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Kippap-Handout-SEC (32 Steel Design - Welds)

BS Civil Engineering (University of Manila)

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DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS CE Board Exam Review

BASIC WELDING PROCESSES: WELDING SYMBOLS

1. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

2. Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
3. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
4. Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
5. Electrogas Welding (EGW)
6. Electroslag Welding (ESW)
7. Stud Welding c) Plug and Slot Welds

TYPES OF WELDS:

1. Groove Welds
a) Complete Joint Penetration (CJP)
b) Partial Joint Penetration
2. Plug and Slot Welds
3. Fillet Welds

d) Fillet Welds

COMMON TYPES OF JOINTS

a) Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds

b) Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welds

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DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS CE Board Exam Review

MINIMUM SIZE OF FILLET WELDS ALTERNATIVE FORMULA FOR STRENGTH OF FILLET WELDS

Material Thickness of the Minimum Size of the Fillet If a load is applied at an angle 𝜃 with respect to the axis of the
Thinner Part Joined, mm Weld[a], mm weld, the strength of the weld is slightly increased. Hence, for
To 6 inclusive 3 a linear weld group, the Code allows an increased nominal
Over 6 to 13 5 strength given by:
Over 13 to 19 6
Over 19 8 𝑹𝒏𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝑬𝑿𝑿 …𝟏. 𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟏.𝟓 𝜽‹(𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝒂) ∙ 𝑳
Effective Throat Dimensions
[a] Leg Dimension of fillet welds. Single pass welds must be
used. If a weld group is concentrically loaded and the elements are
NOMINAL STRENGTH OF FILLET WELDS
oriented both transversely and longitudinally with respect to
The failure of a fillet weld is assumed to be through shearing the load, the Code allows the nominal strength to be given by:
MAXIMUM SIZE OF FILLET WELDS
on the effective area.
𝑹𝒘𝒍 + 𝑹𝒘𝒕
Þ To avoid melting the base metal at the location where the 𝑹𝒏𝒘 = 𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 “
Strength of Weld Metal 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝑹𝒘𝒍 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝑹𝒘𝒕
fillet weld meets the corner/edge, a maximum limit to the
size of the fillet weld is set along edges of connected parts. 𝑹𝒏𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝑬𝑿𝑿 𝒕𝒆 𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝑬𝑿𝑿 (𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝒂)𝑳 *𝑅23 , 𝑅24 – nominal strengths of the longitudinal and
transverse welds using the original formula (ignoring 𝜃)
1. Along edges of materials less than 6 mm (1/4 in) thick: 𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 [𝐋𝐑𝐅𝐃] 𝛀 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 [𝐀𝐒𝐃]
fillet weld is allowed to take the entire thickness of base BALANCED CONNECTION
metal 𝐹'(( – strength of the electrode
In some cases, some axially-loaded members are themselves
2. Along edges of materials 6 mm or more in thickness: 2 mm In some cases, however, the shear strength of the base metal unsymmetrical; hence, the load has some eccentricity with
less than the thickness of the material, unless otherwise along the weld may govern the overall strength of the respect to the weld group. A common instance of this is in
required and/or specified connection. welded connections of angles to gusset plates.
Strength of the Base Metal
EFFECTIVE AREA OF FILLET WELD a) Shear Yielding
Þ The cross-section of a fillet weld is assumed to be a right
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒚 𝑨𝒈
triangle. In most cases, fillets with equal legs (thickness) 𝑎
are used.. The effective area of the weld is equal to the 𝝓 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 [𝐋𝐑𝐅𝐃] 𝛀 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 [𝐀𝐒𝐃]
product of the effective throat, 𝑡! , and the weld length.
b) Shear Rupture
Effective Area = 𝑡! 𝐿 = (𝑎 cos 45°) ∙ 𝐿 ≈ 0.707𝑎𝐿
𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒖 𝑨𝒏𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝒖 𝒂𝑳
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 [𝐋𝐑𝐅𝐃] 𝛀 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 [𝐀𝐒𝐃]

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DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS CE Board Exam Review

To eliminate the eccentricities, the welds must be balanced Load per Unit Length due to Torsion Where:
and must satisfy equilibrium.
𝑻𝒚 𝑳𝟑
Summing forces along the horizontal: 𝑭𝒙 = 𝑰 = žŸ + 𝑳𝒅𝟐
𝑱 𝟏𝟐
𝑷 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 + 𝑭𝟑 𝑻𝒙
𝑭𝒚 = Required Thickness of Weld
𝑱
Summing moments about the centroidal axis of the member: 𝑹𝐦𝐚𝐱
Where: 𝒂= [𝐋𝐑𝐅𝐃]
𝑭𝟏 𝒚𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 𝒚𝟐 = 𝑭𝟑 𝒚𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓(𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝑬𝑿𝑿 )(𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕)
𝑳𝟐 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 ∙ 𝑹𝐦𝐚𝐱
ECCENTRIC LOADING (SHEAR + TORSION) 𝑱 = ž𝑳Ÿ + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒂= [𝐀𝐒𝐃]
𝟏𝟐 (𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝑭𝑬𝑿𝑿 )(𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕)

