INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4 , APR 2018 ISSN 2277-8616

Geochemical And Mineralogical Composition Of

Granitic Rock Deposits Of Michika Area NE
Nigeria.
Gabriel Ike Obiefuna, Peter Hassan Sini, Abubakar Maunde

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to determine the geochemical and mineralogical composition of granitic rock deposit of Michika area of
northeastern Nigeria. Detailed geological mapping of an area of 188.5 Km2 around Michika area has been mapped on a scale of 1: 50,000. The
mapping revealed that the area is underlain by granitic rocks of Pan African Age. These are grouped into three types: coarse grained biotite granites,
coarse porphyritic granites and medium grained granites which are intruded by the new basaltic rocks of Tertiary Age. A plot of Rose Diagrams indicate
they trend in the NE-SW and NW-SE directions and occurs as irregular or massive bodies, veins and sometimes as a cross-cutting discordant dykes.
The fracture ranges from about 5 cm to about 2 meters. Seven samples were collected at different locations representing the three types for
petrographic analyses. Petrographic studies show that the samples are essentially composed of quartz, feldspar, mica and iron oxide. Twenty samples
were analyzed geochemically using XRF method to determine some major oxides which include SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, Fe2O3 and CaO. The SiO2 content
are mainly (70.58%), Al2O3 (14.30%), K2O (5.44%), Fe2O3 (2.73%) and CaO (2.62%) were obtained for the samples. The results indicate that granitic
bodies of the Older Granites that underlie the study area are strongly peraluminous calcalkaline igneous series that are of both lithospheric origin or are
associated with subduction related areas.

Keywords: Granites, geological mapping, Rose diagrams, Michika area, Northeastern Nigeria
————————————————————

1 INTRODUCTION The geochemical study includes field observation of the

Granitic rocks are light-colored igneous rocks with grains collected samples as well as its mineralogical composition
large enough to be visible with the unaided eyes. They form under cross and plane polarized light. From these, granitic
from the slow crystallization of magma below earth’s surface rock deposits of the study area will be classified in relation to
and composed mainly of quartz and feldspar with minor its mode of origin and occurrence. Previous works in the
amounts of mica, amphiboles and other minerals. Granites study area is rather regional in extent [4], [3] and [8]. They did
has a felsic composition and is more common in recent not give information on the chemical, mineralogical
geologic time in contrast to earth’s ultramafic ancient igneous composition as well as origin of the underlying granitic rocks.
history. Felsic rocks are less dense than mafic and ultramafic These studies which discussed the geography, geology and
rocks, and thus they tend to escape subduction whereas groundwater quality of the old northern Nigeria were only
basaltic or gabbroic rocks tend to sink into the mantle speculative of the geology and geochemistry of the study
beneath the granitic rocks of the continental cratons. area. A few numbers of literatures are available elsewhere
Therefore, granitic rocks form from the basement of all land regarding the geology and geochemistry of common igneous
continents. In Nigeria, granites are associated with the Pan- [6], [10], [7] and [9] This study is targeted at conducting
African Older Granitic rock suite of the Precambrian geological mapping of the study area with a view of identifying
Basement Complex rocks. The Older Granites are and classifying different rock types as well as the field,
widespread throughout the Basement Complex and occur as compositional and textural relationship among the granitic
large circular masses within the schist and the Older rocks of the study area. It also involves petrographic
Migmatite-Gneiss Complex. They are of enormous variety examination and geochemical analyses of selected rock
and vary extensively in composition. This type of granites samples.
found in Michika area has not been clearly established in
terms of its mineral assemblages and geochemistry. This 2 STUDY AREA
study intends to classify the granite deposits as exposed in The area falls within the Basement Complex of the
this area on the basis of its chemical and mineralogical Northeastern Nigeria and covers an aerial extent of about
composition. 188.5km2. It lies within latitudes 100 32’N to 100 14’N and
_____________________________ longitudes 130 19’ E to 130 25’E. It is bounded to the east by
Republic of Cameroon, to the south by Mubi Local
 Gabriel Ike Obiefuna Department of Geology, Government Area of Adamawa State. To the West by Askira
Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola Uba Local Government Area of Borno State and to the North
Nigeria by Madagali Local Government Area respectively. The area is
Email: gobiefuna2000@yahoo.com traversed by one major highway that runs from Yola to
 Peter Hassan Sini is currently pursuing master’s Maiduguri. Other minor roads are Michika – Yammu/
degree program in Hydrogeology Department of Warakanza, Michika- Kopa- kwapale/Villegwa and Michika-
Geology, Modibbo Adama University of Technology Moda/ Mandara roads. These roads link the villages and
Yola Nigeria. provide access routes to hilly areas. The study area is hilly to
Email:peterhassans@gmail.com the eastern part and relatively flat to the west. Despite the
 Abubakar Maunde Department of Geology Modibbo hilly nature of some parts of the study area, there are still
Adama University of Technology Yola Nigeria good road networks, foot-paths and tracks that made it
Email:abubakarmaunde@yahoo.co.uk accessible (Figure 1). The study area which falls within the
semi-arid climatic zone of Nigeria in Sub-Saharan Africa is
160
IJSTR©2018
www.ijstr.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4 , APR 2018 ISSN 2277-8616

