PRIVATE PILOT

LESSON PLAN

November 2022
 Stage One: Pre-solo
LESSON 1 - INTRODUCTION TO FLIGHT

LESSON OBJECTIVES
Familiarize student with the privileges, obligations and responsibilities of a private pilot. Introduce student to the airplane and
preflight and postflight procedures, use of checklists and safety precautions. Familiarize student with the effect and use of
flight controls, practice area and local airport.

DISCUSSION / REVIEW

_____ Training and course requirements _____ Ground safety

_____ Required aircraft documents _____ Airplane servicing
BBBBB)LWQHVVKHDOWKIRUIOLJKW ,¶06AFE) _____ Weather briefing basics

INTRODUCE

_____ Preflight procedures _____ Normal takeoff and climb

_____ Use of checklists _____ Climbs and climbing turns
_____ Airplane systems and operations _____ Level off
_____ Equipment checks _____ Straight and level flight
_____ Location of emergency equipment _____ Use of trim
_____ Ground operations / communications _____ Shallow / medium banked turns in both directions
_____ Engine starting and runup _____ Normal approach and landing
_____ Taxiing _____ Postflight procedures
_____ Pre-takeoff checklist

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student will display a basic understanding of aircraft systems, use of checklists, and both pre- and post-flight
procedures. The student will be familiar with the control systems and how they are used to maneuver the airplane on the
ground and in the air.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Prior to Lesson 2, Four Fundamentals of Flight:

_____ Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
ƒ Principles of Flight (Ch. 3) _____ AIM
ƒ Sections 5-5-8; 8-1-6; 8-1-8
_____ Airplane Flying Handbook
ƒ Ground Operations (Ch. 2) _____ FAR
ƒ Basic Flight Maneuvers (Ch. 3) ƒ Sections 61.3; 61.23; 61.51(i); 61.57 subpart E;
sections 91.203; 91.9

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 Stage One: Pre-solo
LESSON 2 – FOUR FUNDAMENTALS OF FLIGHT

LESSON OBJECTIVES
The student will develop skills and gain proficiency in performing the four basic flight maneuvers (straight-and-level, turns,
climbs and descents). Introduce student to radio communication procedures and ground reference maneuvers.

DISCUSSION / REVIEW

_____ Preflight activities _____ Flight instruments and their purpose

_____ Ground operations _____ Collision avoidance precautions
_____ Ground communications _____Training area and minimum altitudes
_____ Weather factors

INTRODUCE

_____ Cockpit management _____ Turns to headings

_____ Radio communications procedures _____ Descents and descending turns
_____ Airport / runway markings / lighting ƒ Cruise descent
ƒ Traffic pattern descent
_____ Traffic pattern entry and departure procedures ƒ Power-off glide
_____ Straight and level flight _____ Level off from climbs and descents
_____ Climbs and climbing turns _____ Torque effects
ƒ Cruise
ƒ Best rate of climb (Vy) _____ Normal approach and landings
ƒ Best angle of climb (Vx)

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student will have knowledge of aircraft systems and the necessity of checking their operation before flight. The student
will be familiar with the control systems and how they are used to maneuver the airplane on the ground and in the air. The
student will be able to perform takeoffs with instructor assistance.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Prior to Lesson 3, Basic Instrument Maneuvers:

_____ Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
ƒ Principles of Flight (Ch. 3)
ƒ Aerodynamics of Flight (Ch. 4)
_____ Airplane Flying Handbook
ƒ Integrated Flight Instruction (Ch. 3, p. 3)

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 Stage One: Pre-solo
LESSON 3 – BASIC & INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS

OBJECTIVES
,PSURYHVWXGHQW¶VSURILFLHQF\LQWKHIRXUIXQGDPHQWDOVRIIOLJKWDQGLQWURGXFHVWXGHQWWREDVLF instrument maneuvers.

