6.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Let us Study

• Differential Equation • Order and degree of differential equation

• Formation of differential equation • Solution of differential equation
• Types of differential equation. • Application of differential equation.

Let us Recall

• The differentiation and integration of functions and the properties of differentiation and integration.

Let us Learn

6.1.1 Introduction :
In physics, chemistry and other sciences we often have to build mathematical models which involves
differential equations. We need to find functions which satisfy those differential equations.

6.1.2 Differential Equation :

Equation which contains the derivative of a function is called a differential euqation. The following
are differential equations.
dy d2 y d2 w dw
(i) = cos x (ii) + k2
y = 0 (iii) − x2 +w=0
dx dx 2
dx2
dx
d2 y d2 x
(iv) + = x, here x and y are functions of 't '.
dt2 dt2
d3 y dy dr
(v) +x − 4xy = 0, here x is a function of y. (vi) r + cos θ = 5
dx3
dx dθ

6.2 Order and degree of the differential equation :

The order of a differential equation is the highest order of the derivative appearing in the equation.
The degree of differential equation is the power of the highest ordered derivative present in the
equation. To find the degree of the differential equation, we need to have a positive integer as the index
of each derivative.

191
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex. 1 : Find order and degree of the following differential equations.
d2 y dy d3 y 2
dy
(i) x2 + 3x + 4y = 0 (ii) + xy − 2x + 3y + 7 = 0
dx2 dx dx3 dx
Solution : It's order is 2 and degree is 1. Solution : It's order is 3 and degree is 2.

dr d2 y 2 dy 2
(iii) r + cos θ = 5 (iv) + = ex
dθ dx2 dx
Solution : It's order is 1 and degree is 1. Solution : It's order is 2 and degree is 2.
3
dy 3xy d2 y
1 2
(v) + = cos x (vi) 1+ =
dx dy dy 2 dx2
dx dx
Solution : This equation expressed as Solution : This equation can be expressed as
dy 2 dy d2 y1 3
+ 3xy = cos x 1+ =
dx dx dy 2 dx2
It's order is 1 and degree is 2. dx
dy 2
d2 y 3 dy 2
∴ +1=
dx dx2 dx
It's order is 2 and degree is 3.
d4 y dy 2 3 dy dy
(vii) = 1+ (viii) e dx +
=x
dx4 dx dx
Solution : It's order is 4 and degree is 1. Solution : It's order is 1, but equation can not be
expressed as a polynomial differential equation.
∴ The degree is not defined.

(ix) x3 y3 3
dy
2x2 3y 0 = 0
dx
d2 y dy 2

5x 2 y 2+ 0
dx dx
dy d2 y 2 dy
Solution : ∴ x [0 − 0] − y [0 − 0] + 3 �4x y 2 +
3 2 2
− 15xy �= 0
dx dx dx
dy 2 d2 y dy
∴ 4x2 y − 15xy + =0 ∴ Its order is 2 and degree is 1.
dx 2 dx dx
dy d2 y d3 y
Notes : (1) is also denoted by y', 2 is also denoted by y'', 3 is also by y''' and so-on.
dx dx dx
(2) The order and degree of a differential equation are always positive integers.

192
 EXERCISE 6.1

(1) Determine the order and degree of each of the following differential equations.
d2 y dy dy 2
d2 y
(i) + x + y = 2 sin x (ii) 1+ =
dx2 dx 3
dx dx2
dy 2 sin x + 3 d2 y dy d3 y
(iii) = (iv) + +x= 1+ 3
dx dy dx2 dx dx
dx
dy
2 dy 2
(v) + + 7x + 5 = 0 (vi) (y''')2 + 3y'' + 3xy' + 5y = 0
dt2 dt
3
d2 y 2 dy dy 2 2 d2 y
(vii) + cos =0 (viii) 1 + =8
dx2 dx dx dx2

1 1
d3 y 2 dy 3 d2 y d2 y 2
(ix) − = 20 (x) x+ = 1+
dx3 dx dx2 dx2

6.3 Formation of Differential Equation :

From the given information, we can form the differential equation. Sometimes we need to eliminate
the arbitrary constants from a given relation. It may be done by differentiation.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex. 1 : Obtain the differential euqation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the following :

(i) y2 = 4ax (ii) y = Ae 3x + Be −3x (iii) y = (c1 + c2 x) ex

c
(iv) y = c2 + (v) y = c1e 3x + c2e 2x
x
Solution :
(i) y2 = 4ax . . . (1) (ii) y = Ae 3x + Be −3x . . . (1)
Here a is the arbitrary constant, we Here A and B are arbitrary constants.
differentiate w. r. t. x, Differentiate w. r. t. x, we get
dy dy
∴ = 4a ∴ = 3Ae 3x − 3Be −3x
dx dx
again Differentiate w. r. t. x, we get
then eq. (1) gives
d2 y
dy = 3 × 3Ae 3x − 3 × 3Be −3x
y2 = x is required differential equation. dx2
dx
= 9 (Ae 3x + Be −3x) = 9y . . . from eq.(1)
d2 y
∴ = 9y
dx2

193
(iii) y = (c1 + c2 x) ex . . . (1) c
(iv) y = c2 + . . . (1)
Here c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants. x
Differentiate w. r. t. x, we get Differentiate w. r. t. x, we get
dy dy c
∴ = (c1 + c2 x) ex + c2 ex ∴ =− 2
dx dx x
dy dy
∴ = y + c2 ex . . . (2) . . . from eq.(1) ∴ c = − x2
dx dx
Again differentiate w. r. t. x, we get then eq.(1) gives
2
d2 y dy dy 2 dy 1
= + c2 ex y= −x 2
− x2 ×
dx2 dx dx dx x
d2 y dy dy 2 dy
∴ c2 ex = 2 − ∴ y = x4 −x
dx dx dx dx
put in eq.(2)
dy 2 dy
dy d2 y dy ∴ x4 −x −y=0
= y+ 2 − dx dx
dx dx dx
dy
2 dy
∴ − 2 +y=0
dx2 dx
(v) y = c1e 3x + c2e 2x . . . (I)
Differentiate w. r. t. x, we get
dy
∴ = 3c1e 3x + 2c2e 2x . . . (II)
dx
Again differentiate w. r. t. x, we get
d2 y
= 9c1e 3x + 4c2e 2x . . . (III)
dx2
As equations (I), (II) and (III) in c1e 3x and c2e 2x are consistent
y 1 1
dy
∴ 3 2 = 0
dx
d2 y
2 9 4
dx

dy d2 y dy d2 y
∴ y (12 − 18) − 1 4 −2 2 +1 9 −3 2 =0
dx dx dx dx
dy d2 y dy d2 y
∴ − 6y − 4 +2 2 +9 −3 2 =0
dx dx dx dx
d2 ydy d2 y dy
∴ − 2+5 − 6y = 0 ∴ − 5 + 6y = 0
dx dx dx2 dx