characterized by two distinct seasons; a hot dry season and intense aridity that makes the atmosphere very dusty.
lasting from October to April and a cool rainy season lasting Temperature goes low during the harmattan sub-season and
from April to October. These seasonal climatic conditions are the rainy season follows the advancing Atlantic Maritime Air
caused by the north-south fluctuations of a zone of which is companied by high humidity and intense rains and
discontinuity between the dry continental air mass and the high vapour pressure. Peak rainfall occurs during the months
humid maritime Atlantic air mass [5]. At the surface it forms a of August to September. There is characteristic ―August
boundary called a surface of discontinuity which lies further break‖ lasting about 2 weeks in which the rains more or less
south during dry season. Thus showing a south-ward cease. This occurs during the months of August but may
movement of winds and pressures from the high pressure extend to early September. The area is covered by a mantle
zones of the Sahara. Then, during the rainy season the zone of gravels, coarse sands, loamy and clayey soils with the
of discontinuity moves northwards. The Saharan air causes grain-size of the soil decreasing with increasing distance from
the dry season which is accompanied by low relative humidity the hills.

Fig 1: Topographic map of Michika and its Environs.

3 GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA. trend in the NE/SW and NW/SE directions and occurs as
The study area is part of the Hawal Massif which is one of the irregular or massive bodies, veins and sometimes as a cross-
three Massifs that occur within the eastern province of the cutting discordant dykes [7]. The dykes ranges from about 5
Basement Complex of Northeastern Nigeria. The major rock cm to about 2 meters. Hand specimen examination of fresh
type in this area includes the New Basalt, Coarse grained granites reveals interlocking crystals of feldspar, quartz and
Biotite Granites, Coarse Porphyritic Granites and Medium micas. They have undergone complete weathering,
Grained Granites (Fig 2). These rocks which has been decomposition and lateritization leading to about 6 meters to
subjected to tectonism leading to fracturing such as joints, 20 meters of unconsolidated weathered overburden layer
faults, dykes and veins were intruded by the New Basaltic consisting of gravels, clays, laterites and sands.
rocks. The rock body which intrude into the granite mostly

161
IJSTR©2018
www.ijstr.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4 , APR 2018 ISSN 2277-8616

Fig 2: Geological Map of Michika and Its Environs.