DISCUSSION / REVIEW

_____ Collision-avoidance procedures

_____ Flight instruments and their purpose

INTRODUCE

_____ Taxiing in a crosswind

_____ Attitude instrument flying
_____ Straight-and-level flight
_____ Straight, constant airspeed climbs
_____ Straight, constant airspeed descent
_____ Slow flight
_____ Turns to a heading

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student will be able to perform takeoffs with instructor assistance. Preflight activities are accurately conducted and the
student displays an increased understanding and proficiency in coordinated airplane control. The student should be familiar
with the control usage necessary to maintain an altitude within 250 feet during airspeed changes. The student understands
the basic instrument maneuvers.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
Prior to Lesson 4, Slow Flight and Stalls:
_____ Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
ƒ Aircraft Structure (Ch. 2)
ƒ Aerodynamics of Flight (Ch. 3)
ƒ Stalls (Ch. 4-22, 4-32)
ƒ Airspeed (Ch. 8-2)

_____ Airplane Flying Handbook

ƒ Slow Flight, Stalls and Spins (Ch. 4)

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 Stage One: Pre-solo
LESSON 4 – SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS

OBJECTIVES
The student will review airspeed control maneuvers, demonstrate increased proficiency in performing slow flight, and be
introduced to stalls from various flight conditions to increase understanding of airplane control during normal and critical
flight conditions.

DISCUSSION / REVIEW

_____ Fundamentals of slow flight and stalls

_____ Spin awareness

INTRODUCE

_____ Flights at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight

_____ Maneuvering during slow flight emphasizing correct use of rudder to negate increased adverse yaw at slow airspeeds
_____ Power-off stalls recognition and recovery
_____ Power-on stalls recognition and recovery
_____ Descents with and without using high and low drag configuration

COMPLETION STANDARDS
Student demonstrates correct communications and traffic pattern procedures. Proficient in preflight inspection, engine start-
up, taxi, pre-takeoff check, and postflight procedures without instructor assistance. Displays understanding of slow flight,
indications of approaching stall, proper recovery procedures, and conditions necessary for a spin to occur. Altitude, heading,
and airspeed at or near PTS standards.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Prior to Lesson 5, Emergency Procedures:

_____ Airplane Flying Handbook
ƒ Emergency Procedures (Ch. 16)
_____ Aeronautical Information Manual
ƒ Emergency Procedures (Ch. 6)
_____ Pilot’s Operating Handbook
ƒ Review emergency procedures and checklists

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 Stage One: Pre-solo
LESSON 5 – EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

OBJECTIVES
The student will practice the maneuvers from the previous lesson to gain additional proficiency and demonstrate the ability
to recognize and recover from imminent and full stalls. The student will also gain an understanding of emergency operations
and an increased understanding of slow flight and stall recognition and recovery.

DISCUSSION / REVIEW

_____ Types of possible emergencies

_____ Emergency procedures (checklists)
_____ Use of all available resources in an emergency situation
_____ Human factors and symptoms
_____ Emergency equipment and survival gear

INTRODUCE

_____ Emergency approach and landing

_____ Emergency descents
_____ Systems and equipment malfunctions
_____ Engine failure in different segments of flight and aircraft configurations
_____ Recovery from bouncing and ballooning during landing
_____ Balked landings (go-arounds)

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student displays increased proficiency with control of airplane and performs unassisted takeoffs. The student is familiar
with the procedures used during emergency approach and landing situations. The student also demonstrates appropriate
procedures for stall set-up and recovery and improved performance with regard to maneuvering at critically slow airspeed.
The student performs landings with minimal instructor assistance.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Prior to Lesson 6, Steep Turns / Ground Reference Maneuvers:

_____ Airplane Flying Handbook
ƒ Ground Reference Maneuvers (Ch. 6)
ƒ Performance Maneuvers (Ch. 9-1)

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 Stage One: Pre-solo
LESSON 6 – STEEP TURNS / GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS

OBJECTIVES
The student will gain proficiency in ground reference maneuvers, steep turns and full stalls. Maneuvering at critically slow
airspeeds is introduced by instrument reference.

DISCUSSION / REVIEW

_____ Integrated flight

_____ Fundamentals of ground reference maneuvers

INTRODUCE

_____ Steep turns (IR)

_____ Rectangular courses
_____ S-turns across a road
_____ Turns around a point
_____ Maneuvering at critically slow airspeeds (IR)
_____ Power-off stalls (full)
_____ Power-on stalls (full)
_____ Wake turbulence avoidance

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student displays proper entry procedures and understands how to maintain a specific ground track during performing of
ground reference maneuvers. Demonstrates increased proficiency in emergency procedures. Altitude, airspeed and heading
within PTS standards during straight and level flight.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Prior to Lesson 7, Slips/Crosswind Landings and Takeoffs:

_____ Airplane Flying Handbook
ƒ Crosswind Takeoff (Ch. 5, p.5)
ƒ Crosswind Approach and Landing (Ch. 8)
_____ Review previously assigned reading material

MEWORK ASSIGNMENT

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 Stage One: Pre-solo
LESSON 7 – SLIPS / CROSSWIND LANDINGS & TAKEOFFS

OBJECTIVES
This lesson is a review of previous lessons in order for the student to gain proficiency in basic flight maneuvers and increase
WKHVWXGHQW¶VFRPIRUWOHYHOZLWKWKHDLUSODQHLQYDULRXVsegments of flight. Additionally, crosswind takeoffs and landings are
introduced so the student may begin to learn these procedures during varying wind conditions.