194
Ex. 2 : The rate of decay of the mass of a radioactive substance any time is k times its mass at that time,
form the differential equation satisafied by the mass of the substance.
Solution : Let m be the mass of a radioactive substance time 't '
dm
∴ The rate of of decay of mass is
dt
dm
Here ∝m
dt
dm
∴ = mk , where k < 0
dt
is the required differential equation.
Ex. 3 : Form the differential equation of family of circles above the X-axis and touching the X-axis at
the origin.
Solution : Let c (a, b) be the centre of the circle
touching X-axis at the origin (b < 0).
The radius of the circle of b.
The equation of the circle is
(x − 0)2 + (y − b)2 = b2
∴ x2 + y2 − 2by + b2 = b2
∴ x2 + y2 − 2by = 0 . . . (I)
Differentiate w. r. t. x, we get
dy dy Fig. 6.1
2x + 2y − 2b =0
dx dx
dy
∴ x + ( y − b) =0
dx
x x
∴ + ( y − b) = 0 ∴ b=y+ . . . (II)
dy dy
dx dx

From eq. (I) and eq. (II) 2xy

∴ x2 − y2 =
dy
x
∴ x +y −2 y+
2 2
y=0 dx
dy
dy
dx ∴ (x2 − y2) = 2xy
dx
2xy
∴ x2 + y2 − 2y2 − =0 is the required differential equation.
dy
dx
Activity : Form the differential equation of family of circles touching Y-axis at the origin and having
their centres on the X-axis.

195
Ex. 4 : A particle is moving along the X-axis. Its acceleration at time t is proportional to its velocity at
that time. Find the differential equation of the motion of the particle.
Solution : Let s be the displacement of the particle at time 't'.
ds d2 s
Its velocity and acceleration are and 2 respectively.
dt dt
d2 s ds
Here 2 ∝
dt dt
d2 s ds
∴ = k , (where k is constant ≠ 0)
dt2 dt
is the required differential equation.

EXERCISE 6.2

(1) Obtain the differential equations by eliminating arbitrary constants c1 , c2 , A and B.

(i) x3 + y3 = 4ax (ii) Ax2 + By2 = 1

(iii) y = A cos (log x) + B sin (log x) (iv) y2 = (x + c)3

(v) y = Ae5x + Be−5x (vi) ( y − a)2 = 4 (x − b)

a
(vii) y = a + (viii) y = c1 e 2x + c2 e 5x
x

(ix) c1 x 3 + c2 y 2 = 5 (x) y = e−2x (A cos x + B sin x)

(2) Form the differential equation of family of lines having intercepts a and b on the co-ordinate axes
respectively.

(3) Find the differential equation of all parabolas having length of latus rectum 4a and axis is parallel
to the X-axis.

(4) Find the differential equation of an ellipse whose major axis is twise its minor axis.

(5) Form the differential equation of family of lines parallel to the line 2x + 3y + 4 = 0

(6) Find the differential equations of all circles having radius 9 and centre at point A (h, k).

(7) Form the differential equation of all parabolas whose axis is the X-axis.

196
6.4 Solution of differential equation :
Verify that
y = a sin x and y = b cos x
are solutions of the differential equation, where a and b are any constants.
Also y = a sin x + b cos x is a solution of the equation.
Here sin x and cos x are particular solutions where as a sin x + b cos x is the general solution which
describes all possible solutions.
A solution which can be otained from the general solution by giving particular values to the
arbitarary constants is called a particular solution.
Therefore the differential equation has infinitely many solutions.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex. 1 : Verify that : y sec x = tan x + c Ex. 2 : Verify that : y = log x + c

is a solution of the differential equation is a solution of the differential equation
dy d2 y dy
+ y tan x = sec x. x + = 0.
dx dx2 dx
Solution : Here y sec x = tan x + c Solution : Here y = log x + c

Differentiate w. r. t. x, we get Differentiate w. r. t. x, we get

dy dy 1
y sec x tan x + sec x = sec2 x =
dx dx x
dy dy
∴ + y tan x = sec x ∴ x =1
dx dx
Hence y sec x = tan x + c Differentiate w. r. t. x, we get

is a solution of the differential equation d2 y dy

x + ×1=0
dx2 dx
dy
+ y tan x = sec x d2 y dy
dx ∴ x + =0
dx2 dx

y = log x + c is the solution of

d2 y dy
x + = 0.
dx2 dx

197
Consider the example :

dy
= x2y + y
dx
1 dy
∴ · = x2 + 1
y dx
We can consider x and y both as variables and write this as
dy
= (x2 + 1)·dx
y
Now we can integrate L.H.S. w. r. t. y and R.H.S. w. r. t. x, then we get
x3
∴ log y = +x+c
3
This integration is obtained by separating the variables.
It helps to examine the equation and find out if such a separation is possible.
The above method is known as the method of separation of variables.
In general, if the given differential equation can be written as

f (x) dx = g ( y) dy

then this method is applicable.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex. 1 : Find the general solution of the following differential equations :

dy dx x log x
(i) = x √ 25 − x2 (ii) =
dx dt t
Solution :
dy dt
(i) = x √ 25 − x2 Eq. (I) becomes, �dy = �√ t −
dx 2
∴ 2�dy = −�√ t ·dt
∴ dy = x √ 25 − x2 · dx 1

