0471_w21_ms_11

Cambridge IGCSE™
TRAVEL & TOURISM 0471/11

Paper 1 Core Paper October/November 2021
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 100
Published
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.
Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2021 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.
This document consists of 13 printed pages.
© UCLES 2021 [Turn over

0471/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2021
Generic Marking Principles
These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.
GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:
Marks must be awarded in line with:
• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.
Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).
Marks must be awarded positively:
• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.
Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.
© UCLES 2021 Page 2 of 13

PUBLISHED 2021
Social Science-Specific Marking Principles

(for point-based marking)
1 Components using point-based marking:

• Point marking is often used to reward knowledge, understanding and application of skills.
We give credit where the candidate’s answer shows relevant knowledge, understanding
and application of skills in answering the question. We do not give credit where the answer
shows confusion.
From this it follows that we:
a DO credit answers which are worded differently from the mark scheme if they clearly
convey the same meaning (unless the mark scheme requires a specific term)
b DO credit alternative answers/examples which are not written in the mark scheme if they
are correct
c DO credit answers where candidates give more than one correct answer in one
prompt/numbered/scaffolded space where extended writing is required rather than list-type
answers. For example, questions that require n reasons (e.g. State two reasons …).
d DO NOT credit answers simply for using a ‘key term’ unless that is all that is required.
(Check for evidence it is understood and not used wrongly.)
e DO NOT credit answers which are obviously self-contradicting or trying to cover all
possibilities
f DO NOT give further credit for what is effectively repetition of a correct point already
credited unless the language itself is being tested. This applies equally to ‘mirror
statements’ (i.e. polluted/not polluted).
g DO NOT require spellings to be correct, unless this is part of the test. However spellings of
syllabus terms must allow for clear and unambiguous separation from other syllabus terms
with which they may be confused (e.g. Corrasion/Corrosion)
2 Presentation of mark scheme:

• Slashes (/) or the word ‘or’ separate alternative ways of making the same point.
• Semi colons (;) bullet points (•) or figures in brackets (1) separate different points.
• Content in the answer column in brackets is for examiner information/context to clarify the
marking but is not required to earn the mark (except Accounting syllabuses where they
indicate negative numbers).
3 Annotation:
• For point marking, ticks can be used to indicate correct answers and crosses can be used
to indicate wrong answers. There is no direct relationship between ticks and marks. Ticks
have no defined meaning for levels of response marking.
• For levels of response marking, the level awarded should be annotated on the script.
• Other annotations will be used by examiners as agreed during standardisation, and the
meaning will be understood by all examiners who marked that paper.

PUBLISHED 2021
Question Answer Marks
1(a) Identify the following: 3
Award one mark for each correct identification
The number of visitors to Vietnam from Taiwan: 0.4 million

The percentage increase in visitors to Vietnam from South Korea: 40%
If local time in Vietnam is ahead or behind London, UK: Ahead
Award these responses only.
1(b) Explain how the following climates influence tourism: 4
Award one mark for the correct identification of an influence and award a
second mark for appropriate explanatory development of the influence in
context.
tropical
Sunbathe all year round [1] warm/good hours of sunlight/appealing [1]
Coastal areas more popular with tourists [1] provide a breeze (seas) [1]
Hot temperature all year round [1] still able to enjoy warm weather in off peak
season/attract beach tourism/create activities and tourism infrastructure
relevant to the tropical climate [1]
temperate
Four (moderate) seasons [1] some activities limited to certain seasons [1]
Seasonal tourism demand [1] varied but not extremes of weather so can be
visited all year round/limit some activities [1]
Unpredictable weather [1] limit tourist activities/creates off peak season [1]
Credit all valid responses in context.
1(c) Explain three likely effects on tourism when a destination experiences 6

extreme weather.
Award one mark for the correct identification of an effect and award a second
mark for appropriate explanatory development of the effect in context.
Loss of visitor numbers [1] risks perceived as too high to travel/health and
safety/government/tour operator advises not to travel/limited activities [1]
Loss of natural/built attractions damaged in flood/wind/storm [1] loss of ticket
sales/tourist spend/lack of tourist facilities to satisfy tourists needs [1]
Tourist activities limited [1] risk/safety/cancellations/loss of payment [1]
Loss of infrastructure [1] unable to access the destination/less for tourism
services [1]
Extra pressure on natural resources [1] water shortages during drought [1]
Cancellation of events [1] safety/risk concerns [1]
Disruption of supply chain [1] no/scarce food and drink [1]
Transport disruption [1] resulting in less/no visitors/harder to access [1]
Negative media coverage/reputation damaged [1] appeal lost/reduced [1]