DISCUSSION / REVIEW
_____ Pilot-in-command (PIC) responsibility and _____ Steep turns
authority _____ Emergency approach and landings
_____ Elements of basic instrument maneuvers _____ Ground reference maneuvers
_____ Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings _____ Recovery from faulty approaches and landings
_____ Traffic pattern operations _____ Go-arounds from a rejected landing, go-arounds
_____ Radio phraseology from final approach and from the landing flare in
_____ Maneuvering during slow flight various configurations, including turns
_____ Power-off stall _____ Wake turbulence avoidance
_____ Power-on stall

INTRODUCE

_____ Forward slip to a landing

_____ Sideslip to a landing
_____ Crosswind takeoff and climb
_____ Crosswind approach and landings
_____ ATC light signals
_____ Forced landing procedures initiated at take-off, during initial climb, cruise, descents, and in the landing pattern.

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student will initiate a timely recovery from full stalls in takeoff and landing configurations; determine wind direction and
make appropriate corrections in the traffic pattern; demonstrate an understanding of how the slip is used to perform
crosswind landings; and make sound judgments as to the necessity for a go-around.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Prior to Lesson 8, Traffic Pattern Review:

_____ AIM
ƒ Airport Operations (Section 4.3)
_____ Airplane Flying Handbook
ƒ Airport Traffic Patterns (Ch. 7)
MEWORK ASSIGNMENT

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 Stage One: Pre-solo
LESSON 8 – TRAFFIC PATTERN REVIEW

OBJECTIVES
This lesson is a review of material from previous lessons, with the goal to perfect traffic pattern operations and practice
takeoffs and landings.

DISCUSSION / REVIEW

_____ Traffic pattern operations

_____ Radio phraseology

INTRODUCE

_____ Traffic pattern engine-out procedures

_____ Controlled / uncontrolled field operations

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student performs takeoffs and landings without assistance from instructor. Enters traffic pattern properly and maintains
proper ground track, adjusting for traffic and wind. Shows awareness of surrounding traffic.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Prior to Lesson 9, Maneuvers Review:

_____ Airplane Flying Handbook
ƒ Takeoffs and Departure Climbs (Ch. 5)
ƒ Approaches and Landings (Ch. 8)
_____ Review Pilot’s Operating Handbook

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 Stage One: Pre-solo
LESSON 9 – MANEUVERS REVIEW

OBJECTIVES
During the lesson the student will practice the review maneuvers to gain proficiency.

DISCUSSION / REVIEW

_____ Weather information

_____ Performance / limitations
_____ Aeromedical factors
_____ Go-arounds from a rejected landing
_____ Forward slips to landings
_____ Sideslips to a landing
_____ Crosswind takeoff and climb
_____ Crosswind approach and landings
_____ Forced landing procedures initiated at take-off, during initial climb, cruise, descents, and in the landing pattern

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student will be able to fly the above maneuvers to the proficiency level prescribed by the PTS with instructor critique
and suggested methods to overcome deficiencies.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Prior to Lesson 10, Instrument Flight Maneuvers:

_____ Instrument Flying Handbook
ƒ Chapter 5
_____ Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
ƒ Chapter 6 (discussion of inclinometers)

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 Stage One: Pre-solo
LESSON 10 – INSTRUMENT FLIGHT MANEUVERS

OBJECTIVES
During this lesson, the student will practice instrument flight maneuvers, and takeoffs and landings in preparation for solo
flight.