Integrating both sides, we get ∴ 2�dy + �t 2 ·dt = 0

3
�dy = �√ 25 − x · x·dx
2
. . . (I) t2
∴ 2y + 3 = c1
2
Put 25 − x = t
2
2 3
∴ − 2x·dx = dt ∴ 2y + t 2 = c1
3
dt 3
∴ x·dx = − ∴ 6y + 2t 2 = 3c1
2 3
∴ 6y + 2 (25 − x 2
)2 =c . . . [c = 3c1]

198
 dx x log x
(ii) =
dt t
dx dt
∴ =
x log x t
Integrating both sides, we get
dx dt ∴ log ( log x ) = log ( tc )
� =�
x log x t ∴ log x = ct
∴ log ( log x ) = log ( t ) + log c ∴ e ct = x

Ex. 2 : Find the particular solution with given initial conditions :

dy π y − 1 x − 1 dy
(i) = e 2ycos x when x = , y = 0 (ii) + · = 0, when x = y = 2
dx 6 y + 1 x + 1 dx
Solution :
dy y − 1 x − 1 dy
(i) = e 2ycos x (ii) + · =0
dx y + 1 x + 1 dx
dy x+1 y+1
∴ = cos x·dx ∴ ·dx + ·dy = 0
e 2y x−1 y−1
∴ e −2y·dy = cos x·dx (x − 1) + 2 ( y − 1) + 2
∴ ·dx + ·dy = 0
x−1 y−1
Integrating both sides, we get
2 2
∴ �e −2y·dy = �cos x·dx ∴ 1+ ·dx + 1 + ·dy = 0
x−1 y−1
e −2y
∴ = sin x + c . . . (I) Integrating , we get
−2
π dx dy
When x = , y = 0. So eq. (1), becomes �dx + 2 � + �dy + 2 � =0
6 x−1 y−1
e0 π 1 1 ∴ x + 2 log ( x − 1 ) + y + 2 log ( y − 1 ) = c
∴ = sin + c ∴ − = + c
−2 6 2 2
∴ x + y + 2 log [(x − 1) ( y − 1)] = c . . . (I)
1 1
∴ − − =c ∴ c = −1 When x = 2, y = 2. So eq. (I), becomes
2 2
(Given initial condition determines the value ∴ 2 + 2 + 2 log [(2 − 1) (2 − 1)] = c
of c)
∴ 4 + 2 log (1 × 1) = c
Put in eq. (1), we get
∴ 4 + 2 log 1 = c
e −2y
∴ = sin x − 1 ∴ 4 + 2 (0) = c
−2
∴ − e −2y = 2sin x − 2 ∴ c=4 Put in eq. (I), we get
2y
∴ e (2sin x − 2) + 1 = 0 is the required particular ∴ x + y + 2 log [ (x − 1) ( y − 1)] = 4 is required
solution. particular solution.

199
Ex. 3 : Reduce each of the following differential equations to the separted variable form and hence find
the general solution.
dy dy
(i) 1 + = cosec (x + y) (ii) = (4x + y + 1)2
dx dx
Solution :
dy dy
(i) 1 + = cosec (x + y) . . . (I) (ii) = (4x + y + 1)2 . . . (I)
dx dx
Put x + y = u Put 4x + y + 1 = u
dy du dy du
∴ 1+ = ∴ 4+ =
dx dx dx dx
Given differential equation becomes dy du
∴ = −4
du dx dx
= cosec u Given differential equation becomes
dx
du du
∴ = dx − 4 = u2
cosec u dx
∴ sin u·du = dx du
∴ = u2 + 4
Integrating both sides, we get dx
du
∴ �sin u·du = �dx ∴ = dx
u +4
2

∴ − cos u = x + c Integrating both sides, we get

∴ x + cos u + c = 0 du
∴ � = �dx
u +4
2
∴ x + cos (x + y) + c = 0 . . . (⸪ x + y = u)
1 u
∴ tan−1 = x + c1
2 2
u
∴ tan−1 = 2x + 2c1
2
4x + y + 1
∴ tan−1 = 2x + c . . . [2c1 = c]
2

EXERCISE 6.3

(1) In each of the following examples verity that the given expression is a solution of the corresponding
differential equation.
dy y2 2 d2 y dy
(i) xy = log y + c ; = (ii) y = (sin x) + c ; (1 − x )
−1 2
−x = 2
dx 1 − xy dx2 dx
d2 y d2 y dy
(iii) y = e + Ax + B ; e
−x x
=1 (iv) y=x ;x m 2
− mx + my = 0
dx2 dx2 dx
b d2 y dy dy
(v) y=a+ ;x 2 +2 =0 (vi) y = eax ; x = y log y
x dx dx dx

200
(2) Solve the following differential equations.
dy 1 + y2 dy
(i) = (ii) log = 2x + 3y
dx 1 + x2 dx
dy
(iii) y − x =0 (iv) sec2x·tan y·dx + sec2y·tan x·dy = 0
dx
dy
(v) cos x·cosy·dy − sin x·sin y·dx = 0 (vi) = −k , where k = constant.
dx
cos2 y·dy cos2 x·dx dy dy
(vii) + =0 (viii) y3 − = x2
x y dx dx
dy
(ix) 2e x + 2y ·dx − 3dy = 0 (x) = e x + y + x2 e y
dx
(3) For each of the following differential equations find the particular solution satisfying the given
condition.
(i) 3e x tan y·dx + (1 + e x ) sec2 y·dy = 0, when x = 0, y = π.
(ii) (x − y2 x)·dx − (y + x2y)·dy = 0, when x = 2, y = 0.
dx
(iii) y (1 + log x) − x log x = 0 , y = e2, when x = e.
dy
dy π
(iv) (e y + 1) cos x + e y sin x = 0, when x = , y = 0.
dx 6
dy dy
(v) (x + 1) − 1 = 2e −y , y = 0, x = 1 (vi) cos = a, a∈12, y (0) = 2
dx dx
(4) Reduce each of the following differential to the variable separable form and hence solve.
dy dy
(i) = cos (x + y) (ii) (x − y)2 = a2
dx dx
dy dy
(iii) x + y = sec (x2 + y2) (iv) cos2 (x − 2y) = 1 − 2
dx dx
(v) (2x − 2y + 3) dx − (x − y + 1) dy = 0, when x = 0, y = 1.

