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ATTITUDE OF OLDER GENERATION

TOWARDS MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT


FOR YOUNGER GENERATION

SANIYA PATIL
INDIVIDUAL SCALE
Beauty Contests Making Beauty Standards Even More Unachievable

INTRODUCTION:
In an age where social media and digital platforms dominate our interactions, the
concept of beauty has become increasingly complex and multifaceted. Beauty
contests, once celebrated as showcases of talent and grace, have evolved into
institutions that often reinforce narrow and unrealistic standards of attractiveness.
These contests, while ostensibly designed to celebrate beauty, frequently
perpetuate ideals that are not only unattainable for the average person but also
detrimental to societal perceptions of self-worth and identity. The glorification of
specific physical traits youth, slimness, and flawless skin creates a benchmark
that many women and men feel pressured to meet, leading to a myriad of
psychological and social consequences. The images presented in beauty contests
are meticulously curated, often involving extensive makeup, hairstyling, and even
surgical enhancements. Contestants are frequently subjected to rigorous training
regimens, strict diets, and the pressure to conform to a singular vision of beauty
that is heavily influenced by cultural and media narratives. This portrayal of
beauty is not merely a reflection of individual choice; it is a constructed ideal that
is disseminated through various forms of media, reinforcing the notion that
beauty is synonymous with specific physical attributes. Consequently, the
average person may find themselves grappling with feelings of inadequacy and
self-doubt, as they are bombarded with images of contestants who epitomize an
often unattainable standard. The psychological impact of these beauty ideals
cannot be overstated. Studies have shown that exposure to idealized images can
lead to body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and a host of mental health issues,
including anxiety and depression. Many individuals, particularly young girls and
women, internalize the belief that their worth is intrinsically tied to their
appearance. This fixation on physical beauty can overshadow the importance of
personal attributes such as intelligence, creativity, and kindness, which are
equally, if not more, valuable. The pressure to conform to these ideals can result
in harmful behaviors, including disordered eating, excessive exercise, and even
cosmetic surgery, as individuals strive to align themselves with a narrow
definition of beauty. Moreover, beauty contests often reinforce cultural
stereotypes and biases, marginalizing those who do not fit the conventional mold.
The representation of beauty in these contests tends to favour certain racial and
ethnic groups, body types, and age ranges, perpetuating a homogenized version
of attractiveness that excludes a vast array of human diversity. This exclusion
sends a damaging message to society at large, suggesting that beauty is a privilege
reserved for a select few, rather than a quality that can be found in all individuals,
regardless of their background or appearance. As we navigate a world
increasingly defined by visual representation, it is crucial to challenge these
entrenched norms and advocate for a broader, more inclusive understanding of
beauty. The rise of body positivity movements and diverse representation in
media offers a glimmer of hope, pushing back against the unrealistic standards
perpetuated by beauty contests. However, the journey toward a more inclusive
definition of beauty requires collective effort an acknowledgment that beauty is
not a one-size-fits-all concept but rather a rich tapestry of individuality and
authenticity. While beauty contests may be framed as platforms for empowerment
and celebration, they often contribute to a culture of unattainable beauty standards
that can have lasting negative effects on individuals and society. It is imperative
to recognize and address these issues, fostering a healthier, more inclusive
definition of beauty that values authenticity and diversity over superficial
appearances. Only then can we begin to dismantle the harmful ideals that have
long governed our perceptions of beauty and self-worth.

PURPOSE OF THE SCALE:


Purpose of the Scale: Evaluating the Impact of Beauty Contests on Beauty
Standards
The purpose of assessing the impact of beauty contests on societal beauty
standards is multifaceted, aiming to illuminate the profound effects these contests
have on individual self-perception, cultural norms, and the broader understanding
of beauty. At its core, this evaluation seeks to uncover how beauty contests
contribute to the perpetuation of unrealistic beauty ideals that can lead to
significant psychological and social consequences. Firstly, by analyzing the
criteria and ideals promoted in beauty contests, we can better understand the
narrow definitions of beauty that are often celebrated. These contests frequently
prioritize specific physical attributes such as body size, skin tone, and age while
marginalizing diverse representations of beauty. This skewed portrayal can foster
feelings of inadequacy among individuals who do not conform to these standards,
leading to issues such as body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and mental health
struggles. Secondly, the evaluation serves to highlight the role of media in
amplifying these unrealistic standards. Beauty contests are heavily publicized and
marketed, influencing public perception and societal norms. By examining the
media's portrayal of contestants and the narratives surrounding beauty contests,
we can discern how these representations shape collective beliefs about
attractiveness and worth. Additionally, this analysis aims to promote awareness
and encourage critical discourse around beauty standards. By fostering
discussions about the implications of beauty contests, we can challenge the status
quo and advocate for a more inclusive and diverse understanding of beauty. This
involves recognizing and celebrating the richness of individual differences,
moving away from a singular ideal toward a more holistic appreciation of beauty
in all its forms. Ultimately, the purpose of evaluating the impact of beauty
contests on beauty standards is to advocate for change encouraging a cultural shift
that values authenticity, diversity, and self-acceptance over superficial
appearances. By doing so, we can work towards dismantling the unrealistic ideals
that have long dominated societal perceptions of beauty, fostering a healthier
environment for future generations.

COMPONENTS:

1. EMPHASIS ON PHYSICAL APPEARANCE


2. PRESSURE TO CONTESTANTS
3. MEDIA INFLUNCE
4. STEREOTYPICAL REPRESENTATIONS
5. CULTURAL INFLUENCE
6. EMPOWERMENT
7. OBJECTIFICATION

LITERATURE REVIEW:

1. Francis Arackal Thummy(2020)- The Concept Of Beauty In The Media:


How the media propgates.
In his 2020 work, "The Concept of Beauty in the Media: How the Media
Propagates," Francis Arackal Thummy delves into the intricate relationship
between media representations and societal perceptions of beauty. Thummy
argues that the media plays a pivotal role in shaping and perpetuating specific
beauty ideals, which often reflect narrow and unrealistic standards. Through
various platforms ranging from traditional outlets like television and magazines
to modern social media these ideals are disseminated widely, influencing
individual self-esteem and cultural norms. By critically examining the portrayal
of beauty across different media, Thummy highlights the implications of these
representations on diverse demographics, the psychological impact on audiences,
and the commercial motivations behind beauty narratives. Ultimately, the work
calls for a reevaluation of media practices to foster a more inclusive and realistic
understanding of beauty that embraces diversity and promotes self-acceptance.

