COMPUTER SCIENCE

ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?
According to the father of Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy, it
is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs”. Artificial Intelligence is
a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a
software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent
humans think. AI is accomplished by studying how human brain
thinks and how humans learn, decide, and work while trying to
solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a
basis of developing intelligent software and systems.

AI is the form of intelligence; a type of technology and the field of

study.AI theory and development of computer systems (both
machines and software) are able to perform tasks that normally
require human intelligence. AI covers a broad range of domains
and applications and is expected to Impact every field in the
future. Overall, its core idea is building machines and algorithms,
which are capable of performing computational tasks that would
otherwise require human like brain functions.
Some of the activities computers with artificial
intelligence are designed for include:
1.Learning, in which information are feed in Machine’s
memory and they are taught some rules also, so that
by using those rules on the information they can
complete a given task.
2. Reasoning, using which they can reach very close to
the result.
3. self correction, which makes a machine learn from
its own mistakes ,correct it and be more improved
gradually(exactly same as we humans do. Suppose a
child touches a hot bowl for the first time he may get
burn. but next time he will not touch such things as his
first mistake taught him what wrong he did!!) and work
perfectly as humans do.
While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the
curiosity of human, lead him to wonder, “Can a machine
think and behave like humans do?”
Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of
creating similar intelligence in machines that we find and
regard high in humans.
GOALS OF AI
•To Create Expert Systems: The systems which exhibit
intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice
its users.
• To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines: Creating
systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like
humans.
WHAT CONTRIBUTES TO AI?
Artificial intelligence is a science and technology
based on disciplines such as Computer Science,
Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and
Engineering. A major thrust of AI is in the
development of computer functions associated
with human intelligence, such as reasoning,
learning, and problem solving. Out of the following
areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to build
an intelligent system.
PROGRAMMING WITHOUT AND WITH AI
What is AI technique?
In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed
properties −
its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.
It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
It keeps changing constantly.
Ai technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge
efficiently in such a way that −
it should be perceivable by the people who provide it.
It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or
inaccurate.
Ai techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex
program it is equipped with.
DOMAINS OF AI
NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING(NLP)
Natural language processing is a subfield of computer science,
information technology and artificial intelligence concerned with the
interactions between computer and human languages, in particular
how to program computers to process and analyse large amounts of
natural language data. Challenges in natural language processing
frequently involve speech recognition, natural language
understanding and natural language generation.
NLP uses syntax to access meaning from a language based on
grammatical rules and semantics to use meaning behind the words.
Current approach to NLP are based on deep learning, a type of AI
that examines and uses patterns in data to improve a program’s
understanding. Deep learning require massive amount of data to
train on and identify correlations. Deep learning is more flexible,
intuitive approach in which algorithms learn to identify speaker’s
intent from many examples almost like how a child would learn
human language.

https://experiments.withgoogle.com/mystery-
animal MYSTERY ANIMAL GAME
This game explore you NLP practically
Computer Vision
Computer vision tasks include methods for
acquiring, processing, analysing and
understanding digital images, and extraction of
high dimensional data from real world in order to
produce numerical and symbolic information. It is
a theory behind artificial systems that extract
information from images. It is transformation of
visual images into descriptions of the world that
can interface with other thought processes and
elicit appropriate action.

https://emojiscavengerhunt.withgoogle.com
emoji scavenger hunt
This game will explore you concepts of computer vision
 Data for AI
Data is the foundation for AI and machine learning. Data is
a fuel that powers AI, and large data sets make it possible
for machine learning applications to learn independently
and rapidly. The abundance of data we collect supplies
our AI with examples they need to identify differences,
increase their pattern recognition capabilities and see the
fine details within the pattern. An AI system needs to learn
from data in order to fulfil its function. All famous tech
giants like Amazon, Netflix, Microsoft etc have developed
mastery at the intersection where big data meets AI.

https://www.afiniti.com/corporate/rock-paper-scissors
Rock paper scissors
This game explore more about data vision
 WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive
relationships and analogies, learn from experience, store and
retrieve information from memory, solve problems,
comprehend complex ideas, use natural language fluently,
classify, generalize, and adapt new situations.

Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence

Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive
by set of rules and data.
Humans store and recall information by patterns; machines do
it by searching algorithms. For example, the number 40404040
is easy to remember, store, and recall, as its pattern is simple.
Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part
of it is missing or distorted; whereas the machines cannot do it
correctly.
POWERFUL EXAMPLES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN USE
TODAY
Siri
Siri is one of the most popular personal assistant offered by Apple in
iPhone and iPad. The friendly female voice-activated assistant interacts
with the user on a daily routine. She assists us to find information, get
directions, send messages, make voice calls, open applications and add
events to the calendar. Siri uses machine-learning technology in order to
get smarter and capable-to understand natural language questions and
requests. It is surely one of the most iconic examples of machine learning
abilities of gadgets.
Tesla
Not only smartphones but automobiles are also shifting towards Artificial
Intelligence. Tesla is something you are missing if you are a car geek. This
is one of the best automobiles available until now. The car has not only
been able to achieve many accolades but also features like self-driving,
predictive capabilities, and absolute technological innovation.If you are a
technology geek and dreamt of owning a car like shown in Hollywood
movies, Tesla is one you need in your garage. The car is getting smarter
day by day through over the air updates.
Cogito
Cogito originally co-founded by Dr. Sandy and Joshua is one of the best
examples of the behavioral version to improve the intelligence of customer
support representatives, currently on the market. The company is a
synthesis of machine learning and behavioral science to enhance
customer collaboration for phone professionals.
Cogito is applicable on millions of voice calls that take place on a daily
basis. The AI solution analyzes the human voice and provides real-time
guidance to enhance behavior.
Netflix
Netflix needs no introduction – it is a widely popular content-on-demand
service that uses predictive technology to offer recommendations on the
basis of consumers’ reaction, interests, choices, and behavior. The
technology examines from a number of records to recommend movies
based on your previous liking and reactions.
It is turning more intelligent with each passing year. The only the drawback
of this technology is that small movie go unnoticed while big films grow and
propagate on the platform. But as I wrote earlier, it is still improving and
learning to be more intelligent.
 Pandora
Pandora is one of the most popular and highly demanded tech
solutions that exist. It is also called the DNA of music.
Depending on 400 musical characteristics, the team of expert
musicians individually analyzes the song. The system is also
good at recommending the track record for recommending
songs that would never get noticed, despite people’s liking.