6.4.1 Homogeneous differential :

Recall that the degree of a term is the sum of the degrees in all variables in the equation, eg. : degree of
3x y z is 5. If all terms have the same degree, the equation is called homogeneous differential equation.
2 2

dy
For example : (i) x + y
= 0 is a homogeneous differential equation of degree 1.
dx
dy
(ii) x3y + xy3 + x2y2 = 0 is a homogeneous differential equation of degree 4.
dx
dy dy
(iii) x + x2y = 0 (iv) xy + y2 + 2x = 0
dx dx
(iii) and (iv) are not homogeneous differential equations.
To solve the homogeneous differential equation, we use the substitution y = vx or u = vy.

201
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex. 1 : Solve the following differential equations :
dy y dy y + √ x2 + y2
(i) x2y·dx − (x3 + y3)·dy = 0 (ii) x = x tan +y (iii) =
dx x dx x
Solution :
(i) x2y·dx − (x3 + y3)·dy = 0 dy y
(ii) x = x tan +y . . . (I)
dy dx x
∴ x2y − (x3 + y3) =0 . . . (I) This is homogeneous Differential equation.
dx
This is homogeneous Differential equation. Put y = vx . . . (II)
Put y = vx . . . (II) Differentiate w. r. t. x, we get
Differentiate w. r. t. x, we get dy dv
∴ =v+x . . . (III)
dy dv dx dx
∴ =v+x . . . (III) Put (II) and (III) in Eq. (I), it becomes,
dx dx
Put (II) and (III) in Eq. (I), it becomes, dv vx
x v+x = x tan + vx
dv dx x
x2·vx − (x3 + v3x3) v + x =0
dx divide by x, we get
divide by x3, we get dv
∴ v+x = tan v + v
dv dx
v − (1 + v3) v + x =0 dv
dx
∴ x = tan v
dv dv dx
∴ v−v−x − v4 − v3 x =0 dv dx
dx dx
∴ =
dv tan v x
∴ − x (1 + v3) = v4
dx integrating eq., we get
1 + v3 dx dx
∴ ·dv = − ∴ �cot v dv = �
v 4
x x
1+v 3
dx ∴ log ( sin v ) = log (x) + log c
∴ ·dv = −
v 4
x
1 v3
dx ∴ log ( sin v ) = log ( x × c )
∴ − dv + =0
v4 v4 x ∴ sin v = cx
integrating eq., we get y
dv dx ∴ sin = cx is the solution.
∴ �v−4 dv +� +� = c1 x
v x
v−3
∴ + log (v) + log (x) = c1
−3
v−3 1 v−3
∴ log (vx) = c1 + ∴ log ( y ) = c1 + · −3
3 3 x
x3
∴ 3 log ( y ) = 3 c1 + 3
y
x3
∴ 3 log y = 3 + c . . . where c = 3 c1
y

202
 dy y + √ x2 + y2
(iii) = . . . (I)
dx x
Solution : It is homogeneous differential equation.
Put y = vx . . . (II)
Differentiate w. r. t. x, we get
dy dv integrating eq. (IV), we get
∴ =v+x . . . (III)
dx dx dv dx
Put (II) and (III) in Eq. (I), it becomes, ∴ � = �
√ 1 + v2 x
dv vx + √ x2 + v2x2 ∴ log ( v + √ 1 + v2 ) = log ( x ) + log c
v+x =
dx x
∴ log ( v + √ 1 + v2 ) = log ( cx )
dv
∴ v+x = v + √ 1 + v2 ∴ v + √ 1 + v2 = cx
dx
dv y y2
∴ x = √ 1 + v2 ∴ + 1 + 2 = cx
dx x x
dv dx
∴ = . . . (IV) ∴ y + √ x2 + y2 = cx2 is the solution.
√ 1 + v2 x

EXERCISE 6.4

I. Solve the following differential equations :

y y
(1) x sin dy = y sin − x dx (2) (x2 − y2) dx − 2xy·dy = 0
x x
x x x dy
(3) 1 + 2e y + 2e y 1 − =0 (4) y2·dx + (xy + x2) dy = 0
y dx
dy x − 2y
(5) (x2 − y2) dx + 2xy·dy = 0 (6) + =0
dx 2x − y
dy y x x x
(7) x − y + x sin =0 (8) 1 + e y dx + e y 1 − dy = 0
dx x y
dy dy dy
(9) y2 − x2 = xy (10) xy = x2 + 2y2, y (1)=0
dx dx dx
dy
(11) x dy + 2y·dx = 0, when x = 2, y = 1 (12) x2 = x2 + xy + y2
dx
(13) (9x + 5y) dy + (15x + 11y) dx = 0 (14) (x2 + 3xy + y2) dx − x2 dy = 0

(15) (x2 + y2) dx − 2xy·dy = 0

203
6.4.2 Linear Differential Equation :
dy
The differential equation of the type, + Py = Q (where P, Q are functions of x.)
dx
is called linear differential equation.
∫Pdx
To get the solution of equation, multiply the equation by e , which is helping factor here.

We get,
dy
∫Pdx
e + Py = Q·e∫Pdx
dx
d dy
Note that,
dx
[ y·e∫Pdx ] = + y·P · e∫Pdx
dx
d
∴ [ y·e∫Pdx] = Q·e∫Pdx
dx
∴ �Q·e∫Pdx ·dx = y·e∫Pdx

Hence, y·e∫Pdx = �Q·(e∫Pdx) dx + c is the solution of the given equation

Here e∫Pdx is called the integrating factor. (I.F.)

