Cyber Protection Applications of Quantum Computing: A Review

Ummar Ahmed, Tuomo Sipola and Jari Hautamäki

Institute of Information Technology, Jamk University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
ummar.ahmed@student.jamk.fi
tuomo.sipola@jamk.fi
jari.hautamaki@jamk.fi
Abstract: Quantum computing is a cutting-edge field of information technology that harnesses the principles of quantum
mechanics to perform computations. It has major implications for the cyber security industry. Existing cyber protection
applications are working well, but there are still challenges and vulnerabilities in computer networks. Sometimes data and
privacy are also compromised. These complications lead to research questions asking what kind of cyber protection
applications of quantum computing are there and what potential methods or techniques can be used for cyber protection?
These questions will reveal how much power quantum computing has and to what extent it can outperform the conventional
computing systems. This scoping review was conducted by considering 815 papers. It showed the possibilities that can be
achieved if quantum technologies are implemented in cyber environments. This scoping review discusses various domains
such as algorithms and applications, bioinformatics, cloud and edge computing, the organization of complex systems,
application areas focused on security and threats, and the broader quantum computing ecosystem. In each of these areas,
there is significant scope for quantum computing to be implemented and to revolutionize the working environment.
Numerous quantum computing applications for cyber protection and a number of techniques to protect our data and privacy
were identified. The results are not limited to network security but also include data security. This paper also discusses
societal aspects, e.g., the applications of quantum computing in the social sciences. This scoping review discusses how to
enhance the efficiency and security of quantum computing in various cyber security domains. Additionally, it encourages the
reader to think about what kind of techniques and methods can be deployed to secure the cyber world.
Keywords: Quantum Computing, Cyber Security, Quantum Computing Applications, Cyber Protection, Quantum Algorithms

1. Introduction
Quantum technology is an emerging field that is changing the IT industry. The power of quantum technology can
increase the computational capability of any computing environment and produce highly efficient results.
Quantum computing is in a growth phase, but it still has enough power to impact real-world scenarios (Coccia,
Roshani and Mosleh, 2024). One of these scenarios is software engineering. Quantum software engineering
plays a pivotal role in building applications especially in the most complex and critical areas (Ali et al., 2022).
Quantum computing also plays a critical role in concrete applications such as smart city planning and urban
design. This is a less technical aspect of the world where quantum computing can deliver extraordinary results
(Bashirpour Bonab et al., 2023a). Furthermore, quantum computing has taken problem solving to the next level.
For example, Dempster–Shafer Theory (DST) shows that quantum computing can be used to analyse data using
quantum mechanical principles (Zhou, Tian and Deng, 2023). Raheman (2022) describes the future of quantum
computing in relation to cyber security. He highlights the concepts of post quantum cryptography, exploits
against quantum-as-a-service and mitigating network architecture. As the cyber world expands, devices mature,
and new technologies emerge, problems become more complex. (Shaw and Dutta, 2023). The question that
arises is how we can use quantum computing in cyber protection. As every device on the network generates
data, the likelihood of network vulnerabilities increases with the advancement of tools and skills. This review
has been conducted precisely to explore the applications of quantum computing in the field of cyber protection,
given the increasing challenges posed by the evolving cyber landscape.
The journey began with research questions aimed at understanding the cyber protection applications of
quantum computing and explore potential methods or techniques for effective solutions in this domain. In this
scoping review, databases such as IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were used to gather relevant
information. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are key areas and the synergy with quantum computing
opens up possibilities that promise unprecedented levels of excellence (Maheshwari, Garcia-Zapirain and Sierra-
Sosa, 2022). This study uncovers the potential of quantum computing to address complex problem-solving
scenarios and explores how quantum engineers can receive automated assistance in developing diverse
quantum programs for problem-solving applications (Alonso, Sánchez and Sánchez-Rubio, 2022). With networks
constantly generating data and ubiquitous use of the Internet of things (IoT) in which numerous devices
communicate with each other, the challenge of maintaining data protection becomes pronounced. This study
focuses on into identifying quantum algorithms and techniques that can enhance security, mitigating risks and
vulnerabilities in such interconnected environments (Li et al., 2022). Beyond the technical aspects, this study