4 MATERIALS AND METHODS equipment was used to analyze ionic oxides in the granitic
Reconnaissance field trips were made during which rock samples at the Ashaka Cement, Ashaka, Gombe State.
topographic and geologic maps were employed in the
identification of the rock formations as well as their structural 5 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
and stratigraphic relationships. Geological field mapping was Granitic dykes are observed at Michika, Tudun Wada, Garta,
undertaken in order to collect, identify and study the field and Kamale areas respectively. The dykes in the outcrop are
occurrences and structural relationship of all the rock types not affected by weathering of the country rock in which they
present in the study area. Fresh and unweathered rock occur. They can be pronounced in the field because they
samples were broken for hand specimen examination. weather differently from the rock they penetrate. The dykes are
Preliminary observation and identification of each constituent found mainly in the northeastern part of the study area and
mineral were carried out using magnifying lens. Other trends mainly in the NE-SW direction. They range from 1 m to
structural imprints like joints trends, dimensions of xenoliths, 1.6 m in thickness. The quartzofeldspatic veins observed are
veins dykes were also recorded, Sources and causes of found in the southern part of the study around Watsila, Kaoza
groundwater pollution were located and plotted on a map. This and Chika and are more felsic than the host rock. These are
was followed by detailed surface and subsurface geologic due to the presence of quartz and feldspar which makes them
studies during which geological boundaries were demarcated lighter coloured. They trend mostly in NE-SW and NW-SE
and hydraulic parameters measured. An inventory of wells in direction (Table 1 and Figures 3 to 6). The dykes and veins run
the area were performed which included location with Global through some of the major rocks found around the study area
Positioning System (GPS) and documentation of each well and mark the last phase of intrusive activities.They run through
site, including land-use, soil type, geology, For the some of the major rocks found around the study area [1].
petrographic studies, seven rock samples were cut into chips Some parts of the study area are observed to be highly faulted
with a micro-cutting machine and subsequently polished on and while some faults are inherited from offloading by erosion
glass ground plate using carborundum to obtain required causing some minor fractures, others resulted from stresses
thickness and a perfectly smooth surface, the cut rock samples acting on the study area. They trend mostly in NE-SW and
were thereafter mounted on a clean glass slide with adhesive NW-SE direction (Table 1 and Figure 3 to 6). Joints were
[7]. The prepared slides were examined under the petrological observed and recorded in most parts of the study area. The
microscope to identify mineralogical features that were not Joints are small-scaled parting in a bulk surface of a material
heatherto seen with unaided eyes in the rock samples. which are irregular in shape. They are formed when water has
Geochemical tests of 20 granitic rock samples were carried out been deposited in the rock, evaporated leaving the rock to dry.
at Ashaka Cement Ashaka Gombe State, Nigeria to determine When the rock dries, there is a contraction at the middle, which
relevant elemental oxide composition. X-Ray Florescence results from the cohesive forces acting on the grains and crack

162
IJSTR©2018
www.ijstr.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4 , APR 2018 ISSN 2277-8616

occurs. They trend mostly in NE-SW and NW-SE direction with

minor E-W direction (Table 1 and Figures 3 to 6).

TABLE 1: ORIENTATION OF LINEAMENTS IN THE STUDY AREA

Location Strike (General Trend)

40,74,64,25,160,90,197,210,80,225
Michika
237,45,70,82,20155,220,230,74,50

50,78,70,30,170,98,190,230,85,220
Tudun Wada
240,47,76,87,205,60,210,228,76,48

60,64,74,42,190,70,210,86,30,36
Garta
94,187,152,60,220,240,70,47,54,88

123,50,42,66,180,90,234,90,33,38
Kamale
90,192,154,60,210,232,80,40,30,52

W E

Fig 3: Rose Diagram of Lineaments in Granitic Rocks of Michika Area. Total Number of Points = 20

Fig 4: Rose Diagram of Lineaments in Granitic Rocks of Tudun Wada. Area Total Number of Points = 20
N

W E

S
163
IJSTR©2018
www.ijstr.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4 , APR 2018 ISSN 2277-8616

W E

Fig 5: Rose Diagram of Lineaments in Granitic Rocks of Garta Area. Total Number of Points = 20
N

W E

Fig 6: Rose Diagram of Lineaments in Granitic Rocks of Kamale Area. Total Number of Points of Points = 20