Nest (Google)
Nest was one of the most famous and successful artificial intelligence
startups and it was acquired by Google in 2014 for $3.2 billion. The Nest
Learning Thermostat uses behavioral algorithms to save energy based on
your behavior and schedule.
It employs a very intelligent machine learning process that learns the
temperature you like and programs itself in about a week. Moreover, it will
automatically turn off to save energy, if nobody is at home.
In fact, it is a combination of both – artificial intelligence as well as
Bluetooth low-energy because some components of this solution will use
BLE services and solutions.
 Boxever
Boxever is a company that heavily relies on machine learning to enhance
the customer experience in the travel industry and conveys micro-moments
or experiences that can please the customers. Boxover significantly
improves customer engagement through machine learning and Artificial
Intelligence to rule the playing field, helping customers to find new ways and
make memorable journeys.

Flying Drones
The flying drones are already shipping products to customers home
– though on a test mode. They indicate a powerful machine learning
system that can translate the environment into a 3D model through
sensors and video cameras.The sensors and cameras are able to
notice the position of the drones in the room by attaching them to the
ceiling. Trajectory generation algorithm guides the drone on how and
where to move. Using a Wi-Fi system, we can control the drones and
use them for specific purposes – product delivery, video-making, or
news reporting.
 Echo
Echo was launched by Amazon, which is getting smarter and adding new features. It
is a revolutionary product that can help you to search the web for information,
schedule appointments, shop, control lights, switches, thermostats, answers
questions, reads audio books, reports traffic and weather, gives info on local
businesses, provides sports scores.

CHATBOT
A chatbot is a computer program which conducts a conversation via auditory or
textual methods. Such programs are often designed to convincingly simulate how a
human would behave as a conversational partner, although as of 2019, they are far
short of being able to pass the Turing test. Is Siri a chatbot?
Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant and other A.I.-based chat bots provide subpar
interactions that are far from being capable of having a conversation with a real-life
human assistant. ... When asking a chat bot like Siri a complex query that requires
context, the system fails to interpret the real meaning behind a question. There are
three primary types of AI, all relevant to embedded intelligence:
Natural language processing (NLP)
Computer vision (image recognition)
Speech/voice recognition software
Artificial Intelligence - Research Areas
The domain of artificial intelligence is huge in breadth and width. While proceeding, we
consider the broadly common and prospering research areas in the domain of AI −

Expert
Natural Systems
Language
Processing

ARTIFICIAL Neural
INTELLIGENCE networks
Fuzzy
Logic

Robotics

Speech and Voice Recognition

These both terms are common in robotics, expert systems and natural
language processing. Though these terms are used interchangeably,
their objectives are different.
Worksheet (To be done in the notebook):
1. Define Artificial Intelligence.
2. Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on
disciplines __________, _____, and _______.
3. Differentiate between Programming with AI and
Programming without AI.
4. Define the following with one example of each:
a) NLP b) Computer Vision c) Data for AI
5. Explain any four examples of Artificial Intelligence.
6. Define Chat bot. Write an example.
7. Differentiate between Speech Recognition and Voice
Recognition.
8. Write one example of following common research area in the
domain of AI.
a) expert system b) natural language processing
c) neural network d) fuzzy logic e) robotics
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Who introduced artificial intelligence?
a) Marvin Minsky b) John Macarthy c) Alan Turing
c) Allen Newell and Herbert Simon

2. Artificial intelligence means

a) Making a machine intelligent
b) playing a game
b) Putting your intelligence into computer
c) programming with your own intelligence

3. Which of the following improved the performance of an agent

a) Observing b) learning c) perceiving d)none of these

4. Which of the following is subfield of natural language processing?

a) Algorithm and heuristic b)understanding and generation
c)Symbolic and numeric d)time and motion

5. Which of the following is an example of intelligent agent?

a) Robot b) human c)autonomous spacecraft
d) All of the above
6. This language is easy to learn and is one of the most popular language for AI today
a) C++ b) python c) ruby d) java

7.This field is enabling computers to identify and process images like humans do?
a) face recognition b) model view controller
c) computer vision d) eye-in-hand syste

8. what does NLP stands for

a) neutral learning projection b)neuro linguistic programming
c) natural language processing d)neural logic presentation

9. This is a system of programs and data structures that mimics the operation of the
human brain:
a) intelligent network b) decision support system
c) neural network d) genetic programming

10. This is a program that allows the computer to simulate conversation with human
being:
a) chatbot b) voice recognition
b) speech recognition d)none of these