2. Naomi Wolf (2013)- The Beauty Myth: how images of beauty are used
against women
In her influential work, "The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty Are Used
Against Women," Naomi Wolf examines the pervasive and often detrimental
impact of beauty standards on women's lives. Published in 2013, Wolf's book
argues that societal ideals of beauty, propagated through media and culture, serve
as a powerful tool of oppression, reinforcing gender inequalities and limiting
women's potential. She contends that these standards are not merely aesthetic but
are deeply intertwined with social, political, and economic structures that seek to
control and define women's worth. By analyzing the ways in which images of
beauty are constructed and disseminated, Wolf critiques the unrealistic
expectations placed upon women, revealing how these ideals can lead to issues
such as body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and the commodification of female
identity. Ultimately, "The Beauty Myth" serves as a call to action, urging women
to challenge these harmful narratives and reclaim their power in defining beauty
on their own terms.

3. Roberta Pollack Seid (1989)- Never Too Thin: Why women are at war with
their bodies
In her groundbreaking book, "Never Too Thin: Why Women Are at War with
Their Bodies," published in 1989, Roberta Pollack Seid explores the complex
relationship between women and their bodies in a society that often promotes
unattainable beauty standards. Seid argues that cultural pressures and societal
expectations contribute to a pervasive war against women's bodies, leading to
issues such as disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, and a relentless pursuit of
thinness. Through a critical examination of the media, fashion, and health
industries, she highlights how these forces perpetuate unrealistic ideals that not
only affect women's self-image but also their overall well-being. By addressing
the psychological and social factors that fuel this conflict, Seid calls for a deeper
understanding of the cultural narratives surrounding body image and advocates
for a shift towards body positivity and self-acceptance. "Never Too Thin" serves
as a powerful commentary on the struggles women face in navigating a world
that often prioritizes appearance over health and individuality.

4. Sarah Banet-Weiser(2023)- The Most Beautiful Girl In The World: Beauty


pageants and national identity.
In her 2023 work, "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World: Beauty Pageants and
National Identity," Sarah Banet-Weiser investigates the intricate interplay
between beauty pageants and the construction of national identity. Through a
critical lens, Banet-Weiser explores how these events serve not only as platforms
for celebrating physical beauty but also as reflections of cultural values, social
norms, and political agendas. She argues that beauty pageants are deeply
embedded in the fabric of national identity, often reinforcing stereotypes and
expectations about femininity while simultaneously acting as a stage for women
to navigate and challenge these constructs. By examining the historical context
and contemporary implications of beauty pageants, Banet-Weiser sheds light on
how these spectacles shape public perceptions of beauty and womanhood, as well
as their role in promoting or contesting national narratives. Ultimately, "The Most
Beautiful Girl in the World" invites readers to critically engage with the
implications of beauty pageants in a globalized world, questioning how they
reflect and influence societal ideals of beauty and identity.

5. THE BLUEST EYES - TONI MORRISON


In her poignant novel "The Bluest Eye," Toni Morrison delves into the profound
complexities of race, beauty, and identity in America during the 1940s. The
narrative centers around Pecola Breedlove, a young African American girl who
yearns for blue eyes, believing that possessing such features would grant her the
love and acceptance that society denies her. Through Pecola's tragic story,
Morrison explores the destructive power of internalized racism and societal
standards of beauty that equate whiteness with worthiness. The novel not only
critiques the pervasive ideals that shape perceptions of beauty but also illuminates
the deep emotional scars inflicted by a culture that marginalizes those who do not
conform. With lyrical prose and a haunting narrative, "The Bluest Eye" serves as
a powerful exploration of the intersections of race, gender, and self-worth,
challenging readers to confront the painful realities of a society that often equates
beauty with privilege and love.
6. PRIDE AND PREJUDICE BY JANE AUSTEN
In her poignant novel "The Bluest Eye," Toni Morrison delves into the profound
complexities of race, beauty, and identity in America during the 1940s. The
narrative centers around Pecola Breedlove, a young African American girl who
yearns for blue eyes, believing that possessing such features would grant her the
love and acceptance that society denies her. Through Pecola's tragic story,
Morrison explores the destructive power of internalized racism and societal
standards of beauty that equate whiteness with worthiness. The novel not only
critiques the pervasive ideals that shape perceptions of beauty but also illuminates
the deep emotional scars inflicted by a culture that marginalizes those who do not
conform. With lyrical prose and a haunting narrative, "The Bluest Eye" serves as
a powerful exploration of the intersections of race, gender, and self-worth,
challenging readers to confront the painful realities of a society that often equates
beauty with privilege and love.

7. THE COLOUR PURPLE BY ALICE WALKER


In "The Colour Purple," Alice Walker crafts a powerful narrative that explores the
lives of African American women in the early 20th century American South,
illuminating their struggles for identity, empowerment, and self-acceptance.
Through the poignant letters of Celie, the novel's protagonist, Walker delves into
themes of oppression, resilience, and the transformative power of sisterhood.
Celie's journey from a life marked by abuse and subjugation to one of autonomy
and self-discovery serves as a testament to the strength of the human spirit.
Walker's vivid portrayal of the relationships between women, particularly the
bonds of love and solidarity that emerge amidst adversity, challenges societal
norms and highlights the importance of community in the face of systemic racism
and sexism. With its rich character development and evocative prose, "The Color
Purple" not only addresses the historical and cultural context of its setting but also
resonates with universal themes of struggle and liberation, making it a seminal
work in American literature.

8. Hunger: A Memoir of (My) Body by Roxane Gay:


In "Hunger: A Memoir of (My) Body," Roxane Gay offers a raw and unflinching
exploration of her relationship with food, body image, and the complexities of
identity in a world that often imposes rigid standards of beauty and acceptance.
Through her candid reflections, Gay delves into the trauma and experiences that
have shaped her understanding of her body, revealing how societal expectations
and personal struggles intertwine to influence her self-perception. The memoir is
both a personal narrative and a broader commentary on the cultural dynamics
surrounding weight, femininity, and the often-painful journey toward self-
acceptance. With her characteristic wit and vulnerability, Gay confronts the
stigma associated with larger bodies while challenging readers to rethink their
own assumptions about health, beauty, and worth. "Hunger" is not just a story of
struggle; it is also a powerful declaration of resilience and the quest for
empowerment in a world that frequently seeks to diminish the voices of those
who do not conform to conventional ideals.