From the study of seven rock samples under both plane grain-sizes of granitic igneous rocks range from 2.2mm to
polarized and cross polarized lights the following minerals 0.43mm indicating fine to coarse grained igneous rocks
were observed: quartz, feldspar, mica and accessory whereas the mineralogical composition consist essentially of
minerals. Quartz is generally anhedral in crystal form, has 53% to 69 % quartz, 22% to 33 % feldspar and 0.3% to 3.0 %
weak birefringence and shows grey to white first order iron oxide (Plates 1 to 3). The grain-sizes of basaltic igneous
interference colours. It has low relief, shows parallel as well rocks range from 1,12 mm to 1.15 mm indicating fine grained
as undulose extinction and is colourless under plane polarized rocks whereas the mineralogical composition consist
light. Feldspar is colourless under plane polarized light, sub- essentially of 20.9 % to 29.5% plagioclase, 27.5% to 31%
hederal in crystal form and shows low relief and weak Olivine, 31% to 35.1% pyroxene and 11.5% to 16.5% iron
birefringence. It is also non-pleochroic and shows grey to oxide. Microscopic examination of the granitic rock samples in
white first order interference, parallel extinction and Carlsbad cross polarized light revealed the presence of varying
twinning. Mica is pale yellowish brown to colourless under composition of constituent minerals such as feldspar, quartz,
plane polarized light, anhedral in crystal form and show muscovite and opaque minerals (iron oxide). Plagioclase
moderate relief and moderate birefringence. It is very weakly feldspar is the most abundant mineral in granitic igneous
pleochroic, shows purple to red interference colours and rocks, its cleavages are noticeable, and its thin, bright and
cleaves in one direction. Iron oxide is opaque under plane parallel lamella of polysynthetic twinning conform to the albite
polarized light, anhederal in crystal form, of high relief and law [7]. Plagioclase feldspar possess randomly oriented
non-pleochroic. Tables 2a, b is a summary of the euhedral crystals whereas quartz shows an irregular,
mineralogical composition and percentages. Petrographic subhedral body, greyish to whitish colouration and occupies
studies show that silica in the form of quartz and iron oxides the interstitial space of plagioclase feldspar. Muscovite
are the predominant cementing materials for the igneous displays a brownish green to pinkish blue colouration whereas
rocks. Though the occurrence of clays in some samples could plagioclase feldspar appear cloudy probably due to the
have originated from the weathering of the feldspars. The alteration processes in them. Microscopic examination of

164
IJSTR©2018
www.ijstr.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4 , APR 2018 ISSN 2277-8616

basaltic igneous rocks collected from Hyelimi, Ghumghar and pleochroic with no cleavage. It is anhederal with high relief
Ghumchi area reveal fine grained massive basalt with and no birefringence and non-twinning.
phenocrysts of olivine set in a groundmass of pyroxene,
plagioclase and iron oxide (Table 2). Plagioclase is colourless 5.1 Geochemistry
under plane polarized light and non pleochroic and cleave in The average weight percentage for major oxides such as
two directions with very low relief and weak birefringence. SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2 Fe2O3, MnO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O
Interference colour is grey to white of first order and extinction were obtained using the X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
is oblique and exhibit albite twinning. Pyroxene is light under technique. The results of the geochemical analyses are
polarized light and non pleochroic with perfect cleavage in two presented in Tables 3 and 4. The geochemical data show
directions. It exhibit prismatic structure with very high relief minor variation as far as individual oxides are concerned with
and strong birefringence. Interference colour is greenish to SiO2 ranging from 61.5 to 78.26%; TiO2 ranging from 0.13 to
dark green under cross polarized light and displays symmetric 1.12%; Al2O3 ranging from 11.47 to 18.96%; Fe2O3 ranging
extinction with polysynthetic twinning. Olivine is colourless from 1.05 to 7.07%; Mn2O ranging from 0.04 to 0.10%; MgO
under plane polarized light, non pleochroic with no cleavage. ranging from 0.07 to 2.59%; CaO ranging from 0.70 to 3.31%;
It is anhederal to subhedral and has low to moderate relief Na2O ranging from 0.85 to 1.55%; K2O ranging from 3.83 to
and birefringence with first order interference colour. It has 7.22%; P2O5 ranging from 0.00 to 0.28% and Loi ranging
parallel extinction with no twinning. Iron oxide is opaque, non from 0.05 to 2.49% respectively.