DISCUSSION / REVIEW

_____Straight-and-level flight (VR-IR)

_____Steep turns (VR-IR)
_____Straight, constant airspeed descents (VR-IR)
_____Climbing and descending turns
_____Turns to headings (IR)
_____Crosswind takeoff and climb
_____Crosswind approach and landing
_____Go-around from a rejected landing
_____Forward slips to landing
_____Sideslips to a landing
_____Emergency approach and landing
_____ATC light signals
_____Forced landing procedures initiated at takeoff, during initial climb, cruise, descents, and in the landing pattern

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student demonstrates increased skill in instrument scan and interpretation during instrument flight. Conducts takeoffs,
landings, and go-DURXQGVZLWKRXWWKHLQVWUXFWRU¶VDVVLVWDQFH'HPRQVWUDWHVUHDGLQHVVIRUVRORIOLJKWLQWKHWUDIILFSDWWHUQ
Indicates thorough understanding of local airport and airspace rules, as well as systems and equipment malfunctions.
Demonstrates mature PIC decision-making ability.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Prior to Lesson 11, Pre-Solo Preparation:

_____ Federal Aviation Regulations

ƒ Review 14 CFR 61.87 ± Solo requirements for student pilots

_____ Review airport/facilities directory data on airport at which solo will occur
_____ Practice getting weather briefings and evaluating suitability of conditions

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 Stage One: Pre-solo
LESSON 11 – PRE-SOLO PREPARATION

OBJECTIVES
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any faulty performance areas.

DISCUSSION / REVIEW
_____ Operation of systems _____ Stalls and recovery
_____ Preflight inspection _____ Spin awareness
_____ Engine starting _____ Steep turns
_____ Radio communications _____ Ground reference maneuvers
_____ Normal and crosswind taxiing _____ Systems and equipment malfunctions
_____ Pre-takeoff check _____ Emergency procedures
_____ Normal and crosswind takeoff _____ Traffic patterns
_____ Power-off stalls (full) _____ Forward slips to landing
_____ Power-on stalls (full) _____ Go-arounds from rejected landings
_____ Maneuvering at critically slow airspeeds _____ Normal and crosswind approach and landing
_____ Climbing and descending turns _____ PIC responsibility and authority
_____ Straight-and-level flight _____ Flight by reference to instruments
_____ Turns to headings _____ Forced landing procedures

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student demonstrates readiness for solo flight in the traffic pattern. Indicates good understanding of local airport and
airspace rules, and systems and equipment malfunctions. Demonstrates mature PIC decision-making authority as well as
competence and proficiency levels for the relevant maneuvers prescribed in the PTS.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Prior to Lesson 12, First Solo:

_____ Read Federal Aviation Regulations on solo requirements for student pilots, § 61.87
_____ Review the airport/facilities directory data on airport where solo will occur
_____ Review operating limitations in the POH

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 Stage One: Pre-solo
LESSON 12 – FIRST SOLO

OBJECTIVES
Prior to this flight, the instructor will have administered the presolo written exam. During the dual portion of the lesson, the
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the lesson, the student will conduct the first solo flight in the local traffic pattern.

DISCUSSION / REVIEW
_____ Student questions _____ Preflight preparations and procedures
_____ Endorse logbook and student pilot certificate _____ Airport operations
_____ Engine starting _____ Radio communications
_____ Radio communications _____ Taxi
_____ Normal and/or crosswind taxi _____ Pre-takeoff check
_____ Pre-takeoff check _____ Normal takeoffs and climbs
_____ Normal takeoffs _____ Traffic pattern operations
_____ Traffic pattern operations _____ Normal approaches and landings
_____ Go-around from a rejected landing _____ Emergency procedures
_____ Normal landings _____ Supervised solo
_____ Postflight procedures

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student successfully accomplishes a supervised solo as directed by the instructor. At no time was the safety of the flight
in question.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

_____ Review previously assigned reading material

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 Stage One: Pre-solo
LESSON 13 – STAGE CHECK

OBJECTIVES
7KHLQVWUXFWRUHYDOXDWHVWKHVWXGHQW¶VVRORDELOLWLHVWRGHWHUPLQHLIWKHVWXGHQWFDQVDIHO\GHpart the traffic pattern, conduct
solo flights in the practice area and exercise the privileges associated with solo operation of the aircraft, and return to the
airport and land without instructor assistance.