9. AMERICANAH BY CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE:


In "Americanah," Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie weaves a compelling narrative
that explores themes of race, identity, and the complexities of love across cultural
boundaries. Centered around the lives of Ifemelu and Obinze, two young
Nigerians whose paths diverge when Ifemelu moves to the United States for
college, the novel intricately examines the immigrant experience and the nuances
of belonging in a globalized world. Through Ifemelu's journey as a blogger who
navigates her identity as a black woman in America, Adichie confronts the often
uncomfortable realities of race and the impact of societal perceptions on personal
identity. The novel not only highlights the challenges faced by immigrants but
also celebrates the richness of cultural heritage and the enduring connections that
transcend borders. With her sharp wit and keen insights, Adichie invites readers
to reflect on the complexities of love, identity, and the search for home in a world
marked by difference and division, ultimately crafting a narrative that resonates
deeply in contemporary discussions about race and belonging.
CONCEPTUALISATION:

Reflecting on the impact of beauty contests on societal beauty standards reveals


a troubling cycle that perpetuates unattainable ideals and negatively affects
individual self-esteem and self-worth. These contests often celebrate a narrow
definition of beauty, emphasizing physical attributes that conform to specific
cultural norms while disregarding the rich diversity of human appearance.
Contestants are frequently judged not only on their looks but also on their ability
to embody an ideal that is often unrealistic for the average person. This creates a
pervasive message that beauty is synonymous with worth, leading many
individuals especially young women to internalize the belief that they must meet
these stringent criteria to be valued or accepted. The images and narratives
promoted by beauty contests are amplified through social media, where filtered
and edited representations of beauty dominate our feeds, further distorting
perceptions of what is normal or desirable. As a result, many find themselves
engaged in a relentless pursuit of an ideal that is not only difficult to attain but
also often unattainable. This pursuit can lead to a host of negative consequences,
including body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and a diminished sense of self.
Furthermore, the exclusionary nature of these contests reinforces societal
hierarchies that privilege certain body types, skin tones, and features while
marginalizing others, thus perpetuating a culture of comparison and inadequacy.
In recognizing these dynamics, it becomes clear that beauty contests do not
merely celebrate beauty; they contribute to a broader culture that equates
appearance with value, making it increasingly challenging for individuals to
cultivate a positive self-concept in a world that often prioritizes superficiality over
authenticity. To foster a healthier understanding of beauty, it is essential to
challenge these norms and advocate for a more inclusive representation of beauty
that honors individuality, diversity, and self-acceptance. I chose this topic to
explore the topic of beauty contests and their role in making beauty standards
even more unachievable because it is a pressing issue that resonates deeply in our
contemporary society, where the influence of media and cultural narratives shapes
our perceptions of self-worth and identity. Growing up in an era dominated by
social media and relentless imagery, I have witnessed firsthand how beauty
contests contribute to the proliferation of narrow and often unrealistic ideals of
beauty. These contests not only set unattainable benchmarks for physical
appearance but also create a competitive atmosphere that fosters comparison and
insecurity among individuals, particularly young women. As someone who has
grappled with self-image issues influenced by societal standards, I am acutely
aware of the psychological toll that these contests can impose. They often present
a singular vision of beauty that excludes a vast array of body types, skin tones,
and features, reinforcing the notion that only a select few are worthy of admiration
or love. This exclusion can lead to feelings of inadequacy and a diminished sense
of self-worth for those who do not fit the mold. Furthermore, the
commercialization of beauty, driven by these contests, perpetuates a culture that
prioritizes appearance over substance, influencing everything from personal
relationships to professional opportunities. By delving into this topic, I aim to
raise awareness about the harmful implications of beauty contests and advocate
for a broader, more inclusive understanding of beauty that celebrates diversity
and promotes self-acceptance. Ultimately, I believe that addressing these issues
is crucial for fostering a healthier society where individuals can embrace their
unique identities without the burden of conforming to unrealistic standards.

PROPOSED ITEM

Beauty contests have long been a platform for celebrating physical appearance,
but they also contribute to shaping societal standards of beauty that are often
unattainable for most individuals. This item explores how beauty pageants can
perpetuate unrealistic expectations about physical appearance, self-worth, and
gender roles. It also looks at the broader impact these contests have on body
image, mental health, and social pressures, particularly among young people.
1. Unrealistic Standards of Beauty:
• Beauty contests typically highlight a narrow and often unrealistic
standard of beauty, which often emphasizes features like a specific
body shape, clear skin, a particular height, and youthful appearance.
Contestants are judged primarily on these physical traits, reinforcing
the idea that beauty is the most important measure of worth and
success.
2. Perpetuating Harmful Stereotypes:
• The contestants in most beauty contests often fit a very homogenous
profile: tall, slim, light-skinned, and conventionally attractive. This
excludes a large portion of the population and reinforces narrow
ideals. People who do not meet these physical standards may feel
excluded or inferior, leading to issues like low self-esteem, anxiety,
or depression.
3. The Pressure on Contestants:
• Many beauty pageants require contestants to adhere to strict diets,
workout regimens, and grooming routines in preparation for the
competition. This can lead to unhealthy behaviours and unrealistic
expectations about physical perfection. The emphasis on appearance
over intellect, personality, and achievements can undermine
contestants' sense of identity and self-worth.
4. The Mental Health Implications:
• Studies have shown a correlation between exposure to media that
emphasizes beauty standards (like beauty contests) and negative
body image. This is particularly concerning for young audiences
who are still developing their self-concept. Mental health issues such
as eating disorders, body dysmorphia, and depression are often
linked to the unrealistic portrayal of beauty in the media, including
beauty pageants.
5. The Influence on Young Audiences:
• Beauty contests send a powerful message to children and
adolescents that physical appearance is the most important thing
about a person, overshadowing other qualities like intelligence,
kindness, creativity, and integrity. This can have lasting effects on
the way young people perceive themselves and others, leading to
unhealthy comparisons and a devaluation of diverse forms of beauty.
6. Shifting the Narrative:
• In recent years, there has been a growing movement toward body
positivity and inclusivity in the media. Some beauty pageants have
started to feature contestants with diverse body types, ethnic
backgrounds, and talents, attempting to broaden the definition of
beauty. However, even with these shifts, there are still deep-rooted
cultural expectations and market-driven pressures that keep the
focus primarily on physical appearance.
7. The Future of Beauty Contests:
• For beauty contests to evolve in a way that supports healthy self-
image, there must be a greater emphasis on celebrating individuality,
personality, accomplishments, and the diverse ways people express
beauty. Contestants could be encouraged to share their personal
stories, talents, and contributions to society, rather than just focusing
on external appearances.