Plate 1: Photomicrograph Showing Medium Grained Granite Under Plain Polarized Light (Magnification x 100)

165
IJSTR©2018
www.ijstr.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4 , APR 2018 ISSN 2277-8616

Plate 2: Photomicrograph Showing Coarse Grained Biotite Granite Under Cross Polarized Light (Magnification x100)

Plate 3: Photomicrograph Showing Coarse Porphyritic Granite Under Plain Polarized Light (Magnification x 100)

166
IJSTR©2018
www.ijstr.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4 , APR 2018 ISSN 2277-8616

TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

Sample Mineral under plane Mineral under cross

S/No Location Mineral percentage
Number polars polars
Quartz 52.5
Feldspar 21.5
1 Michika Central A -
Mica 25.6
Iron oxide 0.4
Quartz 54.5
Feldspar 32.5
2 Kwatabe B
Mica 9.0
Iron oxide 3.0
Plagioclase 20.9
Olivine Pyroxene Olivine 27.5
3 Hyelimi C
Iron oxide Pyroxene 35.1
Iron oxide 16.5
Quartz 62.0
Feldspar 25.7
4 Garta D Muscovite
Mica 12
Iron oxide 0.3
Plagioclase 29.5
Olivine
Olivine 28
5 E Pyroxene
Ghumghar Pyroxene 31
Iron oxide
Iron oxide 11.5
Plagioclase 21.5
Olivine
Olivine 31
6 F Pyroxene
Ghumchi Pyroxene 31.5
Iron oxide
Iron oxide 16
Quartz 64.0
Feldspar 23.4
7 Dlaka G
Mica 12.0
Iron oxide 0.6

Igneous rocks are classified into four based on their silica the S-type of igneous rock series suggesting metasediment
(SiO2) content. The alkalis Na2O and K2O have an and metaigneous source.
average values of 1.14% and 5.44% respectively whereas
CaO has an average value of 2.62%. Furthermore Na2O,
K2O and CaO have a total value of 9.20% which is less
than the average alumina content of the rocks (14.30%).
This indicate that the granitic rocks of the study area is
peraluminous and acidic (see Tables 3, 4 and 5). In
addition, the iron and magnesium oxides (Fe2O3 and MgO)
are very low in all the analyzed samples. The average
values of Fe2O3 (2.73%) and MgO (0.81%) as well as low
values of MnO (0.06%) clearly indicate acidic granites
(Table 6). Furthermore the relatively high concentration of
silica (70.58%) and alumina (14.30%) suggest that the
granites of the study area are of lithospheric origin. The
Ritman Serial Index б = (Na2O+K2O)2 /(SiO2-43) units in
weight percent according to [11] is used as a convenient
petrochemical parameter to discriminate igneous rock
series on the basis of alkalinity: calcic ( б < 1.2),
calcalkaline (б between 1.2-3.5), alkaline (б between 3.5
and 8.8) and peralkaline series (б > 8.8). Thus based on the
Ritman serial index б the granitic rocks of the study area
falls within the calcalkaline igneous series which is
associated with the subduction related areas. [2] Introduced
a classification scheme after extensive work in the Lachlan
fold belt of Eastern Australia. They identified two granitoid
groups namely the I-type which is metallaminous to weakly
peraluminous, relatively sodic with a wide range of silica
content (56-77 wt% SiO2) and the S-type which is strongly
peraluminous relatively potassic and restricted to higher
silica content (64-77 wt% SiO2). The granites of the study
area with silica values ranging from 61.05 to 78.26% and
potassium values ranging from 3.83 to 7.22% falls within

