terminals.
3. What are the functions of STATCOM in the improvement of power system performance
area?
• It provides dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution system
• It provides damping against the oscillation in power system.

• It provides better transient stability
• It has voltage flicker control (it withstands sudden changes)
• It controls both real and reactive power
4. What are the common advantages of STATCOM?
• It required small space because it replaces the passive inductor and capacitor bank by
compact electronic converters.
• It has modular factory build electronic equipments, so site work and commissioning time
will be reduced.
5. What are the applications of first installed STATCOM device at Sullivan Sub-station?
The application of this STATCOM is expected to reduce the TVA’s need for load tap
changing transformers, there by achieving savings by minimizing the potential for
transformer failure. This STATCOM solves the problems against off-peak dilemma of over
voltages in the Sullivan substation area while avoiding the more labor and apace intensive
installation of an additional transformer bank.
6. What are the advantages of first installed STATCOM device at Sullivan Sub-station?
It increases the capacity of transmission line voltage by providing instantaneous control
It provides greater flexibility in bulk power transactions.
It also increases the system reliability by damping grids of major oscillations in this grid.
7. Write short notes on principle of operation of STATCOM.
A STATCOM is a controlled reactive power source. It provides the desired reactive power
generation and absorption entirely by means of electronic processing of the voltage and
current waveforms in a voltage source converter.
8. Give the explanation about reactive power exchange between converter and the ac
system.
If the ac system voltage is lesser than the sending end voltage then the converter inject
the reactive power to the transmission line.
If the ac system voltage is higher than the sending end voltage then the converter absorb
the reactive power from the transmission line.
9. What is the importance of V-I characteristics of STATCOM?
The V-I characteristics of STATCOM shows that it can supply both the capacitive and
inductive compensation and is able to independently control its output current over the rated

maximum capacitive or inductive range irrespective of the amount of ac system voltage. That
is, the STATCOM can provide full capacitive reactive power at any ac system voltage even
as low as 0.15 p.u.
10. How will you determine the maximum attainable transient over current region?
The maximum attainable transient over current in the capacitive region is determined by the
maximum current turn-off capacity of the converter switches.
11. Why the converters (STATCOM) absorb the small amount of real power from the ac
system?
The converter absorbs the small amount of real power from the ac system to meet its internal
losses and keep the capacitor (energy storage device) voltage at the desired level.
12. What is STATCOM?
The STATCOM (or SSC) is a shunt-connected reactive power compensation device that is
capable of generating and/or absorbing reactive power and in which the output can be
varied to control the specific parameters of an electric power system.
13. State the salient features of STATCOM features.
• Compact size
• System voltage support and stabilization by smooth control over a wide range of
operating conditions
• Dynamic response following system contingencies
• High reliability with redundant parallel converter design and modular construction
• Flexibility of future reconstruction to Back to Back(BTB) power transmission or
UPFC(Unified Power Flow Control) and other configuration
14. List the application of STATCOM.
• Damping of power system oscillations
• Damping of sub synchronous oscillations
• Balanced loading of individual phases
• Reactive compensation of AC-DC converters and HVDC links
• Improvement of steady state power transfer capacity
15. Compare the V-I Characteristic of STATCOM & SVC

16. How the reactive power compensation is done using STATCOM.

A STATCOM is a controlled reactive power source. It provides the desired reactive power
generation and absorption entirely by means of electronic processing of the voltage and
current waveforms in a voltage source converter
17. List the modes of operation of STATCOM
The STATCOM can be operated in two different modes:
• Voltage regulation mode under this mode it has 3 sub divisions. There are,
• Over excited mode of operation
• Under excited mode of operation
• Normal(floating) excited mode of operation
• Var control mode
18. Draw VI characteristics of STATCOM.
19. Compare STATCOM and SVC.

• The STATCOM has the ability to provide more capacitive reactive power

during faults, or when the system voltage drops abnormally, compared to ordinary
static var compensator. This is because the maximum capacitive reactive power
generated by a
• STATCOM deceases linearly with system voltage, while that of the SVC is
proportional to the square of the voltage.
• Also, the STATCOM has a faster response as it has no time delay associated
with thyristor firing. Nevertheless, these advantages come at a higher price(about
20% more)
20 What are the function of STATCOM?
• Dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution systems.
• Power oscillation damping in power transmission systems
• Transient stability improvement
• Ability to control not only reactive power but, if needed, also active power
(with a DC energy source available)
21. List the advantages/benefits of STATCOM. The STATCOM offers following
advantages:
• Superior voltage supporting capability
• Fast response
• Large reactive power generation under low system voltage condition
• Less harmonics generation
• Smaller filter capacity
• Less space requirement
22. State the salient features of UPFC.
• The UPFC is versatile and multifunction power flow controller with
capabilities of terminal voltage regulation , series line compensation and phase angle
regulation
• Minimization of power losses with out generator rescheduling
• Regulating power flow through a transmission line
• More reliable
• Provides dynamic security

• Acts as harmonic isolator
23 List the application of UPFC.
• Power flow control
• Power swing damping
• Voltage dips compensation
• Fault Current Limiting
24. What are the operating modes of UPFC?
• VAR Control Mode
• Automatic Voltage Control Mode
• Direct Voltage Injection Mode
• Phase Angle Shifter Emulation Mode
• Line Impedance Emulation Mode
• Automatic Power Flow Control Mode
25. What is TCSC?
TCSC is a capacitive reactance compensator, which consists of a series capacitor bank
shunted by a thyristor controlled reactor. The basic conceptual TCSC module comprises a
series capacitor, C,in parallel with a thyristor controlled reactor, Ls, in order to provide
a smoothly variable series capacitive reactance.
UNIT 1
10MARK QUESTIONS
1. Explain in detail, the economic choice of voltage level selected in DC transmission system
2. Explain in detail, the different applications of dc transmission system
3. Explain the different types of DC links
4. Explain in detail, the comparison of AC and DC transmission
5. Explain in detail, the major components of a HVDC transmission in converter station
6. For a 3 phase 6 pulse gratez's circuit draw the timing diagram considering overlap angle is less
than 60 degree and without overlap for the following:
a. Voltage across load b. Voltage across any two pair of conduction valves
7. Explain in detail, the individual characteristics of a rectifier and an inverter with sketches