Note : For the linear differential equation.

dx
+ py = Q (where P, Q are constants or functions of y) the general solution is
dy
x (I.F.) = �Q·(I.F.) dy + c , where I.F. (integrating factor) = e∫Pdy
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex. 1:
Solve the following differential equations :
dy dy
(i) + y = e−x (ii) x sin + (x cos x + sin y) = sin x
dx dx
(iii) (1 + y2) dx = (tan−1 y − x) dy
Solution :

dy
(i) + y = e−x . . . (I) eq. (II) becomes,
dx
This is linear differential equation of the form y·ex = �e−x × ex·dx + c
dy
+ Py = Q where P = 1, Q = e−x ∴ y·ex = �e−x + x·dx + c
dx
It's Solution is ∴ y·ex = �e0·dx + c

y (I.F.) = �Q·(I.F.) dx + c . . . (II) ∴ y·ex = �dx + c

where I.F. = e∫Pdx = e∫dx = ex ∴ y·ex = x + c is the general solution.

204
 dy
(ii) x sin x + (x cos x + sin x) y = sin x (iii) (1 + y2) dx = (tan−1 y − x) dy
dx
dx (tan−1 y − x)
divide by x sin x, we get ∴ =
dy (1 + y2)
dy 1 1
+ cot x + y= . . . (I) dx 1 tan−1 y
dx x x ∴ + x =
dy 1 + y2 1 + y2
It is the linear differential equation of the type
This is linear differential equation of the type
dy 1
+ Py = Q
where P = cot x + , dx 1 tan−1 y
dx x
+ Px = Q where P = ,Q=
1 dy 1 + y2 1 + y2
Q =
x Its solution is
Its solution is
x (I.F.) = �Q·(I.F.) dy + c . . . (II)
y (I.F.) = �Q·(I.F.) dx + c . . . (II)
1
∫Pdx ∫(cot x +
1
) dx where I.F. = e∫Pdy = e∫ 1 + y 2 dy

where I.F. = e =e x

dx −1 y

I.F. = e∫cot x dx + ∫ x

I.F. = etan
eq. (II) becomes,

I.F. = elog | sin x | + log x
tan−1 y
tan−1 y −1
I.F. = x sin x x·e =� ·etan y·dy + c . . . (III)
1+y 2

eq. (II) becomes, in R.H.S. Put tan−1 y = t

1
y·x sin x = � × x sin x·dx + c differentiate w. r. t. x, we get
x
∴ xy·sin x = − cos x + c dy
∴ = dt
∴ xy·sin x + cos x = c is the general solution. 1 + y2
eq. (III) becomes
−1 y
x·etan = �t·et·dt + c

= t�et·dt − �[1× et ] dt + c

= t·et − �et·dt + c

= t·et − et + c
−1 y −1 −1 y
x·etan = tan−1 y·etan y− etan +c

c
∴ x = tan−1 y − 1 + tan−1 y
e
−1 y
∴ x + 1 − tan y = c·e− tan
−1
is the solution.

205
Ex. 2: The slope of the targent to the curve at any point is equal to y + 2x. Find the equation of the
curve passing through the origin.
Solution : Let P (x, y) be any point on the curve y = f (x)
dy
The slope of the tangent at point P (x, y) is .
dx
dy dy
∴ = y + 2x ∴ − y = 2x
dx dx
This is linear differential equation of the type
dy
+ Py = Q where P = −1 , Q = 2x
dx
Its solution is
y (I.F.) = �Q·(I.F.) dx + c . . . (I)
where I.F. = e∫Pdx = e∫−dx
(II) becomes
I.F. = e−x
y·e−x = 2 [− xe−x − e−x] + c
eq. (I) becomes,
−x −x
∴ y = − 2x − 2 + ce−x . . . (III)
y·e = �2x × e ·dx + c
The curve passes through the origin (0, 0)
y·e−x = 2�x·e−x·dx + c . . . (II)
−x
∴ 0 = − 2 (0) − 2 + ce−0
Consider, �x·e ·dx
e−x ∴ 0 = − 2 + c
−x
= x�e ·dx − � 1× dx
−1 ∴ 2 = c Put in (III)
x·e−x
= + �e−x·dx ∴ y = − 2x − 2 + 2e−x
−1
= − xe−x·dx + �e−x·dx ∴ 2x + y + 2 = 2e−x

= − xe−x − e−x is the equation of the curve.

EXERCISE 6.5

(1) Solve the following differential equations :

dy y dy
(i) + = x3 − 3 (ii) cos2 x + y = tan x
dx x dx
dy dy
(iii) (x + 2y3) =y (iv) + y sec x = tan x
dx dx
dy dy
(v) x + 2y = x2 log x (vi) (x + y) =1
dx dx
dy
(vii) (x + a) − 3y = (x + a)5 (viii) dr + (2r cot θ + sin 2θ) dθ = 0
dx

206
 dy 1
(ix) ydx + (x − y2) dy = 0 (x) (1 − x2) + 2xy = x (1 − x2) 2
dx
dy −1
(xi) (1 + x2) + y = etan x
dx
(2) Find the equation of the curve which passes through the origin and has slope x + 3y − 1 at any point
(x, y) on it.
3
(3) Find the equation of the curve passing through the point , √ 2 having slope of the tangent to
√2
4x
the curve at any point (x, y) is − .
9y
(4) The curve passes through the point (0, 2). The sum of the co-ordinates of any point on the curve
exceeds the slope of the tangent to the curve at that point by 5. Find the equation of the curve.
(5) If the slope of the tangent to the curve at each of its point is equal to the sum of abscissa and the
product of the abscissa and ordinate of the point. Also the curve passes through the point (0, 1).
Find the equation of the curve.

6.5 Application of differential Equations :

There are many situations where the relation in the rate of change of a function is known. This gives
a differential equation of the function and we may be able to solve it.

6.5.1 Population Growth and Growth of Bacteria :

It is known that a number of bacteria in a culture increase with time. It means there is growth in the
number of bacteria. It the population P increases at time t then the rate of change of P is proportional to
the population present at that time.
dP
∴ ∝P
dt
dP
∴ = k·P , (k > 0)
dt
dP
∴ = kdt
P
on integrating
dP
∴ � = �kdt
P
∴ log P = kt + c1

∴ P = c·ekt where c = ec 1

which gives the population at any time t.