REVIEW - DUAL
_____ &RQILUPVWXGHQWV¶DZDUHQHss of local practice area _____ Maneuvering during slow flight
boundaries _____ Collision avoidance precautions
_____ Random V speeds and systems operation _____ Stall / spin awareness and recovery
_____ Human factors checklist _____ Go-arounds
_____ Basic aerodynamics _____ En route emergency procedures
_____ Airspace and use of charts _____ Emergency approach and landing
_____ Description of maneuvers _____ S-turns
_____ Student pilot limitations and privileges _____ Forward slip to a landing
_____ Airport procedures _____ Radio communications
_____ Performance criteria _____ Radio and systems failure
_____ Runway incursion avoidance _____ Flight by reference to instruments
_____ Wake turbulence avoidance

REVIEW - SOLO
_____ Radio communications _____ Traffic pattern
_____ Power-off stalls and recovery _____ Normal and crosswind approach and landing
_____ Normal and crosswind takeoff and climb _____ Postflight procedures

COMPLETION STANDARDS
This lesson and Stage One are complete when the student can competently perform preflight duties and all other
procedures necessary for the safe conduct of solo flights in the local practice area. Demonstrates the ability to depart
DLUSRUWILQGORFDOSUDFWLFHDUHDDQGUHWXUQWRWKHDLUSRUWZLWKRXWWKHLQVWUXFWRU¶VDssistance. At the discretion of the instructor,
any remedial training may be given to correct for poor techniques in executing any of the above maneuvers, navigation and
communication techniques.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Prior to Lesson 14, Performance Takeoffs and Landings:

_____ Airplane Flying Handbook

ƒ Review Takeoff and Departure Climbs (Ch. 5) and Approaches and Landings (Ch. 8)

_____ Review the Pilot’s Operating Handbook procedures for short- and soft-field operations

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 Stage Two: Solo

LESSON 14 – PERFORMANCE TAKEOFFS AND LANDINGS

OBJECTIVES
The student will learn to obtain the maximum takeoff and landing performance from the training aircraft. The student will be
introduced to varying runway conditions and develop skill during takeoff and landing.

REVIEW - DUAL

_____ Performance computation

_____ Elements related to performance takeoffs and landings
_____ Rectangular courses
_____ Turns around a point
_____ S-turns across a road
_____ Maneuvering at critically slow airspeeds
_____ Flight at slow airspeeds with realistic distractions
_____ Recognition of the danger of low level stalls and the completion standards

INTRODUCE

_____ Short-field takeoff and climb

_____ Soft-field takeoff and climb
_____ Short-field approach and landing
_____ Soft-field approach and landing

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student is able to explain what runway conditions necessitate the use of soft-field and short-field takeoff and landing
techniques and demonstrates the correct procedure to be used under these conditions, although proficiency will not be at
the private pilot level. At no time will successful outcome of each task be in doubt.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Prior to Lesson 15, Solo Practice:

_____ Aeronautical Information Manual

ƒ Research in AIM any flight operations questions that arose during solo

_____ Review Pilot’s Operating Handbook

_____ Review Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
ƒ Airspace (Ch. 14)

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 Stage Two: Solo
LESSON 15 – SOLO PRACTICE

OBJECTIVES
Increase student proficiency with solo takeoffs and landings.

REVIEW
_____ Traffic pattern procedures _____ S-turns across a road
_____ Radio communications _____ Turns around a point
_____ Taxiing _____ Short-field takeoffs and landings
_____ Pre-takeoff check _____ Soft-field takeoffs and landings
_____ Traffic patterns _____ After landing procedures
_____ Power-off stalls _____ Parking and securing
_____ Power on stalls

REVIEW - SOLO
_____ Normal and/or crosswind takeoffs and climbs
_____ Maneuvering at critically slow airspeeds
_____ S-turns across a road
_____ Steep turns
_____ Turns around a point
_____ Rectangular course
_____ Normal / crosswind approach and landing

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student demonstrates safe and competent solo flights in the traffic pattern; exercises sound judgment (executes go-
around, if necessary); complete all maneuvers to PTS standards; and critiques his/her own performance while identifying
any errors and the appropriate corrective actions for those errors.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Prior to Lesson 16, Navigation:

_____ Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

ƒ Navigation (Ch. 15)

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 Stage Two: Solo
LESSON 16 – NAVIGATION

OBJECTIVES
7KHVWXGHQWLVLQWURGXFHGWRWKHWUDLQLQJDLUFUDIW¶VQDYLJDWLRQV\VWHP and VFR navigation procedures to determine position
and track a specified course.