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sheds light on the deceptive practices in the quantum realm. It draws attention to instances where certain
companies are engaged in futile endeavours, highlighting the importance of distinguishing genuine
advancements from misleading activities driven by financial motives (Khan et al., 2023). Throughout the scoping
review, the following research questions will be addressed:
• RQ1: What are the applications of quantum computing in the field of cybersecurity, in particular cyber
protection?
• RQ2: What are the potential methods or techniques that could be used to effectively address the
challenge of cyber protection?
From here, our paper will follow to the methodology in section 2, which includes steps such as providing the
study background, formulating the research question, and detailing the processes of data collection,
identification, screening, and paper inclusion. Moving on to section 3, the results of this scoping review will be
discovered, organized into different categories within its subcategories. Following this, section 4 deals with the
discussion, while section 5 serves as the conclusion, summarizing all the findings of this scoping review.

2. Methodology
This is systematic scoping review conducted to examine the cyber protection applications of quantum
computing. The stages of scoping review described by Arksey and O’Malley (Arksey and O’Malley, 2005; Levac
et al., 2010) were used in this study.
Having research questions about the applications of quantum computing for cyber protection and the
techniques for potential solutions, and recognizing the breadth of the topic, the exploration by employing
targeted search phrases was initiated. IEEE Xplore, Science Direct and Google scholar were used and Quantum
Computing Applications and Quantum computing use cases search phrases were selected to start of scoping
review, as described in Figure 1. This search was most relevant to this study, and it was finalised on the basis of
outcomes found with it in different databases. Moreover, the research was limited to journals only to obtain the
most precise data. As quantum computing is one of the novel computing technologies, the search was limited
to the years 2022 and 2023. Moreover, it was decided to limit the research to 10 pages for Google Scholar and
the first 400 relevant results using Science Direct. In the identification phase, the criteria for filtering the papers
was the relevance of the data provided to quantum computing.
Thus, any the search results that included quantum studies with principals from physics and other domains were
easily excluded using these criteria. In addition to this physics material, collaboration of quantum computing
was found in industries of data science, artificial intelligence, algorithms and applications, bioinformatics, cloud
and edge computing, complex system optimisation, cryptography and security, education and learning,
engineering and automated process control, environment science, ethics and societal impact, finance and
economics, fundamentals and reviews, hardware and architectures, healthcare, IoT, machine learning, material
science, nanotechnology, networks, optimization problems, power system applications, renewable energy,
robotics, simulations, smart cities and urban planning, space technology, specific industries and theoretical
physics. All these are well-known domains but the research was limited and continued with software and
programming, smart cities and urban planning, and IoT (internet of Things). All these categories with their
references are presented in Table 1.

Figure 1: PRISMA flowchart of the scoping review

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3. Results
The result for cyber protection applications of quantum computing covers many dimensions of emerging
computing. It includes different categories such as data security, innovation in IT industry, energy, efficient use
of energy, simulations, network traffic management and data security, quantum collaboration with emerging
technology and most interestingly quantum application in social sciences. The resulting categorization is
described in Table 1.

Table 1: Research Papers

Categories References
Generation of Quantum Programs Alonso, Sánchez and Sánchez-Rubio (2022)
Data Security and Privacy Shaw and Dutta (2023)
Li et al. (2022)
Padmaa et al. (2022)
Chawla and Mehra (2023)
Quantum Support Data De Stefano et al. (2022)
Fake Improvements in Quantum Technology by IT giants Khan et al. (2023)
Innovation in Computing Efficiency Macrae (2023)
Willsch et al. (2022)
Zhou, Tian and Deng (2023)
Jałowiecki, Lewandowska and Pawela (2023)
Energy Efficiency Al-Khafaji et al. (2023)
Problem Solving Feng and Li (2023)
Pérez-Castillo, Jiménez-Navajas and Piattini (2023)
Yi et al. (2023)
Simulation Arufe et al. (2023)
Network Communication Hildebrand et al. (2023)
Qadir et al. (2022)
Abd El-Aziz et al. (2022)
Data Analytics Harikrishnakumar and Nannapaneni (2023)
Quantum and Social Science Bashirpour Bonab et al. (2023a)
Ukpabi et al. (2023)
Quantum and Emerging Technologies Bashirpour Bonab et al. (2023b)

3.1 Generation of Quantum Programs

Using quantum technology with Model Driven Engineering (MDE) techniques, such applications are developed
that generate quantum programs. These programs are readable by quantum machines, and highly focused
problems are proposed to be solved using this technique. Moreover, a metamodel has been introduced for
quantum circuits and model-to-text transformations for generating IBM Qiskit code have been introduced, as
they bring the quantum usability closer to reality (Alonso, Sánchez and Sánchez-Rubio, 2022).