207
 SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex. 1 : The population of a town increasing at Ex. 2 : Bacteria increase at the rate proporational
a rate proportional to the population at that to the number of bacteria present. If the
time. If the population increases from 40 original number N doubles in 3 hours, find
thousands to 60 thousands in 40 years, what in how many hours the number of bacteria
will be the population in another 20 years. will be 4N?
3 Solution : Let x be the number of bacteria at time t.
Given = 1·2247 .
2 Since the rate of increase of x is proporational
Solution : Let P be the population at time t. Since x, the differential equation can be written as :
rate of increase of P is a proportional to P dx
= kx
itself, we have, dt
dP where k is constant of proportionality.
= k·P . . . (1)
dt Solving this differential equation we have
where k is constant of proportionality. x = c1·ekt, where c1 = ec . . . (1)
Solving this differential equation, we get Given that x = N when t = 0
kt c
P = a·e , where a = e . . . (2) ∴ From equation (1) we get
Initially P = 40,000 when t = 0 N = c1·1
∴ From equation (2), we have ∴ c1 = N
40,000 = a·1 ∴ a = 40,000 ∴ x = N·ekt . . . (2)
eq. (2) becomes Again given that x = 2N when t = 3
∴ P = 40,000·ekt . . . (3) ∴ From equation (2), we have
Again given that P = 60,000 when t = 40 2N = N·e3k . . . (3)
∴ From equation (3), e3k = 2
60,000 = 40,000·e40k Now we have to find t, when x = 4 N
3 ∴ From equation (2), we have
e40k = . . . (4)
2 4 N = N·ekt
Now we have to find P when t = 40 + 20 t
kt 3k
= 60 years i.e. 4 = e = (e ) 3
t

∴ From equation (3), we have ∴ 2 =

2
2 3 . . . by eq. (3)
3 t
P = 40,000·e60k= 40,000 (e40k ) 2 ∴ =2
3
3
3 2 ∴ t=6
= 40,000 = 73482
2 Therefore, the number of bacteria will be 4N
∴ Required population will be 73482. in 6 hours.

208
6.5.2 Radio Active Decay :
We know that the radio active substances (elements) like radium, cesium etc. disintegrate with time.
It means the mass of the substance decreases with time.
The rate of disintegration of such elements is always proportional to the amount present at that time.
If x is the amount of any material present at time t then
dx
= − k·x
dt
where k is the constant of proportionality and k > 0. The negative sign appears because x decreases
as t increases.
Solving this differential equation we get
x = a·ekt where a = ec (check!) . . . (1)
If x0 is the initial amount of radio active substance at time t = 0, then from equation (1)
x0 = a·1
∴ a = x0
∴ x = x0 e−kt . . . (2)
This expression gives the amount of radio active substance at any time t.

Half Life Period :

Half life period of a radio active substance is defined as the time it takes for half the amount/mass
of the substance to disintegrate.
Ex. 3 : Bismath has half life of 5 days. A sample originally has a mass of 800 mg. Find the mass
remaining after 30 days.
Solution : Let x be the mass of the Bismath present at time t.
dx
Then = − k·x where k > 0
dt
Solving the differential equation, we get ∴ From equation (2), we have
x = c·e−kt . . . (1)
400 = 800 e−5k
where c is constant of proporationality. 400 1
∴ e−5k = = . . .(3)
Given that x = 800, when t = 0 800 2
Now we have determine x, when t = 30,
using these values in euqation (1), we get
800 = c·1 = c ∴ From equation (2), we have

∴ x = 800 e−kt . . . (2) x = 800 e−30k = 12·5 (verify !)

Since half life is 5 days, we have x = 400 ∴ The mass after 30 days will be 12·5 mg.
when t = 5,
Now let us discuss another application of differential equation.

209
6.5.3 Newton's Law of Cooling :
Newton's law of cooling states that the rate of change of cooling heated body at any time is
proporational to the difference between the temperature of a body and that of its surrounding medium.
Let θ be the temperature of a body at time t and θ0 be the temperature of the medium.
dθ
Then is the rate of change of temperature with respect to time t and θ - θ0 is the difference of
dt
temperature at time t. According to Newton's law of cooling.
dθ
∴ ∝ (θ - θ0)
dt
dθ
∴ = -k (θ - θ0) . . . (1)
dt
where k is constant of proportionality and negative sign indicates that difference of temperature is
decreasing.
dθ
Now = -k (θ - θ0)
dt
dθ
∴ = -k dt
(θ - θ0)
∴Integrating and using the initial condition viz.
∴ θ = θ1 when t = 0, we get
∴ θ = θ0 + (θ1 - θ0) e−kt (verify) . . . (2)
Thus equation (2) gives the temperature of a body at any time t.
Ex. 4 : Water at 100°c cools in 10 minutes to 88°c in a room temperature of 25°c. Find the temperature
of water after 20 minutes.
Solution : Let θ be the temperature of water at time t. Room temperature is given to be 25°c. Then
according to Newton's law of cooling. we have
dθ ∴ From equation (1) we have
∝ (θ - 25)
dt θ = 25 + 75·e−20k
dθ
= -k (θ - 25), where k > 0 2
dt = 25 + 75 (e−20k)
After integrating and using initial condition. dy 2
−kt
We get θ = 25 + 75·e . . . (1) = 25 + 75 . . . by (2)
dx
But given that θ = 88°c when t = 10 75 × 21 × 21
= 25 +
∴ From equation (1) we get 25 × 25
1323
88 = 25 + 75·e−10k = 25 + = 77·92
25
63 21
∴ 63 = 75·e−10k ∴ e−10k = = . . . (2) Therefore temperature of water after 20
75 25
Now we have to find θ, when t = 20, minutes will be 77·92°c.

210
6.5.4 Surface Area :
Knowledge of a differential equation is also used to solve problems related to the surface area. We
consider the following examples :
Ex. 5 : Water is being poured into a vessel in the form of an inverted right circular cone of semi vertical
angle 45°c in such a way that the rate of change of volume at any moment is proporational to the
area of the curved surfaces which is wet at that moment. Initially, the vessel is full to a height of
2 cms. And after 2 seconds the height becomes 10 cm. Show that after 3.5 seconds from that start,
the height of water will be 16 cms.
Solution : Let the height of water at time t seconds be h cms.