ECCENTRIC LOADING (SHEAR + BENDING)

Load per Unit Thickness due to Direct Shear

Load per Unit Length due to Direct Shear 𝑷

𝑭𝒚 =
∑𝑳
𝑷𝒙
𝑭𝒙 =
∑𝑳 Load per Unit Thickness due to Bending Moment
𝑷𝒚
𝑭𝒚 = 𝑴𝒄 𝑷𝒆𝒄
∑𝑳 𝑭𝒙 = =
𝑰 𝑰

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DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS CE Board Exam Review

PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Problem 1. A 125 mm x 75 mm x 10 mm angle is connected on its long leg to a gusset plate as

shown. It is to carry a dead load of 75 kN and a live load of 225 kN. Suppose 6 mm balanced fillet
connection is used via SMAW process, using E70 electrodes. A36 steel is used (𝐹; =
248 MPa, 𝐹< = 400 MPa). Neglect the end returns. Use NSCP 2015 LRFD.

1. Considering the strength of the weld metal, what is the required length of the upper weld, in
mm? [167.896]
2. Considering the strength of the weld metal, what is the required length of the bottom weld,
Fig. STD-02
in mm? [320.174]
3. Considering the strength of the base metal, what is the required length of the bottom weld, in
Problem 3. A bracket is welded into the flange of a column as shown in Fig. STD-03. It is subjected
mm? [330.645]
to an eccentric load 𝑃 consisting of 36 kN dead load and 50 kN live load. Suppose E70 electrodes
are used. Assume that the bracket and the column flange are sufficiently strong. Use NSCP 2015
LRFD.

1. What is the maximum force per mm length induced on the welds due to the effect of the
eccentricity? [1.045]
2. What is the maximum force per mm length induced on the welds due to the load? [1.307]
3. What is the required weld size (mm)? [10]

Fig. STD-01

Problem 2. Refer to Fig. STD-02. A double-angle truss member consists of 2-L 150 mm x 100 mm
x 13 mm welded long legs back-to-back to a 10 mm-thick gusset plate. It is to carry a 900 kN load
applied directly through the centroid. Fillet welds 8 mm thick are to be used with E60 electrodes.
A balanced connection is to be designed. Use NSCP 2015 ASD.
1. What is the length of the top weld, 𝐿= (mm)? [181.054]
2. What is the length of the bottom weld, 𝐿> (mm)? [358.954]
3. What is the length of the transverse weld, 𝐿? (mm)? [100.584]
Fig. STD-03

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DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS CE Board Exam Review

Problem 4. Refer to Fig. STD-04. The bracket plate shown is connected to the flange of a column
using E70 fillet welds. The bracket is subjected to a 100 kN vertical service load such that the
welds are subjected to both shear and tension. Assume the column and bracket are sufficiently
strong enough.

1. What is the force per mm length induced on the welds due to direct shear? [0.200]
2. What is the maximum force per mm length induced on the welds due to the load? [0.747]
3. What is the required weld size (mm)? [8]

Fig. STD-04.

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DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS CE Board Exam Review

SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE PROBLEMS:

Problem 1.

𝑃! = 1.2(75) + 1.6(225) = 450 kN

Summing moments about the centroidal axis,

𝐹" 𝑥" = 𝐹# 𝑥#
𝐹" (82) = 𝐹# (43)

𝐹" = 0.524𝐹#
Summing forces along the horizontal,
𝐹" + 𝐹# = 𝑃!

0.524𝐹# + 𝐹# = 450
𝐹# = 295.2 kN
𝐹" = 0.524𝐹# = 154.8 kN

Calculating the required lengths considering strength of the weld metal,

𝐹" 154.8 ∙ 1000
𝐿" = =
0.75(0.60𝐹$%% )(0.707𝑎) 0.75(0.60)(70 ∙ 6.9)(0.707)(6)
𝐿" = 167.896 mm Ans. #1
𝐹# 295.2 ∙ 1000
𝐿# = =
0.75(0.60𝐹$%% )(0.707𝜔) 0.75(0.60)(70 ∙ 6.9)(0.707)(6)
𝐿# = 320.174 mm Ans. #2

Now, considering the strengths per unit length of weld considering the base metal:
Shear Yielding: 𝜙𝑅& = 1.0(0.6)(248)(6) = 892.8 N/mm
Shear Rupture: 𝜙𝑅& = 0.75(0.6)(400)(6) = 1080 N/mm

Shear yielding governs.