8. Explain in detail, the principle of operation of a 6 pulse gratez's circuit.
9. Explain the effect of overlap angle on the performance of converter circuit
10. Explain the analysis of 12 pulse converter with bridge rectifier
UNIT 2
1. Explain in detail, the control of VSC based HVDC systems

2. Explain in detail, the current and extinction angle control
3. Explain in detail, the converter control characteristics of HVDC systems
4. Explain in detail, different types of firing angle control schemes
5. Explain the system control hierarchical structure for a DC link.
6. Explain in detail, the principles of DC link control.
7. Explain in detail, the different functions of higher level controllers
8. Explain the principle of operation of a basic power controller.
9. Explain in detail, the starting and stopping of DC link.
UNIT 3
1. Explain in detail, the reactive power requirements in steady state conditions.

2. Explain in detail, the principle of operation and V-I characteristics of SVC.
3. Explain in detail, the generation of harmonics.
4. Explain in detail, the design of AC and DC filters.
5. Explain in detail, the design of single tuned filters.
6. Explain in detail, the design of double and triple tuned filters.
7. Explain in detail, the modeling of DC links.
8. Explain in detail, the per unit system of DC quantities and inclusion of constraints.
9. Explain in detail, the case study of a five terminal DC system.
10. Explain in detail, the power flow analysis of VSC based HVDC system.
11. Explain in detail, the power flow analysis under dynamic conditions.
UNIT 4

1. Explain about STATCOM

2. Discuss comparison between SVC and STATCOM
3. What are the different types of shunt connected controllers? Give brief explanation
4. Compare the V-I and V-Q characteristics of SVC and STATCOM
5. Explain the basic operating principle of TCR and its characteristics
6. Explain how the shunt compensation is useful in prevention of voltage instability and
improvement of transient stability
7. Explain the basic types of the FACTS controllers and their applications
8. Explain the basic operating principle of TCR and its characteristics
9. How do you justify the name “Flexible AC transmission systems” for certain equipment
connected in a power system?
10. What is meant by midpoint compensation with respect to shunt compensation? Explain the
advantages to the power system by adapting to it.
UNIT 5
1. What are the objectives of series compensation? Explain
2. Explain about UPFC
3. Explain independent real and reactive power flow controller
4. Explain in detail about the basic operation control scheme for GCSC, TSSC and TCSC
5. Explain how the independent real and reactive power control is done by using UPFC
6. Explain the operation and characteristics of GTO thyristor – controlled series capacitor
7. Explain the basic operating principles of UPFC
8. Explain how the UPFC can control real and reactive power flow in the transmission line
9. Why is TCSC (thyristor controlled series capacitor) used in transmission line? Explain its
advantages and disadvantages
10. Explain the improvement that a TCSC can bring about in a power system and what are its
disadvantages


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HVDC & FACTS 2 MARKS QUESTION & ANSWER

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

4. List the types of power devices for HVDC transmission(K)

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

1. It requires three conductors It requires only 2conductors

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

16. State atleast four HVDC projects in I dia.(U)

17. What is meant by an Asynchronous tie?(U)

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

24. What is meant by pulse number of a converter? .(U)

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

27. How can the converter configuration defined? .(U)

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

33. Why series and parallel operation of thristor in HVDC TRANSMISSION?(An)

UNIT 2- CONVERTER AND HVDC SYSTEM CONTROL

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

1. What is meant by firing angle control?(U)

5. What is meant by current and extinction control? (U)

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

9. Draw backs of constant current control(CCC ).(U)

11. What is meant by compounding?(U)

12. Define required regulation.(R)

13. Draw the characteristics of compounding of inverter.(U)

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

16. Draw the communication link of the HVDC transmission. (U)

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

UNIT 3- CONVERTER AND HVDC SYSTEM CONTROL

1. Mention the performance criteria for selection of harmonic filter(U)

2. Mention the Types of filters(U)

There are basically two types of filters

3. Differentiate characteristic and non-characteristic harmonics.(An)

s.no Characteristics harmonics Non-characteristics harmonics

4. State the ill effects of harmonics injected into the AC line?(U)

6. What are the sources of harmonics? (U)

1.Magnetization nonlinearities of transformer Rotating machines and Adjustable speed drives.

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

9. What are the means to reduce harmonis? (U)

10. List the causes of non-characteristics harmonis. (U)

11. Write the effects of unbalanced voltages. (An)

The short circuit ratio is defined as

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

14. What are the factors depends commutation failure? (U)

The recovery from a commutation failure depends on the following Factors

UNIT 4- (I) INTRODUCTION TO FACTS

1 What is meant by FACTS?

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

15. What is load compensation?

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

19. What are various categories of FACTS controllers?

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

UNIT 5- UNIT-5-(I) STATIC SERIES COMPENSATION

1. What is meant by emerging facts controllers?

2. What is meant by STATCOM?

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

NVVK RESEARCH SCHOLAR/ EEE-SVU/TPT

16. How the reactive power compensation is done using STATCOM.

19. Compare STATCOM and SVC.