PUBLISHED 2021
1(d) Explain three likely reasons for the growth in air travel. 6
Award one mark for the correct identification of a reason and award a second
mark for appropriate explanatory development of the reason in context.
More affordable travel [1] budget airlines/decrease in prices/competition

driving prices down [1]
Increased wealth [1] more people can afford air travel [1]
Supply – more flights/bigger airports [1] convenient/frequent flight times [1]
Increase in demand [1] tourists demand being met with more frequent
services [1]
Better air services available [1] quality experience [1]
Increased awareness/marketing [1] stimulating demand [1]
Ease of booking (internet) [1] more people willing to purchase [1]
Faster/quicker [1] better airplanes [1]
Increased safety [1] technological advancements [1]
Airport improvements/expansion [1] more tourists willing to travel by air/more
capacity/services [1]
Better infrastructure/more airports [1] easier/more frequent air travel [1]
1(e) Assess the reasons why Vietnam is so popular with visitors from China. 6
Indicative content:
Located geographically close – easier/affordable/more frequent travel
Rising middle classes in China – can afford to travel more
Limited culture shocks
Visa exemptions for short stays
Good rail/road infrastructure
Large population in China
Mark according to level of response criteria below.
Level 3 (5–6 marks) can be awarded for evaluative comment about the
significance/importance of the reason. Better answers may have a reasoned
conclusion.
Level 2 (3–4 marks) can be awarded for an analysis clearly indicating how
the reason makes the destination popular with tourists from China.
Level 1 (1–2 marks) will identify up to two valid reasons providing some detail
within the context but will be mainly descriptive.
Level 0 (0 marks) No content worthy of credit.

PUBLISHED 2021
2(a) Identify three ways tourists may have travelled to this attraction. 3
Award one mark for each correct identification.
Car
Coach/tour coach/bus
Mule/horse/donkey
Camel
Taxi
Walk/foot
2(b) Explain how each of the following can reduce environmental impacts at 4
natural attractions:
Award one mark for the correct identification of a way and award a second
mark for explanatory comment of the way in context.
timed tickets
Tickets can be timed to be sensitive to local wildlife breeding patterns [1] less
disruption [1]
Reduce/manage visitor numbers at any one time [1] control tourist
numbers/minimise tramping of natural resources/less land degradation/less
pollution [1]
charging for entry

Reduces the appeal of the attraction [1] lower visitor numbers/less strain on
natural resources/ [1]
Less people visit [1] less pollution [1]
Money to invest in protection/restoration/conservation [1] preserve [1]

PUBLISHED 2021
2(c) Describe each of the following tour operator types: 6
Award one mark for the correct identification of a characteristic and award a
second mark for descriptive comment of the characteristic, or a further
characteristic in context.
mass market tour operator

Specialises in/creates packages that appeal to all tourists types [1] sun, sea
and sand packages/cater for large volume of tourists [1]
specialist tour operator

Specialise in creating packages for particular market segments/tourists [1]
e.g. destination/activity/theme/age group [1]
Packages appeal to a small number of tourists [1] packages are often more
expensive [1]
outbound tour operator

Sells packages to destinations in other countries [1] office/shop based in the
tourists’ home country [1]
2(d) Explain three ways that National Tourist Organisations (NTOs) can 6
increase international tourism in a destination.
mark for explanatory comment of the way in context.
Expo/trade shows in other countries [1] increase awareness amongst trade

e.g. tour operator/travel agents [1]
Increased advertising/marketing/promotion [1] stimulate demand/create
awareness [1]
Improve/increase web presence [1] social media and websites to reach more
tourists [1]
Conduct market research [1] used by industry to improve products and
services provided within the industry [1]
Open offices in other countries [1] increased awareness within that country [1]
Celebrity endorsements/social media posts [1] increase trend and awareness
of the destination [1]