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

From a future development perspective, the trajectory of beauty contests in the


context of making beauty standards even more unachievable seems poised for
significant transformation, though this shift will be gradual and complex. As
societal awareness of body image issues, mental health challenges, and the
pressures of social media intensify, beauty pageants will likely face increasing
scrutiny and calls for reform. If current trends continue, beauty contests may be
forced to reconsider their traditional emphasis on physical beauty as the primary
measure of success. The idea of "perfect" beauty conventionally slender, young,
tall, and homogenous has already been widely criticized for being unattainable
and exclusionary, and this critique will likely grow stronger as cultural
movements advocating for body positivity, diversity, and inclusivity gain more
momentum. Future beauty contests could shift from focusing narrowly on
external appearance to a broader definition of beauty, one that embraces
individuality, character, intellect, and diverse forms of self-expression. This could
include celebrating a wider range of body types, ethnicities, genders, and ages,
which would challenge the established norms that often render large swaths of
the population invisible or marginalized in traditional beauty contests. In this
reimagined future, beauty contests could become platforms that uplift participants
not for their conformity to narrow ideals, but for their unique qualities, talents,
and contributions to society. Contestants might be evaluated not just on their
looks, but on their intellectual abilities, social impact, and how they use their
platforms to advocate for causes like equality, environmental sustainability, or
mental health awareness. Such a shift would reflect broader societal changes
toward embracing diversity and authenticity, rejecting the idea that beauty must
adhere to a single, standardized mold. However, this transformation faces
substantial hurdles, including resistance from entrenched interests within the
pageant industry, as well as the challenge of shifting deeply ingrained cultural
and media representations of beauty. Even as beauty contests evolve, they will
likely continue to face tension between commercial interests that profit from
idealized beauty standards and the growing demand for inclusivity and mental
health-conscious approaches. In the long term, though, beauty contests that refuse
to adapt risk becoming increasingly irrelevant in a world where the definition of
beauty continues to expand and diversify. The future could see a complete
redefinition of what it means to be "beautiful," where beauty is no longer a
standard to be met, but a broad, multifaceted quality that everyone can embody
in their own way.

CONCLUSION

Beauty contests, while historically celebrated for showcasing physical beauty,


have increasingly become a reflection of unattainable ideals that distort societal
perceptions of self-worth, body image, and identity. The traditional emphasis on
narrowly defined, often unrealistic beauty standards focusing on youth,
slenderness, specific facial features, and flawless skin continues to contribute to
the reinforcement of harmful stereotypes, disproportionately affecting individuals
who do not fit into these limited categories. As these contests remain steeped in
superficial judgments, they perpetuate a cycle where physical appearance is
elevated above personal achievements, intelligence, and character, fostering a
culture of comparison and insecurity, particularly among impressionable young
audiences. Despite recent efforts to diversify contestants by featuring more varied
body types, ethnicities, and backgrounds, beauty contests still largely uphold a
standard that most cannot achieve, leaving many to feel excluded or inadequate.
For beauty contests to evolve meaningfully, they must transcend their traditional
focus on external appearance and embrace a more inclusive definition of beauty
one that celebrates diversity in all its forms, from body size and age to personality
and accomplishments. This shift would require a fundamental rethinking of the
contest structure itself, pushing beyond the beauty-centric formats toward a
celebration of individuals who reflect the true spectrum of human experience.
Ultimately, if beauty contests are to remain relevant in the future, they will need
to serve as platforms for empowerment, self-acceptance, and authenticity, rather
than merely reinforcing harmful, unachievable standards. In this future, beauty
would no longer be a rigid ideal to strive for, but a dynamic, multifaceted concept
that values inner qualities, diverse representations, and the unique ways in which
individuals contribute to society allowing everyone to feel seen, valued, and
beautiful in their own right.
REFERENCES

https://meteamedia.org/20179/opinions/the-beauty-standards-placed-on-women-
are-unrealistically-unachievable/

https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4456&context=e
td

https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/meet-the-anti-influencers-embracing-
skin-and-body-positivity/article67010882.ece

https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/27/style/miss-ai-beauty-pageant-scli/index.html

https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=honors

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330025189_International_beauty_pag
eants_and_the_construction_of_hegemonic_images_of_female_beauty

https://medium.com/change-becomes-you/in-an-already-sexist-world-do-we-
really-need-beauty-pageants-b25706a59f1d

https://edubirdie.com/examples/beauty-contest-setting-up-non-achievable-
beauty-standards-in-the-society/

https://e.vnexpress.net/news/perspectives/beauty-pageants-not-only-devalue-
women-but-also-distort-the-idea-of-beauty-4495840.html
SME SHEET

Name: Tejal. S. Pillai


Qualification: Msc in Child Psychology
Workplace: Little Step Rehabilitation Centre
Contact Number: +919833111632
Email ID: tejalpillai55gmail.com

Signature: ( Photo)
CRITIQUE

The Compassion Fatigue and Burden Scale for Caregivers provides valuable
insight into the emotional and psychological strain that caregivers experience, but
it has several limitations. Its narrow focus on fatigue and burden overlooks other
important factors, such as financial strain, social isolation, and access to support
systems. The scale’s reliance on self-reporting can lead to biases, as caregivers
may underreport their distress due to guilt or societal expectations. Additionally,
the tool does not track caregiver experiences over time, missing the cumulative
effects of long-term caregiving. While useful, the scale would benefit from a more
holistic approach that includes coping strategies, cultural sensitivity, and
longitudinal tracking to better reflect the complexities of caregiving.
The Family Financial Stress and Student Academic Outcome Scale provides
a useful framework for assessing the impact of financial stress on students’
academic performance, but it has several limitations. First, the scale may
oversimplify the complex relationship between financial stress and academic
outcomes by focusing primarily on economic factors without considering other
variables such as mental health, social support, or individual resilience.
Additionally, it relies on self-reporting, which may introduce bias, as students
might not fully recognize or disclose the effects of financial stress on their
performance. The scale also doesn’t account for varying cultural or regional
contexts, which can influence how financial stress is experienced and its effect
on academic outcomes. A more comprehensive approach that includes multiple
stressors and longitudinal tracking would provide a clearer, more nuanced
understanding of how financial challenges affect students over time.
The Teenage Peer Pressure and Effect on Family Relations scale offers
valuable insights into how peer influence during adolescence can affect family
dynamics, but it has some notable limitations. The scale may oversimplify the
complex interactions between peer pressure and family relations, focusing mainly
on external behaviours without fully addressing underlying psychological or
emotional factors, such as self-identity or communication styles within the
family. Additionally, its reliance on self-reporting can lead to biases, as teenagers
may not always be fully aware of or willing to acknowledge the impact of peer
pressure on their relationships with family members. The scale also lacks
consideration of cultural or socio-economic factors that can shape how peer
pressure is experienced and how family relations are affected. A more holistic and
context-sensitive approach could provide a deeper understanding of these
dynamics.
GROUP SCALE