DISCUSSION / REVIEW

_____ Use of VOR systems to include identification and tracking VOR signals
_____ Navigation by pilotage
_____ Use of aeronautical charts

INTRODUCE

_____ VOR orientation and tracking

_____ ADF orientation and tracking (if applicable)
_____ GPS orientation and tracking (if applicable)
_____ Emergency descents using radio aids or radar vectors
_____ Use of airplane navigation systems in emergency situations

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student displays an understanding of the use of aircraft navigation systems.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Prior to Lesson 17, Introduction to Cross-Country Flight:

_____ Pilot’s Operating Handbook

ƒ Study cruise performance and fuel consumption calculations as given in the performance charts

_____ Aeronautical Information Manual

ƒ Review airspace in Chapter 3

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 Stage Three ± Cross-Country
LESSON 17 – INTRO TO DUAL CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT

OBJECTIVES
The student is introduced to the procedures and the techniques to be used during the cross-country flight, including flight
planning, pilotage and dead reckoning, navigation systems, diversion to an alternate airport and lost procedures.

REVIEW / INTRODUCE
Cross-Country Flight Planning
_____ Sectional charts _____ FAA flight plan (format, opening & closing)
_____ Adverse weather conditions _____ NOTAMS (D, FDC)
_____ Airport Facility Directory _____ Weight and balance computation
_____ Route selection _____ Cockpit management
_____ Obtaining weather information _____ Aeromedical factors
_____ Determining performance and limitations _____ Estimates of groundspeed / ETA / fuel consumption
_____ Navigational aids

Cross-County Flight
_____ Departure _____ Power settings and fuel mixture control
_____ Opening flight plan _____ Diversion to an alternate airport
_____ Course interception _____ Position fix by radio aids
_____ Pilotage, use of magnetic compass _____ Flight on Federal airways
_____ Dead reckoning _____ Use of approach and departure control
_____ Obtaining in-flight weather information _____ Operations at unfamiliar airports
_____ VOR navigation _____ Controlled and uncontrolled airports
_____ ADF navigation (if applicable)

Instrument Flight
_____ VOR tracking _____ ADF homing (if applicable) _____ Use of radar vectoring

Safety Procedures / Emergency Operations

_____ System and equipment malfunction _____ Lost procedures
_____ Emergency approach and landing _____ Collision avoidance precautions
_____ Recognition of critical weather _____ Emergency go-arounds
_____ Estimating in-flight visibility

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student demonstrates the skill to control the aircraft during a cross-country flight, is able to perform cross-country flight
planning, making necessary corrections to ensure proper course, computing groundspeed, ETA and fuel consumption.
Displays ability to navigate by means of pilotage and dead reckoning and by any other navigational systems. Understands
how to perform lost procedures and a diversion to an alternate airport. Arrives at ETA within three minutes (recalculating
groundspeed based on changed winds).

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
Prior to Lesson 18, Introduction to Night Flight:
_____ Federal Aviation Regulations
ƒ Review 14 CFR 61.109 (night flying requirements for private pilots)
_____ Airplane Flying Handbook
ƒ Night Operations (Ch. 10)

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 Stage Three ± Cross-Country
LESSON 18 – INTRODUCTION TO NIGHT FLIGHT

OBJECTIVES
The student is introduced to the operational aspects of night flight. Special emphasis is placed on the student learning the
additional planning and flight considerations necessary when operating in the night environment.

DISCUSSION / REVIEW
_____ Preparation techniques for night flying _____ Cockpit management
_____ Flight planning considerations _____Taxiing
_____ Route selection _____Pre-takeoff checks
_____ Night scanning techniques and collision avoidance _____Normal takeoffs and landings
_____ Night flying regulations _____Traffic pattern
_____ Night VFR fuel requirements _____Go-arounds
_____ Visual illusions _____Recovery from unusual flight attitudes
_____ Night vision _____System and equipment malfunction
_____ Disorientation _____Maneuvering during slow flight
_____ Aircraft, airport and obstruction lighting _____Recovery from power off and on stalls
_____ Personal equipment and preparation _____VFR navigation
_____ Flight by reference to instruments _____Normal takeoffs and climbs
_____ Emergency procedures at night _____Normal approaches and landings

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student displays an understanding of the importance of attitude control. Demonstrates ability to return to airport using all
available resources.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
Prior to Lesson 19, Night Cross-Country:

_____ Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

ƒ Review Chapters 9-17

_____ Review previously assigned reading material

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 Stage Three ± Cross-Country
LESSON 19 – NIGHT CROSS-COUNTRY

OBJECTIVES
The student is introduced to night cross-country procedures and the proper techniques to be used during flights out of the
local training area and prepares the student for solo cross-country flight.