PUBLISHED 2021
2(e) Assess the appeal of cultural heritage attractions to international 6

tourists.
Indicative content:
Experience/understand culture of the destination
Religious appeal
Further understand the culture in the destination
Main/key attractions in a destination
Experience something different
Education/learn about culture/understand culture
Promotion/awareness of these attraction/main motivation for travel to
destination
Most famous attractions in the destination
Mark according to levels of response criteria below.
significance/importance of a particular aspect of the appeal. Better answers
may have a reasoned conclusion.
Level 2 (3–4 marks) can be awarded for an analysis of the appeal, clearly
indicating how this draws tourists to an area.
Level 1 (1–2 marks) will identify up to two valid aspects of the appeal,
providing some detail but will be mainly descriptive.

PUBLISHED 2021
3(a) State three ancillary tourist services. 3
Guiding/guided tour
Car hire
Transfer services
Currency exchange
Insurance
3(b) Explain two likely reasons tourist attractions give free entry to local 4
residents.
Attract/increased number of tourists visiting the sites [1] secondary spend

when at the attraction [1]
Prevent tourists from being pushed/priced out of their local attractions [1] local
people can still appreciate local heritage and attractions/locals don’t lose their
heritage/local attractions to tourism [1]
Reduce conflicts between locals and tourism [1] interact when at
attraction/locals not excluded from tourism/culture/heritage [1]
Positive social and cultural impact of preserving heritage [1] more locals get to
know/view/access their cultural sites creating an increased
awareness/education of culture and heritage amongst locals [1]
Sustainable tourism objectives [1] minimise impacts upon local population [1]

PUBLISHED 2021
3(c) Explain three ways tourist attractions can be sustainable. 6
mark for appropriate explanatory development of the way in context.
Employ/train locals [1] guides [1]

Educate locals [1] increase positive impacts of tourism [1]
Buy local goods/services [1] increase wider economic benefits of tourism [1]
Allow locals affordable access to the attraction [1] reduce conflicts [1]
Protect the natural/cultural heritage at the attraction [1] reduce
trampling/damage to cultural assets [1]
Reduce, reuse, recycle [1] limit attractions’ footprint [1]
Renewable energy sources [1] minimise environmental impacts/footprint of
the attraction [1]
Promote the use of sustainable transport to access the attraction/provide
buses to the attraction [1] environmentally friendly/minimise environmental
impact/reduce traffic and pollution [1]
Trash bins [1] minimise litter pollution [1]
Raise awareness of issues/educate tourist and locals [1] improved knowledge
and protection/control tourist behaviours at the attraction [1]
3(d) Explain three economic benefits associated with a growth in tourism. 6
Award one mark for the correct identification of a benefit and award a second
mark for appropriate explanatory development of the benefit in context.
Jobs [1] employed at tourism organisations – income and have a better

standard of living [1]
Multiplier [1] tourism spend is circulated in the economy increasing the
economic benefits [1]
Further businesses set up to support the industry [1] increasing the jobs and
multiplier effect [1]
Increased spending in the local economy [1] locals spend wages [1]
Infrastructure improvements [1] benefit the locals too [1]
Increased government wealth from taxes [1] improve the local area and attract
further industries/business to the area [1]
More investments in the country [1] benefit for tourists and locals [1]

PUBLISHED 2021
3(e) Discuss the likely impacts of the increase in illegal unregistered guides 6
operating at the Angkor Archaeological Park.
Indicative content:
Loss of jobs for locals – less demand for guides
Cultural clashes – other guides do not know/appreciate social norms
Reduction in quality of guides may lead to a loss of tourist numbers leading to
further job losses
Damage to natural and cultural sites/heritage guides do not advise them
accordingly – loss of heritage for locals
Exceeds carrying capacity – environmental impacts
Mark according to levels of response criteria below.
significance/importance of particular impact. Better answers may have a
reasoned conclusion.
Level 2 (3–4 marks) can be awarded for an analysis of the impacts, clearly
indicating how this affects the destination.
Level 1 (1–2 marks) will identify up to two valid impacts, providing some
detail but will be mainly descriptive.