3.2 Data Security and Privacy

Quantum continues to play its role for data security and privacy. Research proposed a quantum triple qubit
model for image scaling using hue, saturation and light which encodes data in the scaled-up image and decodes
data by scaling down at the receiver end (Li et al., 2023). Another research shows that as the types of
interconnected devices increased, the chances of network attacks also increased due to the difficulty to manage
security. Researchers called it signcryption which involves signing and encryption. This method uses isogeny-
based encryption (Shaw and Dutta, 2023). Researchers proposed a new way to secure the user information in
the advanced IoT environment using a technique called quantum key pool. The addition of advanced devices in

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networks motivated the researchers. This technique involves rapid distribution of encryption keys using
quantum technology (Li et al., 2022)]. With the expansion of IoT networks, security and privacy are also
compromised. Therefore, researchers come up with a new energy-efficient and secure data transmission
protocol for intelligent IoT edge systems, called EEC-SDTP, to solve these challenges. This system will create
cluster heads and routes for secure transmission. The system uses the oppositional chaos game optimization-
based clustering (OCGOC) technique to determine cluster heads and routes (Padmaa et al., 2022) (Chawla and
Mehra, 2023).

3.3 Quantum Support Data

A quantum software developer in today's world does not rely solely reliant on their own knowledge, but rather
collaborates with a diverse community of researchers, engineers, and experts to advance the field. Quantum
software development has such repositories and resources that can benefit the quantum developer in
developing something e.g. ryuNagai/QML, oliverfunk/quantum-natural-gradient, kongju/QML etc. A study has
been done to know how much quantum data is present in repositories to support quantum software engineers.
Therefore, it is a positive gesture that quantum engineers share their work to support the quantum engineer
community (De Stefano et al., 2022).

3.4 Fake Improvements in Quantum Technology by IT giants

At this time when quantum systems are being improved IT giants such as IBM, Google, or Microsoft are busy in
exploiting the architectural solutions by developing various software to manage and manipulate quantum
hardware. Quantum technology still has too much room for improvement. So-called IT giants are not really
serving the industry. Most of the research papers published in the last 4 years are about solutions and
validations. It is time to serve the quantum industry to get better results. (Khan et al., 2023).

3.5 Innovation in Computing Efficiency

Still, the quantum industry is growing in innovation. Quantum scientists are trying to build super-small and
efficient computer systems using the quantum-dot cellular automata approach (Macrae, 2023). In addition,
there is ongoing research to improve the computational power of computers. A new model called "balanced
ternary" has been proposed to calculate the processing in a new way which will speed up the computational
processing in an exceptional way (Faghih et al., 2023). In a GPU level research, researcher used Jülich universal
quantum computer simulator (JUQCS–G) that was fast due to advanced GPUs. They tested the computer on
JUWELS Booster, a GPU cluster with 3744 NVIDIA A100 Tensor Core GPUs and JUQCS–G to analyse the
relationship between quantum annealing and quantum optimization algorithm. They surprisingly found
approximate quantum annealing (AQA) (Willsch et al., 2022). Researchers try to explore the Dempster–Shafer
Theory (DST) of AI, which is easy to represent knowledge but less useful in the real world due to a lot of data. To
address this aspect, researchers use Basic Belief Assignment BBA and encode it in a quantum form which is
derived from principles of quantum mechanics. It gave excellent results even for representing belief functions,
analysing similarities between various information, collecting and evidence and transforming probabilities. It all
happened because of quantum computing (Zhou, Tian and Deng, 2023). A Python library, PyQBench was
introduced, which provides a ready-made command line interface CLI to use predefined functionalities. It can
benchmark NICQ devices based on their capability of differentiating two von Neumann measurements
(Jałowiecki, Lewandowska and Pawela, 2023).

3.6 Energy Efficiency

Research reveals an alternative called quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) to address traditional computing
challenges. Researchers have successfully developed small energy-efficient digital circuits using QCA technology
for IoT devices (Al-Khafaji et al., 2023).