ATTITUDE OF OLDER GENERATION TOWARDS MENTAL HEALTH


TREATMENT FOR YOUNGER GENERATION

INTRODUCTION
The attitude of the older generation towards mental health treatment for the
younger generation is a critical area of focus, especially as societal perceptions
of mental health continue to evolve. Historically, mental health issues have often
been stigmatized, misunderstood, or minimized, particularly by older generations
who grew up in times when mental health was rarely discussed openly. For many
in older age groups, mental health struggles may have been seen as personal
failings or weaknesses, rather than complex medical conditions that require
treatment and support. These views were shaped by cultural norms that prioritized
stoicism, self-reliance, and a reluctance to engage in conversations about
emotional vulnerability. As a result, mental health treatment, such as therapy or
psychiatric intervention, was often viewed with skepticism or even outright
resistance. However, the younger generation, in contrast, has grown up in an era
where mental health awareness has significantly increased, largely due to greater
media representation, advocacy movements, and the growing body of research
supporting the importance of mental well-being. Young people today are more
likely to recognize the value of seeking professional help for mental health
concerns and are increasingly open about discussing their emotional and
psychological needs. Social media, celebrity endorsements, and mental health
campaigns have played a significant role in destigmatizing mental illness, leading
to a more supportive and open attitude towards mental health care in younger
generations. This generational divide can create tension and misunderstanding
between the two groups. Older individuals may perceive younger people's
willingness to discuss or seek treatment for mental health issues as a sign of
weakness or as a reflection of modern cultural trends that they find difficult to
relate to. On the other hand, younger individuals might feel frustrated or
invalidated by the older generation's reluctance to embrace therapy or counseling,
particularly when mental health is seen as something that should be "toughed out"
rather than treated. This cultural clash highlights the need for open dialogue
between generations, in which the older generation's concerns are acknowledged
while also fostering a greater understanding of the younger generation's
perspective on mental health care. Bridging this gap is crucial not only for
improving intergenerational relationships but also for creating a more
compassionate and supportive society where mental health is treated with the
importance and care it deserves, regardless of age.

LITERATURE REVIEW

EXPLORING GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES AMONG AFRICAN


AMERICAN MEN’S ATTITUDES TOWARD SEEKING MENTAL HEALTH
TREATMEN by Veronica F. Harper

AIM- Attitudes toward mental health treatment in African American men has
viewed
PARTICIPANTS- The sample for this study included individuals from the baby
boomers era born between 1943 and 1960, generation X born between 1961 and
1981, and millennial generation born between 1982 and 2000.
SCALES- Scale (ATSPPHS), a 29-item questionnaire. Responses were
computed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine the frequency
of a response in each category on the questionnaire among the generational
cohorts.
A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to determine if there
was a difference in attitudes toward seeking mental health treatment and
generational cohort in African American males as measured by the ATSPPHS
four factor subscales.
FINDINGS- Findings from this research determined the differences in the
attitudes toward seeking mental health treatment among African American men
in the baby boomers era, generation X, and the millennial generations were not
present. Although PREVIEW significant findings were found in this current
study, continued research is important to improve mental health services for
African American male
Attitudes to Ageing : a systematic review of attitudes to ageing and mental health,
and a cross-sectional analysis of attitudes to ageing and quality of life in older
adults by Long, Sarah Charlotte May

AIMS- s attitudes to ageing in older adults, and explores the impact that attitudes
to ageing have on mental health status and quality of life.
PARTICIPANTS- Firstly a systematic search of studies exploring the
relationship between attitudes to ageing and mental health in older adults (>55
years)
Analysis of attitudes to ageing and quality of life in older adults (>57 years)
The sample was then divided into two age groups (57-79 years and 80+ years)
and attitudes to ageing and quality of life ratings were compared. Results revealed
more negative ratings in attitudes to ageing and quality of life in the over 80 year
old age group.
SCALES- A 5-item subscale on ‘attitudes towards own aging’ within the
Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale (PGCMS) (Lawton, 1975)
Laidlaw et al (2007) developed an ‘Attitudes to Ageing’ questionnaire (AAQ)
FINDINGS- The discovery that attitudes to ageing in older adults are associated
with mental health status suggests that these attitudes are mood-state dependent
(Chachamovich et al, 2008). Thus, the onset of depression in late life may trigger
the development of negative attitudes to ageing or vice versa, demonstrating that
attitudes are not global or rigid but can be manipulated (Shenkin et al, 2012).
Targeting ageing attitudes of individuals who access mental health services, in a
therapeutic context, could be a means to improving and treating mental health
difficulties.
CONCEPTUALISATION
1.Generation Gap:
Definition: The generation gap is defined as differences in values and beliefs,
besides different life experiences among the generations that affect how they view
mental health issues. Older people may have grown up in times when mental
health was not openly discussed or explained and could not, therefore, possibly
empathize or care much about the exclusive mental health issues the younger
generation is facing. This difference may often translate into misunderstandings
and lowered support for mental health care.
Example: Older adults may believe that younger people's use of therapy or
medication is unnecessary or a weakness, while the younger people may view
mental health support as necessary.
2. Shame and Stigma:
Conceptualization: Stigma refers to the negative social labelling and attitude that
is associated with mental health disorders. Older generations may hold
stigmatized views toward mental health, perceiving it as a personal failing or
weakness, which makes them harbour shame about mental health disorders in the
family. This would discourage younger generations and lead to silence over
mental health disorders.
Example: The older generation may have nothing to do with mental health issues
being opened up because they argue that the family gets a little kind of shame and
judgment just by talking about it.
3. Privacy and Hushing Matters Within the Family:
Conceptualization: Many elder generations may feel that personal and family
issues are considered private, and that mental health issues should be handled
through the family itself and not by intervention from external parties. This
cultural impact puts pressure on the younger generation to, therefore, not seek
help professionally but rather keep it within themselves because of the stigma
surrounding such issues.
Example: An older parent may discourage a younger family member from
consulting for therapy, thinking that family members should fight out the mental
problems internally.
4. Resilience
Conceptualization: Resilience refers to the ability to withstand and spring back
from adversity. As individuals belonging to the older generation would have lived
through possibly significant challenges, the reliance on individual resilience with
individualistic separateness becomes strong. They may think that younger
generations just need to toughen up or work through their mental health issues
without having to find external support. This can lead to developing the notion
that the young age group has less resilience at least in the terms set forth by the
older generation because they seek help from mental health professionals or a
support system.
Example: An older adult might tell a younger person that they just have to "tough
out" their anxiety or depression and see no reason to go to a therapist.
5. Awareness and Accessibility:
Definition: Awareness refers to the knowledge already available or existing about
mental health disorders, while accessibility refers to how easily mental health
services can be accessed. The aged may not be well aware of the nature of mental
health problems or with some of the present treatment modalities such as
counselling and psychiatric medication. Additionally, they may have had less
access to mental health resources at the formative years of their lives, influencing
their attitude toward seeking help. They either do not know how mental health
services work or tend to assume that such services may not be needed.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCALE


The attitude of the older generation towards mental health treatment for the
younger generation has evolved significantly over recent years, yet lingering
stigmas and misconceptions often shape these perceptions. Traditionally, mental
health issues were shrouded in silence and misunderstanding, with many older
individuals viewing them through a lens of personal weakness or societal taboo.
As a result, seeking help for mental health concerns was often discouraged,
leading to feelings of isolation among those who struggled.
However, as awareness of mental health has increased, driven by advocacy,
education, and the younger generation’s willingness to openly discuss these
issues, attitudes are beginning to shift. Many older individuals are starting to
recognize the importance of mental health treatment and the benefits it can offer.
Yet, the journey toward a more supportive and understanding perspective remains
ongoing, marked by a complex interplay of cultural values, personal experiences,
and generational differences. This introduction aims to explore these dynamics,
highlighting both the challenges and progress in bridging the gap between
generations regarding mental health treatment.
The objective of the scale measuring the attitude of the older generation towards
mental health treatment for the younger generation is multifaceted and aims to
provide a comprehensive understanding of intergenerational perspectives on
mental health. First and foremost, the scale seeks to assess the level of awareness
and knowledge that older individuals possess regarding mental health issues,
including common disorders and available treatment options. By identifying gaps
in understanding, the scale can highlight areas where education and awareness
campaigns may be needed. Additionally, the scale aims to uncover prevalent
stigmas and misconceptions that influence attitudes toward mental health
treatment, revealing how these beliefs might deter younger individuals from
seeking help. It will also evaluate the degree of supportiveness exhibited by older
generations regarding mental health treatment for youth, measuring their
willingness to encourage open discussions and seek professional help when
needed. Furthermore, the scale intends to analyze how demographic factors such
as age, cultural background, and personal experiences affect these attitudes,
providing insights into the nuances that shape perceptions across different
segments of the older population. Ultimately, this information can inform targeted
interventions and educational initiatives designed to promote a more supportive
and empathetic approach to mental health discussions, fostering intergenerational
dialogue that bridges the gap between the older and younger generations. By
capturing the complexities of these attitudes, the scale not only contributes to
academic understanding but also aims to facilitate a cultural shift towards greater
acceptance and normalization of mental health treatment in society.
The scale measuring the attitude of the older generation towards mental health
treatment for the younger generation was specifically developed to assess
individuals aged 50 to 100, recognizing the unique perspectives and experiences
of this demographic. This age group encompasses a wide range of life experiences
and cultural influences, which significantly shape their attitudes towards mental
health. The scale aims to capture the complexities of how older adults perceive
mental health issues and the treatment options available to younger individuals.
Given that many in this age cohort grew up during a time when mental health was
often stigmatized and misunderstood, it is crucial to evaluate how these historical
contexts impact their current beliefs and attitudes. By focusing on this specific
age range, the scale can explore generational differences in perceptions of mental
health treatment, including the extent to which older individuals may endorse
traditional views or have evolved towards a more contemporary understanding
that acknowledges the importance of mental health care. Furthermore, the scale
seeks to identify specific barriers that older adults may perceive, such as a lack
of knowledge about mental health resources or discomfort in discussing these
issues openly. By collecting data from this demographic, the scale not only aims
to highlight the gaps in knowledge and understanding but also seeks to foster a
dialogue that encourages empathy and support for younger generations facing
mental health challenges. Ultimately, the findings from this scale will provide
valuable insights that can inform educational and outreach initiatives aimed at
promoting a more accepting and informed attitude towards mental health
treatment, bridging the generational divide and facilitating a cultural shift towards
greater mental health awareness and support.
While there has been some research on the attitudes of the older generation
towards mental health treatment for the younger generation, significant gaps
remain. Much of the existing literature focuses on general perceptions rather than
nuanced attitudes that vary by demographic factors such as culture,
socioeconomic status, and education level. Additionally, there is a need for more
qualitative studies that explore personal narratives and experiences, which can
provide deeper insights into how specific events such as family experiences with
mental health shape attitudes. Furthermore, the impact of social media and
contemporary mental health discourse on older adults' perceptions is an area ripe
for exploration, as it could reveal shifts in attitudes that have not yet been
documented. By addressing these gaps, future research can contribute to a more
comprehensive understanding of how the older generation views mental health
treatment, ultimately fostering more effective communication and support
between generations.
The scale measuring the attitude of the older generation towards mental health
treatment for the younger generation employs a 5-point Likert scale to capture
nuanced responses regarding beliefs and perceptions. This approach allows
participants to express varying degrees of agreement or disagreement with each
statement, ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree." To enhance the
validity of the responses, the scale incorporates reverse coding for negatively
worded items. This means that statements that express a negative attitude towards
mental health treatment will be scored in the opposite direction, ensuring that
higher scores consistently reflect more positive attitudes. By employing this
method, the scale effectively mitigates response bias and encourages participants
to engage thoughtfully with each item. The use of a Likert scale also facilitates
quantitative analysis, allowing researchers to identify trends and correlations in
attitudes across different demographics within the older generation. Ultimately,
this structured approach aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of how
older adults view mental health treatment for younger individuals, contributing
valuable insights into the cultural and societal factors that influence
these attitudes.
DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS
We identified 5 components to study the Attitude of the older generation towards
mental health treatment for the younger generation. The components we chose
were as follows:
1. Generational Gap
2. Stigma and Shame
3. Privacy and keeping mental health issues within the family
4. Awareness and accessibility
5. Resilience
After careful consideration we deduced our components to the five mentioned
above, these components holistically captured the essence of what we were trying
to measure. These components include interpersonal and intrapersonal reasons
which lead to attitude formation. We generated our components by putting real-
life perspectives into place by taking into account the sample we were going to
administer the items to. A pilot study was conducted to refine items and identify
the face validity of the administered items. The pilot study was divided into two
sections wherein the first 10 questions were taken from an established scale -
Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale-Short Version
(ATSPPH) The factor analysis of this scale revealed that the ATSPPH-SF formed
three distinct dimensions: “Openness to seeking professional help,” “Value in
seeking professional help,” and “Preference to cope on one's own. The ATSPPH
initially used 14 out of the original 29 items with the highest item-total score
correlations were used to create the shortened version (Fischer & Farina, 1995).
It consisted of 389 college students who participated, later, a factor analysis of
the ATSPPH-SF was conducted which identified a two-factor solution. Ten items
on Factor 1 indicated a willingness to seek psychological assistance, Factor
2 consisted of the remaining four items that reflected a disclosure/interpersonal
openness dimension. The items from Factor 2 were removed due to its low
internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .64), leaving the 10 items from Factor 1 to
make up the ATSPPH-SF.
Our scale in the pilot study had 50 items which were administered to 31
participants. The scoring was done on a likert scale (1-5) and there were 18
reverse scoring items. We correlated the scores of both the scales and found the
value to be 0.4487757714. Our scale in the norming study had 46 questions which
were administered to 100 participants. The scoring was done on a likert scale (1-
5) and there were 18 reverse scoring items. Item analysis and factor analysis was
performed to evaluate the scales underlying structure which enabled us to
eliminate the poorly performing items. Item analysis helped us to ascertain that
our items would be reliable and valid. Initially our pilot study the reliability
coefficient value was 0.909 for 50 items and our reliability coefficient value after
removing 4 poorly performing items was 0.907 for (46 items). The Cronbach
alpha coefficient was used to determine reliability of the items. This ensured the
credibility and usefulness of the 46 items we administered. Validity was assessed
through correlation with established measures, the validity of the items was found
to be 0.4487757714.