𝐹# 295.2 ∙ 1000
𝐿# = =
𝜙𝑅& 892.8
𝐿# = 330.645 mm Ans. #3

*Note: In this problem, the strength of the base metal controls the strength of the connection.

Problem 2.

We assume that each of the angles will carry the same load.
900
𝑃= = 450 kN
2
To avoid excessive eccentricities, we align the transverse weld (Weld 3) to be centered along the centroidal axis of
the angle.
𝐿' = 2(50.292)
𝐿' = 100.584 mm Ans. #3
Weld 3 will carry a force equal to:
0.60𝐹$%% (0.707𝑎)𝐿 0.60(60 ∙ 6.9)(0.707)(8)(100.584)
𝐹' = = ÷ 1000 = 70.658 kN
Ω 2.00
Summing moments about the centroidal axis,
99.708𝐹" = 50.292𝐹#

𝐹" = 0.504𝐹#
Summing forces along the horizontal,

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DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS CE Board Exam Review

𝐹" + 𝐹# + 𝐹' = 𝑃
0.504𝐹# + 𝐹# + 70.658 = 450
𝐹# = 252.156 kN
𝐹" = 0.504𝐹# = 127.186 kN

Calculating the required weld lengths,

𝐹" ∙ Ω 127.186 ∙ 1000 ∙ 2.00
𝐿" = =
(
0.60𝐹$%% 0.707𝑎 ) 0.60(60 ∙ 6.9)(0.707)(8)
𝐿" = 181.054 mm Ans. #1
𝐹# ∙ Ω 252.156 ∙ 1000 ∙ 2.00
𝐿# = =
0.60𝐹$%% (0.707𝑎) 0.60(60 ∙ 6.9)(0.707)(8)
𝐿# = 358.954 mm Ans. #2

Problem 3.

Locating the centroid of the weld group from the line of the transverse weld,
2(150)(100 + 75)
𝑥̅ = = 116.667 mm
3(150)

𝑃! = 1.2(35) + 1.6(50) = 123.2 kN

𝑃!( = 123.2 cos 60° = 61.6 kN →
𝑃!) = 123.2 sin 60° = 106.694 kN ↓

𝑇 = (61.6)(150) + (106.694)(433.333) = 55474.210 kN ∙ mm ↻

150# 150#
𝐽 = 2(150) v + 58.333# + 150# w + (150) v + 116.667# + 0# w = 10.656 x 10* mm'
12 12

Calculating the loads due to direct shear,

𝑃( 61.6
𝑅( = = = 0.137 kN/mm →
∑ 𝐿 3 150)
(
𝑃) 106.694
𝑅) = = = 0.237 kN/mm ↓
∑𝐿 3(150)
Considering equivalent shear due to torsion, the rightmost fiber of the top weld (Point A) will be most stressed, since
the shears due to torsion and direct shear are in the same direction at that location.
Calculating maximum loads due to torsion,
𝑇𝑦 (55474.210)(150)
𝑅( = = = 0.781 kN/mm →
𝐽 10.656 x 10*
𝑇𝑥 (55474.210)(133.333)
𝑅) = = = 0.694 kN/mm ↓
𝐽 10.656 x 10*

𝑅+,-./,& = z0.781# + 0.694#

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DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS CE Board Exam Review

𝑅+,-./,& = 1.045 kN/mm Ans. #1

Calculating the resultant due to the combined effects,

𝑅012 = z(0.137 + 0.781)# + (0.237 + 0.694)#

𝑅012 = 1.307 kN/mm Ans. #2

Now, computing the required weld thickness,

𝑅012 1.307 ∙ 1000
𝑎= =
𝜙(0.60𝐹$%% )(0.707) 0.75(0.60)(70 ∙ 6.9)(0.707)
𝑎 = 8.508 mm, say, 10 mm
∴ Use 10 mm fillet welds. Ans. #3

PROBLEM 4.

Due to direct shear,

𝑃 100
𝑅) = =
∑ 𝐿 2(250)
𝑅) = 0.200 kN/mm Ans. #1

Due to the bending moment,

250'
𝐼 = 2v w = 2.604 x 10* mm'
12

𝑀𝑐 𝑃𝑒𝑐 100(150)(125)
𝑅( = = = = 0.720 kN/mm
𝐼 𝐼 2.604 x 10*
Calculating the maximum total force,

𝑅 = z0.720# + 0.200#
𝑅 = 0.747 kN/mm Ans. #2

Finally, calculating for the required weld size,

𝑅012 ∙ Ω 0.747 ∙ 2.00 ∙ 1000
𝑎= =
0.60𝐹$%% (0.707) 0.60(70 ∙ 6.9)(0.707)
𝑎 = 7.294 mm, say, 8 mm
∴ Use 8 mm fillet welds. Ans. #3

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