DISCUSSION / REVIEW
_____ Preflight and taxiing techniques _____ Navigation log
_____ Sectional charts _____ Weight and balance computation
_____ Use of flight publications _____ Cockpit management
_____ Route selection and basic navigation procedures _____ Night VFR fuel requirements
_____ Airspace rules _____ Aeromedical factors
_____ Obtaining weather information _____ Emergency operations
_____ Determine performance and limitations _____ Lost procedures

COMPLETION STANDARDS
The student demonstrates the skill to perform cross-country flights at night. This includes accurate and complete preflight
planning, weather analysis, use of FAA publications and charts, adherence to the preplanned flight and the use of pilotage,
dead reckoning, and radio navigation.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Prior to Lesson 20, Solo Cross-Country:

_____ Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

ƒ Airport Operations (Ch. 13)

_____ Practice obtaining weather briefings and making go/no-go decisions based on the information provided

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 Stage Three ± Cross-Country
LESSON 20 – SOLO CROSS-COUNTRY

OBJECTIVES
Use of previously gained knowledge and skills to complete a solo cross-country flight.

DISCUSSION / REVIEW
_____ Student conducts solo cross-country briefing with _____ Aeronautical decision making
instructor _____ Cockpit management
_____ Required documents and endorsements _____ Computing groundspeed, ETA and fuel
_____ Determining performance and weight and balance requirements
_____ Basic VFR weather minimums _____ VOR interception and tracking
_____ Airspace rules _____ Use of navigation log
_____ En route communications _____ Filing, opening and closing FAA flight plan
_____ ATC services _____ VOR and ADF navigation
_____ En route weather information _____ Pilotage
_____ Lost procedures _____ Dead reckoning
_____ Emergency operations _____ Use of controlled and uncontrolled airports
_____ Diversions (e.g., unfamiliar airports) _____ At least one landing more than 50 n.m. from
_____ ATC light signals departure airport

COMPLETION STANDARDS
Demonstrates cross-country proficiency by completing the flight as planned and without incident in accordance with FAR
61.109(a)(5)(ii). Additionally, during the postflight evaluation, the student will show an understanding of the procedures to be
followed at unfamiliar airports. The instructor should review the completed navigation log during the postflight evaluation to
determine whether it was completed and used correctly.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
Prior to Lesson 21, Practical Test Preparation:

_____ Review Practical Test Standards

ƒ Be sure that maneuvers will be practiced to tolerances equal to or exceeding the requirements, and to become
familiar with the flight-testing process.

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 Stage Four: Test Preparation
LESSON 21 – PRACTICAL TEST PREPARATION

OBJECTIVES
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DISCUSSION / REVIEW
_____ Applicable performance criteria _____ Steep turns
_____ Applicable rules _____ Maneuvering during slow flight
_____ Minimum equipment list _____ Stalls and recovery
_____ Cross-country flight planning _____ Emergency procedures
_____ Airplane logbook entries _____ Flight by reference to instruments
_____ Preflight inspection _____ Pilot in command authority and responsibility
_____ Cockpit resource management _____ Collision avoidance precautions
_____ Aeronautical decision making _____ Traffic pattern operations
_____ Engine starting _____ Short-field approach and landing
_____ Radio communications _____ Soft-field approach and landing
_____ Airport and runway markings and lighting _____ Forward slip to landing
_____ Normal and crosswind taxiing _____ Go-around
_____ Pre-takeoff check _____ Wake turbulence avoidance
_____ Short-field takeoff and climb _____ Ground reference maneuvers
_____ Soft-field takeoff and climb _____ Emergency procedures
_____ Navigation procedures _____ Flight by reference to instruments
_____ Diversion procedures _____ After-landing procedures
_____ Post-flight procedures

COMPLETION STANDARDS
Demonstrates mastery of designated maneuvers and knowledge items. Altitude, heading, and airspeed meet or exceed PTS
standards. Any maneuvers that do not meet PTS standards should be reviewed with the student and assigned for solo
practice

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
_____ Federal Aviation Regulations
ƒ Verify that aeronautical experience requirements in the federal aviation regulations have been, or will be, met for
the desired pilot certificate at the end of the training program.
_____ Pilot’s Operating Handbook
ƒ Review operating speeds for yoXUDLUFUDIWV\VWHPVLQIRUPDWLRQDQGHPHUJHQF\SURFHGXUHVLQWKH3LORW¶V2SHUDWLQJ
handbook.

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