3.7 Problem Solving

Quantum also plays an important role in problem solving. Research talks about error or problem checking
techniques without actually running them. Researchers discuss "quantum-while-program" to show how these
techniques are relevant to each other (Feng and Li, 2023). In addition, research also shows the quantum
programs written in Python and D-Wave to analyse which problems are being solved by quantum annealing
(Pérez-Castillo, Jiménez-Navajas and Piattini, 2023). Companies provide services and products. If someone does

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not plan when and where to use these services/products, they are useless. Researchers are trying to solve this
problem with a technique called quantum annealing. Successful experiments have been carried out on the larger
problems of vehicles (Yi et al., 2023).

3.8 Simulation
In discussions surrounding simulation, researchers propose a solution known as DBGA-X to address the quantum
circuit compilation problem (QCCP), facilitating the execution of quantum programs on actual quantum
hardware (Arufe et al., 2023).

3.9 Network Communication

Research has brought blockchain-enabled IoV (Internet of Vehicles) technology to overcome security and privacy
issues on the Internet of Vehicles by not relying on a central entity. Vehicles communicate with each other to
understand the traffic environment without sharing sensitive information (Hildebrand et al., 2023). The idea of
6G emerged to solve tricky problems in optimizing the network by using artificial intelligence, THz (terahertz)
and quantum communications. As a result of this effort, holographic beamforming, AI-powered IoT networks,
edge computing, and backscatter communications are expected (Qadir et al., 2022). In the world of neural
networks, researchers are bringing a new technique called deep residual learning based quantum classical neural
network (Res-QCNN). It will be used to monitor data coming from various devices and understand the IoT data
in a better and faster way (Abd El-Aziz et al., 2022).

3.10 Data Analytics

Quantum is also used for prediction. One study shows how to optimise prediction for bike-sharing. Researchers
used quantum Bayesian networks (a fancy term for a quantum computing method) to make the prediction more
accurate over different days (Harikrishnakumar and Nannapaneni, 2023).

3.11 Quantum and Social Science

The approach known as the quantum urban paradigm seeks to tackle issues across multiple domains of liveability
such as society, environment, and technology. By combining quantum technologies with social sciences, it aims
to improve daily life by, for instance, optimising urban planning and streamlining communication management
(Bashirpour Bonab et al., 2023a). While everyone is talking about the technical side of quantum computing, this
paper adds a new dimension. It discusses the impact of quantum computing on business, politics, solving legal
problems and other such non-technical areas (Ukpabi et al., 2023).

3.12 Quantum and Emerging Technologies

Researchers point out that quantum technologies can improve smart cities in terms of IoT, cloud computing, big
data, smart transport, AI, and blockchain (Bashirpour Bonab et al., 2023b). Traditional von Neumann
architectures can be used to integrate quantum technologies into modern smart city solutions. This integration
of physics-based quantum technologies will represent a new paradigm that differs from current standards.

4. Discussion
Researchers have proposed a new way to keep the user information secure in an advanced IoT environment
using the technique called quantum key pool. The Researchers felt the need for it due to the arrival of advanced
devices in the network. This technique involves the rapid distribution of encryption keys using quantum
technology. It is also a new way to keep smart grid data private on mobile devices. It uses a special method to
manage secret keys and allows users to securely check their data securely. The proposed method is said to be
fast, lightweight, and strong, using three layers of security. However, more research is needed to ensure that
one part of the method works well (Li et al., 2022).
If we look at the security of network communications, researchers have introduced blockchain enabled internet
of Vehicles technology to overcome security and privacy issues in the Internet of Vehicles by not relying on a
central entity. Vehicles communicate with each other to understand the traffic environment without sharing
sensitive information. In addition, the research explores recent advances in Blockchain-based Internet of
Vehicles (BIoV) networks, covering applications like crowdsourcing, energy trading, and traffic management. It
explores collaborative learning, blockchain-enabled hardware security, and the intersection of blockchain and