Fig. 6.2

We are given that initial height is 2 cms. and after 2 seconds, the height is 10 cms.
∴ h = 2 when t = 0 . . . (1)
and h = 10 when t = 2 . . . (2)
Let v be the volume, r be the radius of the water surface and l be that slant height at time t seconds.
∴ Area of the curved surface at this moment is πrl.
But the semi vertical angle is 45°.
r
∴ tan 45° = =1
h
∴ r = h
and l2 = r2 + h2 = 2h2
∴ l = √2 h
∴ Area of the curved surface = πrl = π·h·√ 2 h
= √ 2 πh2

211
 Since rate of change of volume is proporational to this area, we get
dv
∝ √ 2 πh2
dt
dv
∴ = c·√ 2 πh2
dt
where c is constant of proportionality.
Let c√ 2 π = k
dv
∴ = kh2 . . . (3)
dt
where k is constant ∴
1
Now v = π r2 h
3
1 1
= π r2·h = πh3, (since r = h)
3 3
Differentiating with respect to t, we get
dv dh
∴ = πh2 . . . (4)
dt dt
dv
Equating from (3) and (4) we get
dt
dh
πh2 = kh2
dt
dh k
∴ = = a (say)
dt π
where a is constant.
integrating we get
h = at + b . . . (5)
using (1) we have 2 = a.0 + b ∴ b=2
∴ Equation (5) becomes
h = at + 2
Now using (2) we get
10 =
2a + 2 ∴ a=4
using the values of a and b in equation (5), we have
∴ h = 4t + 2
Now put t = 3·5
∴ h = 4 × 3·5 + 2
= 14 + 2 = 16 cm
Therefore, height of water after 3·5 seconds will be 16 cms.

212
 EXERCISE 6.6

1. In a certain culture of bacteria the rate of increase is proportional to the number present. If it is found
that the number doubles in 4 hours, find the number of times the bacteria are increased in 12 hours.
2. If the population of a country doubles in 60 years, in how many years will it be triple (treble) under
the assumption that the rate of increase is proporational to the number of inhabitants?
[Given log 2 = 0·6912, log 3 = 1·0986]
3. If a body cools from 80°c to 50°c at room temperature of 25°c in 30 minutes, find the temperature
of the body after 1 hour.
4. The rate of growth of bacteria is proportional to the number present. If initially, there were 1000
1
bacteria and the number double in 1 hour, find the number of bacteria after 2 hours.
2
[Take √ 2 = 1·414]
5. The rate of disintegration of a radio active element at any time t is proportational to its mass at that
time. Find the time during which the original mass of 1·5 gm. will disintegrate into its mass of 0·5 gm.
6. The rate of decay of certain substance is directly proporational to the amount present at that instant.
Initially, there are 25 gms of certain substance and two hours later it is found that 9 gms are left.
Find the amount left after one more hour.
7. Find the population of a city at any time t, given that the rate of increase of population is proporational
to the population at the instant and that in a period of 40 years the population increased from 30,000
to 40,000.
8. A body cools according to Newton's law from 100°c to 60°c in 20 minutes. The temperature of the
surrounding being 20°c how long will it take to cool down to 30°c?
9. A right circular cone has height 9 cms and radius of the base 5 cms. It is inverted and water is
π
poured into it. If at any instant the water level rises at the rate of cms/ sec. where A is the area of
A
water surface at that instant, show that the vessel will the full in 75 seconds.
10. Assume that a spherical raindrop evaporates at a rate proporational to its surface area. If its radius
originally is 3mm and 1 hour later has been reduced to 2mm, find an expression for the radius of
the raindrop at any time t.
11. The rate of growth of the population of a city at any time t is proportional to the size of the population.
For a certain city it is found that the constant of proportionality is 0.04. Find the population of the
city after 25 years if the initial population is 10,000. [Take e = 2·7182]
12. Radium decomposes at the rate proportional to the amount present at any time. If p percent of
amount disappears in one year, what percent of amount of radium will be left after 2 years ?

213
 Let us Remember

֍ Equation which contains the derivative of a function is called a differential equation.

֍ The order of a differential equation is the highest order of the derivative appearing in the
equation.
֍ The degree of the differential equation is the power of the highest ordered derivative present in
the equation.
֍ Order and degree of a differential equation are always positive integers.
֍ Solution of a differential equation in which number of arbitary constants is equal to the order
of a differential equation is the general solution of the differential equation.
֍ Solution obtained from the general solution by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants
is the particular solution of the differential equation.
dy
֍ The most general form of a linear differential equation of the first order is : + Py = Q
dx
where P and Q are functions of x or constant.

Its solution is given by : y (I.F.) = �Q·(I.F.) dx + c , where I.F. (integrating factor) = e∫Pdx

dx
֍ Solution of a differential equation = kx is in the form x = a·ekt where a is initial value of x.
dt
Further, k > 0 represents growth and k > 0, represents decay.

֍ Newton's law of cooling is θ = θ0 + (θ1 - θ0) e−kt.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 6

(I) Choose the correct option from the given alternatives :

3
dy 2
d2 y 2
(1) The order and degree of the differential equation 1+ = are respectively . . .
dx dx2

(A) 2, 1 (B) 1, 2 (C) 3, 2 (D) 2, 3

c
(2) The differential equation of y = c2 + is . . .
x
dy 2
dy d2 y dy
(A) x4 -x = y (B) +x +y=0
dx dx dx2
dx
dy 2
dy d2 y dy
(C) x3 +x = y (D) + -y=0
dx dx dx2
dx