PUBLISHED 2021
4(a) Identify the following: 5
the price of a one-way ticket on the Larnaca –Protaras bus route: €5

the departure time of the first bus to Nicosia on a Saturday: 7.30
the journey time between Larnaca and Nicosia on a Sunday: 1 and a half
hours/1:30/90 mins
the colour of the Inter City buses: Green
the arrival time of the last Inter City bus from Larnaca to Nicosia on a
weekday: 17:45
4(b) Explain two likely reasons why this bus route operates more services 4
between the months of May and October.
Main tourist season [1] high level of demand for the service [1]
Weather [1] safety and accessibility of the route [1]
Less demand [1] not enough sales/tourist to justify the route/costs [1]
Less daylight/darker nights [1] safety [1]
4(c) Explain two likely reasons why tourists travel to a capital city. 4
mark for appropriate explanatory development of the affect in context.
Access to main transport gateways [1] airports [1]

Attractions/activities [1] must see/main attractions located in the capital city [1]
Business centre [1] business tourists [1]
Greater awareness of capital as a destination [1] tourist demand for area [1]
Unique experience [1] famous destination [1]

PUBLISHED 2021
4(d) Explain the benefit to overseas tourists of checking transport times in 6

each of the following ways:
Award one mark for the correct identification of a benefit and award a second
mark for appropriate explanatory development of the benefit in context
internet
Can be done on the go on mobile devices [1] up to date information [1]
Keep a copy of the timetable on phone/tablet [1] no need to print
information/easy to refer back to [1]
telephone
Call from anywhere [1] convenient for tourists e.g. business tourists [1]
Can ask questions [1] clarification [1]
tourist information centre

Check on other travel arrangements/information whilst there [1] may be able
to offer advice about the service [1]
Reliable source of information/in person/face to face [1] get help [1]
4(e) Discuss the appeal to leisure tourists of travelling around a destination 6

using local bus services.
Indicative content:
Authentic cultural experience – interact with locals
Cheaper
See/experience more areas of the destination
Sustainable transport
Mark according to the levels of response criteria below.
significance/importance of particular aspect of the appeal. Better answers will
have a reasoned conclusion.
Level 2 (3–4 marks) can be awarded for an analysis of the appeal, clearly
indicating how this appeals to tourists.
Level 1 (1–2 marks) will identify up to two valid aspects of the appeal,
providing some detail but will be mainly descriptive.

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Cambridge IGCSE™

TRAVEL & TOURISM 0471/11

This document consists of 13 printed pages.

© UCLES 2021 [Turn over

Generic Marking Principles

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

© UCLES 2021 Page 2 of 13

Social Science-Specific Marking Principles

1 Components using point-based marking:

From this it follows that we:

2 Presentation of mark scheme:

© UCLES 2021 Page 3 of 13

Question Answer Marks

1(a) Identify the following: 3

Award one mark for each correct identification

The number of visitors to Vietnam from Taiwan: 0.4 million

Award these responses only.

1(b) Explain how the following climates influence tourism: 4

Credit all valid responses in context.

1(c) Explain three likely effects on tourism when a destination experiences 6

Credit all valid responses in context.

© UCLES 2021 Page 4 of 13

Question Answer Marks

More affordable travel [1] budget airlines/decrease in prices/competition

Credit all valid responses in context.

Credit all valid responses in context.

Mark according to level of response criteria below.

Level 0 (0 marks) No content worthy of credit.

© UCLES 2021 Page 5 of 13

Question Answer Marks

Award one mark for each correct identification.

Award these responses only.

charging for entry

Credit all valid responses in context.

© UCLES 2021 Page 6 of 13

Question Answer Marks

2(c) Describe each of the following tour operator types: 6

mass market tour operator

specialist tour operator

outbound tour operator

Credit all valid responses in context.

Expo/trade shows in other countries [1] increase awareness amongst trade

Credit all valid responses in context.

© UCLES 2021 Page 7 of 13

Question Answer Marks

2(e) Assess the appeal of cultural heritage attractions to international 6

Credit all valid responses in context.

Mark according to levels of response criteria below.

Level 0 (0 marks) No content worthy of credit.

© UCLES 2021 Page 8 of 13

Question Answer Marks

3(a) State three ancillary tourist services. 3

Award one mark for each correct identification.