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quantum computing (Hildebrand et al., 2023). Researchers say that the evolution of wireless networks, such as
5G, is improving the technology, but it is not enough for the growing communication needs. Researchers are
now looking at 6G networks to meet future demands, exploring technologies such as THz communication and
quantum communication for faster data rates (Qadir et al., 2022). Other research has created a quantum-
conventional hybrid neural network has been created, called Res-QCNN, to improve cost function optimization
for deep networks. By using quantum neural networks in a residual structure block, the Res-QCNN training
algorithm allows information to flow efficiently through layers, similar to deep residual learning in classical
artificial neural networks, although it can be run on a standard computer (Abd El-Aziz et al., 2022).
Quantum computing is also making an impact on data security and privacy. In one study, researchers introduced
a quantum colour model called quantum hue, saturation, and lightness (QHTS) based on triple-qubit sequence
encoding. They developed quantum circuits for encoding and retrieving QHTS images using only a few qubits,
improving operability. The study explored applications such as quantum steganography for secure message
embedding and a spatial image fusion algorithm for remote sensing, demonstrating improved embedding
capacity and potential advances in quantum image processing. Future work aims to explore quantum bicubic
interpolation, improve the efficiency of key image generation, and enhance the quality of image fusion using
advanced technologies. The researchers also plan to establish a quantum image fidelity metric (QIFM) for
evaluating QHTS images in various applications (Li et al., 2023). Another study discusses the multi-user level
encryption. In this study, the team has developed a quantum-resistant signcryption scheme that ensures key
invisibility and ciphertext anonymity, addressing security concerns not addressed by many existing schemes. The
size of their encrypted data is small, comparable to SeaSign signatures, and their security analysis accounts for
insider attacks, multi-user settings, and non-repudiation. Additionally, key privacy has been investigated in an
isogeny-based encryption scheme called Hashed-PKE (Shaw and Dutta, 2023).
During this scoping review, we also found a new way to secure data in smart grids using a method called PMAS-
QS. It involves a multi-level privacy-preserving encryption, a quantum key pool for key management, and a data
query method using proxy re-encryption. The proposed scheme is analysed to be efficient, lightweight, and
robust, although the efficiency of the aggregate signcryption aspect is identified for further investigation (Li et
al., 2022). In another research, a new technique called EEC-SDTP is introduced to make IoT edge systems more
energy-efficient and ensures secure data transmission. The technique focuses on selecting optimal
communication hubs (CHs) and secure routes for data transmission by using the OCGOC technique for CH
selection and the SRP-QSPO technique for determining trustworthy routes. The inclusion of trust factors
increases the reliability of node selection, resulting in superior performance compared to existing methods, as
demonstrated by detailed simulation analyses. Future extensions could explore resource allocation and task
scheduling strategies for more efficient use of available resources in IoT edge systems (Padmaa et al., 2022).

5. Conclusion
The research was started to get the answers to our research questions, the first one being that what are the
cyber protection applications of quantum computing (RQ1). This is an important topic to study now, because of
the advancement of network traffic and the versatility of data generation and communication of devices in the
Internet (Internet of Things, IoT). There should be solutions or techniques to overcome these vulnerabilities.
Therefore, we decided to ask that what kind of techniques or methods can be used for cyber protection (RQ2).
Nowadays, different kinds of devices are connected to networks and produce data continuously. We have a fast,
lightweight, and robust method with three layers of security called a quantum key pool for the security of user
information. There are also links between blockchain and quantum technologies. In addition, cost function
optimisation of deep networks has been improved using a quantum-conventional hybrid neural network. Light-
based technologies for data security were presented, with applications in quantum steganography and spatial
image fusion. A quantum-resistant signcryption scheme was also presented. In smart grids, this technology
ensures secure data management. It will improve energy efficiency and secure data transmission in IoT edge
systems with optimised communication hubs and routes, offering potential for further exploration in resource
allocation strategies. The main limitation of this study is that it focuses only on journal articles. In technical areas,
such as quantum computing, many important studies are also published in conferences. It would be beneficial
to extend our research into different areas of quantum computing, including the exploration of quantum-safe
standards, conducting security analyses using quantum computing, and investigating the application of
blockchain in the field of quantum computing. Additionally, further studies could be conducted on the role of
quantum computing in education and training.

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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Emils Bagirovs, Grigory Provodin and Thien Nguyen for their help with data collection and
assistance with database creation. This research was partially supported by the ResilMesh project, funded by
the European Union's Horizon Europe Framework Programme (HORIZON) under grant agreement 101119681.
The authors would like to thank Ms. Tuula Kotikoski for proofreading the manuscript.

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Proceedings of the 23rd European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, ECCWS 2024