214
 (3) x2 + y2 = a2 is a solution of ...
d2 y dy dy 2
(A) + -y=0 (B) y = x 1 + + a2y
dx2 dx dx

dy dy 2
d2 y dy
(C) y = x +a 1+ (D) = (x + 1)
dx dx dx 2
dx
(4) The differential equation of all circles having their centers on the line y = 5 and touching the
X-axis is
dy dy 2
(A) y2 1 + = 25 (B) ( y − 5)2 1 + = 25
dx dx
dy 2
dy 2
(C) ( y − 5)2 + 1 + = 25 (D) ( y − 5)2 1 − = 25
dx dx

dy
(5) The differential equation y + x = 0 represents family of . . .
dx
(A) circles (B) parabolas (C) ellipses (D) hyper bolas
1 dy
(6)
The solution of · = tan−1 x is ...
x dx
x2 tan−1 x
(A) +c=0 (B) x tan−1 x + c = 0
2
x2 tan−1 x 1
(C) x − tan−1 x = c (D) y = − (x − tan−1 x) + c
2 2
dy
(7) The solution of (x + y)2 = 1 is ...
dx
x
(A) x = tan−1 (x + y) + c (B) y tan−1 =c
y
(C) y = tan−1 (x + y) + c (D) y + tan−1 (x + y) = c

dy y +√ x2 − y2
(8) The solution of = is . . .
dx 2
y y
(A) sin−1 = 2 log | x | + c (B) sin−1 = log | x | + c
x x
x y
(C) sin = log | x | + c (D) sin = log | y | + c
y x
dy
(9) The solution of
+ y = cos x − sin x is . . .
dx
(A) y e x = cos x + c (B) y e x + e x cos x = c

(C) y e x = e x cos x + c (D) y2 e x = e x cos x + c

215
 dy
(10) The integrating factor of linear differential equation x + 2y = x2 log x is . . .
dx
1 1
(A) (B) k (C) 2 (D) x2
x n
dy
(11) The solution of the differential equation = sec x − y tan x is
dx
(A) y sec x + tan x = c (B) y sec x = tan x + c

(C) sec x + y tan x = c (D) sec x = y tan x + c

dy
(12) The particular solution of = xe y − x, when x = y = 0 is . . .
dx
(A) e x − y = x + 1 (B) e x + y = x + 1 (C) e x + e y = x + 1 (D) e y − x = x − 1
x2 y2
(13) 2 − 2 = 1 is a solution of . . .
a b
dy
d2 y 2
d2 ydy 2
dy
(A) + yx + = 0 (B) xy 2 + 2 −y =0
dx2
dx dx dx dx
d2 y dy 2
dy d2 y
(C) y +2 + y = 0 (D) xy +y 2 =0
dx 2
dx dx dx

(14) The decay rate of certain substance is directly proporational to the amount present at that

instant. Initially there are 27 grams of substance and 3 hours later it is found that 8 grams left.

The amount left after one more hour is...

2 1
(A) 5 grams (B) 5 grams (C) 5·1 grams (D) 5 grams
3 3
(15) If the surrounding air is kept at 20°c and a body cools from 80°c to 70°c in 5 minutes, the

temparature of the body after 15 minutes will be...

(A) 51·7°c (B) 54·7°c (C) 52·7°c (D) 50·7°c

(II) Solve the following :

(1) Determine the order and degree of the following differential equations :
d2 y dy d3 y 2
dy
(i) +5 + y = x3 (ii) =5 1+
dx 2
dx dx3 dx

dy 2
d2 y dy dy 2
(iii) 3 1 + = (iv) = 3y + 4 1 + 5
dx dx2 dx dx

d4 y dy
(v) + sin =0
dx4 dx

216
(2) In each of the following examples, verify that the given function is a solution of the differential
equation.
dy dy 2
(i) x +y =r,x
2 2 2
+r 1+ =y
dx dx
d2 y dy
(ii) y = e sin bx , 2 − 2a
ax
+ (a2 + b2) y =0
dx dx
d2 y dy
(iii) y = 3 cos (log x) + 4 sin (log x), x +x +y=0
dx2 dx
d2 y dy
(iv) y = ae x + be −x + x2, x +2 + x3 = xy + 2
dx2 dx
dx
(v) x2 = 2y2 log y, x2 + y2 = xy
dy
(3) Obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the following equations.
(i) y2 = a (b − x) (b + x) (ii) y = a sin (x + b)
(iii) ( y − a)2 = b (x + 4) (iv) y = √ a cos (log x) + b sin (log x)
(v) y = Ae 3x + 1 + Be −3x + 1
(4) Form the differential equation of :
(i) all circles which pass through the origin and whose centres lie on X−axis.
(ii) all parabolas which have 4b as latus rectum and whose axes is parallel to Y−axis.
(iii) an ellipse whose major axis is twice its minor axis.
(iv) all the lines which are normal to the line 3x − 2y + 7 = 0.
(v) the hyperbola whose length of transverse and conjugate axes are half of that of the given
x2 y2
hyperbola − =k.
16 36
(5) Solve the following differential equations :
dy dy
(i) log = 2x + 3y (ii) = x2y + y
dx dx
dy 2y − x
(iii) = (iv) x dy = (x + y + 1) dx
dx 2y + x
dy dy
(v) + y cot x = x2 cot x + 2x (vi) y log y = (log y2 − x)
dx dx
dx
(vii) 4 + 8x = 5e−3y
dy

217
(6) Find the particular solution of the following differential equations :
dy
(1) y (1 + log x) = (log x x ) , when y (e) = e 2
dx
dy
(2) (x + 2y2) = y, when x = 2, y = 1
dx
dy π
(3) − 3y cot x = sin 2x, when y =2
dx 2
(4) (x + y) dy + (x − y) dx = 0, when x = 1 = y
x x
(5) 2e y dx + y − 2xe y dy = 0, when y (0) = 1
dy y2 + y + 1
(7) Show that the general solution of the differential equation = 2 is given by
dx x +x+1
(x + y + 1) = c (1 − x − y − 2xy)
(8) The normal lines to a given curve at each point (x, y) on the curve pass through (2, 0). The curve
passes through (2, 3). Find the equation of the curve.
(9) The volume of spherical balloon being inflated changes at a constant rate. If initially its radius is
3 units and after 3 seconds it is 6 units. Find the radius of the balloon after t second.
(10) A person's assets start reducing in such a way that the rate of reduction of assets is proportional to
the square root of the assets existing at that moment. If the assets at the begining are ` 10 lakhs and
2
they dwindle down to ` 10,000 after 2 years, show that the person will be bankrupt in 2 years
9
from the start.

v v v

218