ITEM WRITING

We created a thorough pool of 130 statements in the first round of item


development for our scale that assesses older generations' attitudes toward
younger generations' mental health treatment. These statements were designed to
reflect a variety of attitudes held by the older generation, such as a lack of
awareness and trust, different stigmas associated with seeking treatment for
mental health issues, and perceptions regarding treatment and accessibility.
We carried out a comprehensive review and consulted with subject matter experts
(SMEs) in order to improve this item pool. After the experts assessed each
statement for clarity and relevance, we narrowed the list down to 50 items. The
SMEs rated statements from 1 to 5 and statements with a rating of 4 and 5 were
selected for the pilot study.
Through this procedure, we could be sure that the items were consistent with our
construct of interest, understandable, and valid. The SMEs rated the items
according to standards like appropriateness, relevance, and clarity, which helped
us choose the items in the end.
Here are three sample statements that were included in the initial pool, along with
the component they represent:
1. Component:Awareness and Accessibility
This section explores how aware people are about mental health treatment and
whether mental health services are accessible to them or not.
Item no. 1- There should be more mental health education and awareness
programs for younger generations.
Item no. 2-Online mental health resources are helpful for young people seeking
treatment.

2. Component: stigma and shame


This section explores whether stigmas and shame associated with mental
illnesses and treatment affects people.
Item no. 1-Seeking mental health treatment can greatly benefit the younger
generation.
Item no.2 -It is important for younger people to address their mental health issues
with professional help.

3. Component:Generational Gap in Understanding


This component explores whether the age gap or generational gap affects people’s
attitude towards mental health treatment.
Item no. 1-The way mental health is viewed has changed too much over time.
Item no.2-The younger generation is too quick to seek professional help for
mental health issues.

4.Component: Privacy and keeping issues within family


This section explores the concerns that people might have regarding the privacy
of the family.
Item no.1-Family matters should be resolved within the family, not with
outsidersItem no.2-Discussing mental health issues with a therapist is an invasion
of family privacy

RESPONSE FORMAT
For each statement, respondents are asked to express their level of agreement or
disagreement using a 5-point Likert scale:
1. Strongly Disagree
2. Disagree
3. Neutral
4. Agree
5. Strongly Agree
Participants can express how strongly they feel about each item using this
response format, which helps to provide a more detailed picture of their attitude
regarding mental health treatment . We have carried out a pilot study to confirm
the scale's efficacy beyond this point.
Following are the Instructions given to the Participants:
Participants are encouraged to reflect on their personal experiences related to the
Attitude of older generations towards the mental health treatment of the younger
generation . Each statement should be answered honestly based on their own
feelings and thoughts.

ITEM POOL AND SME RATINGS


We initially generated a pool of 130 statements based on our components:
Awareness and Accessibility, Privacy and Keeping Issues within Family, Stigma
and Shame, Generational Gap, and Resilience. To facilitate a thorough evaluation,
the statements were divided among the members of our group. Each group
member was responsible for distributing a subset of these statements to the latest
one or two psychologists.
Once the statements were allocated, each psychologist carefully reviewed the
assigned statements and provided a rating on a scale from 1 to 5, where 1
indicated that a statement was not relevant or clear, and 5 indicated that a
statement was exceptionally relevant and well-formulated.
After collecting the ratings from all psychologists, we retained only those
statements that received ratings above 3 from the majority of the psychologists.
The selection process ensured that only those statements which considered both
highly relevant and appropriate for our scale were included. The high-rated
statements were then selected to form the foundation of our scale, ensuring that
only the most relevant and validated items were incorporated.