167
IJSTR©2018
www.ijstr.org
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4 , APR 2018 ISSN 2277-8616

TABLE 3: RESULTS OF OXIDE ANALYSIS OF ROCK SAMPLES FROM THE STUDY AREA

Sample
S/no location SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 K2O Na2O P2O5 MnO TiO2 Cr2O3 SrO LOI
Number
Michika 0.119
1 St1 69.006 16.395 2.200 3.294 0.816 0.015 5.477 1.282 0.049 0.384 0.001 0.079 0.61
Central
2 Dlaka St2 61.053 16.745 7.065 2.192 2.592 0.016 6.905 1.000 0.283 0.102 1.122 0.009 0.031 0.48
3 Futu St3 74.036 13.534 1.047 3.584 0.401 0.038 5.835 1.037 0.040 0.074 0.152 0.002 0.018 2.51
4 Warakanza St4 68.507 14.179 3.495 1.724 1.469 -0.005 6.151 1.049 0.051 0.066 0.521 0.003 0.024 0.42
5 Whate St5 75.190 11.467 2.052 0.698 0.240 -0.008 5.285 1.195 0.004 0.045 0.155 -0.006 -0.002 0.87
6 Kamale St6 72.813 14.187 1.782 1.880 0.725 -0.008 4.392 1.151 0.055 0.050 0.265 0.001 0.045 0.49
7 Garta St7 72.855 13.990 1.871 1.904 0.708 0.004 4.659 1.120 0.062 0.043 0.221 -0.003 0.049 0.60
8 Himikai St8 70.489 13.226 2.747 2.400 0.670 0.009 5.519 1.013 0.115 0.050 0.384 0.001 0.019 0.92
9 Zah St9 69.110 14.981 2.477 2.149 0.807 0.001 5.394 1.179 0.102 0.050 0.370 0.002 0.059 0.31
10 Greate St10 69.393 13.726 3.084 1.819 0.487 -0.002 7.224 0.882 0.066 0.051 0.356 0.002 0.012 0.78
11 Biza St11 72.189 14.260 1.668 2.237 0.617 0.019 5.624 1.138 0.066 0.036 0.226 -0.003 0.034 0.71
12 Betso St12 69.564 14.771 2.152 2.371 0.957 0.000 3.869 1.295 0.079 0.051 0.253 0.006 0.072 0.32
13 Vi St13 63.061 18.961 4.095 3.810 1.435 0.069 4.550 1.533 0.227 0.096 0.570 -0.002 0.054 0.68
14 Bokka St14 68.559 14.314 3.561 1.524 1.471 0.006 6.078 1.077 0.051 0.064 0.526 -0.003 0.026 0.61
15 Yamue St15 69.722 15.023 4.264 2.285 0.594 0.037 7.207 0.845 0.182 0.081 0.545 0.001 0.001 0.74
16 Moda St16 70.749 13.600 2.755 2.586 0.073 0.037 5.503 1.027 0.119 0.054 0.394 -0.004 0.017 0.05
17 Mikisi St17 75.107 11.554 2.052 0.730 0.275 0.003 5.246 1.230 0.003 0.043 0.146 -0.005 0.000 0.86
18 Barazuwe St18 78.264 12.105 2.103 0.695 0.231 0.000 5.311 1.203 0.003 0.044 0.131 -0.005 -0.001 2.49
19 Zah St19 72.647 14.148 1.895 2.058 0.725 0.008 4.744 1.153 0.069 0.046 0.215 0.000 0.048 0.53
20 Tanghi St20 69.277 14.909 2.161 2.396 0.950 0.006 3.828 1.315 0.077 0.053 0.253 -0.001 0.071 0.75

168
IJSTR©2018
www.ijstr.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4 , APR 2018 ISSN 2277-8616

TABLE 4: GEOMETRIC MEANS OF THE MAJOR ELEMENTAL OXIDES IN THE STUDY AREA.
Major Elemental
Range (Wt. %) Average (wt %)
Oxides
SiO2 61.05 -78.26 70.58
TiO2 0.13 – 1.12 0.36
Al2O3 11.47 -18.96 14.30
Fe2O3 1.05 -7.07 2.73
MnO 0.04 -0.10 0.06
MgO 0.07 -2.59 0.81
CaO 0.70 -3.81 2.62
Na2O 0.85-1.53 1.14
K2O 3.83 -7.22 5.44
P2O5 0.003 -0.28 0.09

LiO 0.05- 2.49 0.79

TABLE 5: ROCK DESIGNATION ON THE BASIS OF SIO2 CONTENT

Chemistry Designation Rock Type

32-45% SiO2 Ultra-basic Komalite
45-52% SiO2 Basic Basalt, Gabbro
52-66% SiO2 Intermediate Tonolite Andesite Dacite Phonolite
66-75% SiO2 Acidic Rhyolite, Granite

TABLE 6: ROCK DESIGNATION ON THE BASIS OF ALUMINA CONTENT

Chemistry Designation Rock Type

Muscovite, Biotite, Topaz Corundum,
AL2O3>Na2O+K2O+CaO Peraluminous
Garnet Tourmaline
Hornblende, Epidote Melilite Biotite
Al2O3>Na2O+K2O<Na2O+K2O+CaO Metaluminous
Pyroxene
Al2O3=Na2O+K2O Subaluminous Olivine, Orthopyroxene Cinopyroxene
Sodic Pyroxene, Sodic Amphiboles,
Al2O3>Na2O+K2O Perakaline
Astrophylite Columbite, Pyrochlore

6. CONCLUSION series. They are strongly peraluminous calcalkaline igneous

This study intends to classify the granitic rock deposits of series that are of both lithospheric origin and also
the study area on the basis of its chemical and associated with subduction related areas.
mineralogical composition. The study area is part of the
Hawal Massif which is one of the three Massifs that occur REFERENCES
within the eastern province of the Basement Complex of [1] Bassey N.E (2007) Brittle Deformation Features of
Northeastern Nigeria. The major rock types in the area Michika Area, Hawal basement complex NE Nigeria
include the Newer Basalt, coarse grained biotite granites, Global Journal of Geological Sciences Vol 5 No 1 and 2
coarse porphyritic granites and the medium grained pp 50-54
granites. These rocks which has been subjected to
tectonism ading to fracturing such as joints, faults, dykes [2] Chappel, B.W and White, A.J.R (1992) I-and S-type
and veins were intruded by the New Basaltic rocks. A total granites in the Lachlan Fold Belt Trans of the Royal
of seven and twenty rock samples were randomly collected Society of Edinburg Earth Sciences 83:1-26
from the study area were subjected to both geochemical http://dol.org/10.1017/S0263593300007720
and petrographic studies respectively. The grain-sizes of
granitic igneous rocks range from 2.2mm to 0.43mm [3] Dupreeze, J W and Barber, W (1965) The distribution
indicating fine to coarse grained igneous rocks whereas the and chemical quality of groundwater in Northern
mineralogical composition consist essentially of 53% to 69 Nigeria Geol. Surv Bull 36, 1-30
% quartz, 22% to 33 % feldspar and 0.3% to 3.0 % iron
oxide. The grain-sizes of basaltic igneous rocks range from [4] Falconer, J. D (1911), The Geology and Geography of
1.12 mm to 1.15 mm indicating fine grained rocks whereas Northern Nigeria Mac. London 295pp
the mineralogical composition consist essentially of 20.9 %
to 29.5% plagioclase, 27.5% to 31% Olivine, 31% to 35.1% [5] Garnier, G.J (1967), Weather Condition in Nigeria.
pyroxene and 11.5% to 16.5% iron oxide. Geochemical Climatological Research Series no 2 McGrrill
investigation suggests that granites of the study area University, Montreal Canada.
contain silica ranging from 61.05% to 78.26% and
potassium ranging from 3.83% to 7.22% with high alumina
content (14.30%) and falls within the S-type igneous rock
169
IJSTR©2018
www.ijstr.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4 , APR 2018 ISSN 2277-8616

[6] Jacobson, R.R.E and Webb, J.S (1946) The Pegmatite

of Central Nigeria Geological Survey of Nigeria Bull. 17
pp 61

[7] Jimoh, M.T (2011) Petrochemical Studies of Pegmatites

around Awo SW Nigeria Jour. Environ.Issues and Agric.
In Dev. Countries Vol.3 No 2 pp19-32

[8] Kiser, R.T (1968), Chemical quality of water in Northern

Nigeria Geol. Surv. Of Nig. Open File report

[9] Obiefuna G.I and Ngadda I.S (2014) Geological and

Mineralogical Composition of Biu Basalt Deposit, Biu
Area NE Nigeria Research Journal of Environmental
and Earth Sciences Vol 6 No 5 pp 241-250

[10] Peacock, M.A (1931) Classification of Igneous rock

series Journal of Geology 39 Pp 54-67

[11] Rittman, A (1962) In Xue, M. Y (2007) Using the

Rittman Serial Index to define the alkalinity of Igneous
rocks. E Schwetzerbartsche Vealagsbuchandlung
Stuttgart Vol 184 No 1 pp 95-103.

170
IJSTR©2018
www.ijstr.org