Following are the eliminated statements

1. Keeping mental health issues within the family helps maintain family
honor.
2. People with mental health problems should feel ashamed.
3. I know that I can discuss my mental health concerns privately with a mental
health professional.
4. It is important for younger people to address their mental health issues with
professional help.
5. Younger generations should have access to mental health resources.
6. I believe that society judges families that acknowledge mental health
struggles publicly.
7. I feel that mental health services are readily available to me and others in
my family.
8. Young people should feel comfortable seeking mental health support.
9. I feel confident in the ability of younger individuals to adapt and recover
from mental health issues.
10. Mental health services are affordable for the younger generation.
11. I prefer to not disclose any emotional outbursts in my family to others.
12. I openly share physical ailments but not mental health ailments of my
family members to outsiders.
13. The younger generation overreacts to normal life stressors.
14. The younger generation is too quick to seek professional help for mental
health issues.
15. It is easy for me to find information about available mental health services.
16. Mental health professionals are available at times that are convenient for
young people.
17. Young people can easily arrange transportation to reach mental health
treatment.
18. I have enough information about how young people can access mental
health services
19. I feel that mental health professionals are respectful and understanding
towards older adults and young people.
20. Mental health treatment services are designed to address the specific needs
of individuals.
21.I feel that mental health professionals are accessible to my family when we
need them.
22.There is a stigma associated with seeking mental health treatment in my
community.
23.I feel that today’s youth may not benefit from mental health treatment so they
should seek guidance from elders instead of going to a mental health professional.
24.Affordable mental health services are not easily accessible in my area.
25. I think that mental health treatment is often difficult to access due to long wait
times.
26. I know that mental health treatment can include both therapy and medication.
27. Older generations may view mental health issues as a personal matter rather
than a societal concern.
28. Older generations are gradually accepting the importance of mental health
care.
29. There’s a notable generational shift towards prioritizing mental health as a
part of overall well being.
30. Younger people talk more openly about mental health than older people.
31. I am aware of the potential benefits of mental health treatment.
32. I am aware of the different professionals who provide mental health care.
33. I am aware of common mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.
34. I have read or heard information about mental health treatment in the past
year.
35. I believe that seeking mental health treatment can improve one’s quality of
life.
36. Online mental health resources are helpful for young people seeking
treatment.
37. I have faith in the younger generation’s capacity to handle mental health
struggles effectively.
38. I believe that younger people can learn and grow from their mental health
experiences.
39. I feel that mental health education in schools helps young people cope better
with their issues.
40. Younger people can gain valuable insights from mental health counselling.
41. Seeking mental health treatment outside the family betrays trust.
42. Mental health treatment is a positive step for younger generations.
43. Supporting young people in seeking mental health treatment is important.
44. Family matters should be resolved within the family, not with outsiders.
45. It is acceptable to discuss my family’s difficulties with others.
46. It is imperative that everyone knows everything about each other in a family.
47. I feel comfortable discussing my family’s problems with outsiders.
48. I would rather prefer to keep a secretive life than a social one.
49. I feel our family openly discusses any emotional difficulty.
50. I feel the way mental health is viewed has changed too much over time.
51. I believe mental health information is not readily available to older
generations.
52. I often find it hard to understand what mental health professionals do.
53. I have seen advertisements for mental health services in my area.
54. There are too few mental health resources for the needs of young people.
55. It is difficult to find culturally relevant mental health services for young
people.
56. I believe that mental health problems in the younger generation are
underdiagnosed.
57. Young people should be taught resilience-building techniques early in life.
58. I worry that others will judge my family if they know a member is receiving
mental health treatment.
59. I feel embarrassed when someone in my family talks about their mental health
struggles.
60. Seeking help for mental health issues can negatively affect a family’s
reputation.
61. I have been hesitant to support my child’s mental health treatment due to fear
of judgment.
62. I believe that mental health issues are often exaggerated.
63. Discussing mental health concerns with a therapist feels like exposing family
secrets.
64. It’s unnecessary to involve a professional when we can handle mental health
issues ourselves.
65. Younger generations are more open to talking about mental health than older
generations.
66. Older generations did not need mental health treatment as much as today’s
youth.
67. The younger generation is more dependent on therapy compared to older
adults.
68. Older adults tend to think mental health issues are less serious than the
younger generation believes.
69. Young people are too focused on their mental health compared to previous
generations.
70. Mental health problems were often overlooked by older generations.
71. Older generations view therapy as unnecessary, while young people see it as
essential.
72. I feel that mental health services should be free for the younger generation.
73. It is important to resolve family mental health problems without outside help.
74. The younger generation has a stronger sense of emotional well-being with
access to mental health care.
75. I have noticed that young people can recover quickly from setbacks if they
have the right support.
76. I believe society judges families that openly discuss mental health issues.
77. I often hear discussions about mental health services in the media.
78.I believe young people need to experience challenges to build their resilience.
79. I would be concerned about what neighbors think if someone in my family
sought mental health treatment.
80. Handling mental health issues within the family allows us to maintain a sense
of control.
PILOT STUDY
The pilot study aimed to evaluate the initial version of the scale developed to
measure the attitudes of the older generation towards mental health treatment for
the younger generation. The objectives included assessing item clarity, measuring
internal consistency, and making revisions based on participant feedback and
statistical analysis. The study involved 30 participants aged 50 and above from
diverse backgrounds, chosen to ensure that the scale accurately reflected the
perspectives of this demographic, with varying familiarity with mental health
issues.
The scales used in the study were the newly developed “Attitude of Older
Generation Towards Mental Health Treatment for Younger Generation” and the
established “Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale.”
Together, these scales comprised 50 items. Responses were collected through an
online survey, structured into two sections. In the first section, participants
responded to items on a Likert scale ranging from "Disagree" to "Agree," while
the second section used a Likert scale from "Strongly disagree" to "Strongly
agree." Instructions were provided to ensure participants understood the process,
focusing on evaluating the scale's ability to capture relevant attitudes and
identifying items that might be unclear or ambiguous.
Data analysis involved reviewing each item for clarity and relevance based on
participant responses, considering factors like response variability and
correlations with the overall scale score. The internal consistency of the scale was
measured using Cronbach's alpha, with a value above 0.70 deemed acceptable.
The initial scale demonstrated a high internal consistency, achieving a Cronbach's
alpha of 0.909. Four poorly performing items were identified based on item-total
correlation analysis and subsequently removed, resulting in a revised scale of 46
items with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.907, maintaining strong reliability. To assess
validity, scores from the new scale were compared with those from the "Attitudes
Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale." The correlation
coefficient of 0.4488 indicated a moderate level of convergent validity,
suggesting the new scale generally aligned with established measures while still
needing further refinement for improved accuracy.
An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify underlying dimensions
within the scale, revealing groupings of items that corresponded to factors such
as perceived stigma, openness to treatment, and beliefs about mental health.
Poorly performing items that did not clearly load onto any factor were removed
during item reduction, leading to a refined scale that better captured essential
components of attitudes toward mental health treatment.
The results from the initial scale demonstrated high internal consistency, with a
reliability coefficient of 0.909 for 50 items. The removal of four poorly
performing items slightly reduced the reliability to 0.907, which is still considered
strong. The moderate validity correlation (0.4488) suggests that the scale captures
relevant attitudes towards mental health treatment but may need additional
refinement to achieve higher alignment with established measures. Feedback
from participants indicated some items were less clear, leading to further
revisions for improved clarity.
The pilot study demonstrated that the scale is a reliable tool for capturing the
attitudes of the older generation towards mental health treatment, with strong
internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.907 for 46 items). The moderate validity
correlation (0.4488) suggested that the scale generally aligns with established
measures, but there’s still room for improvement to make it even more accurate.
Participants' feedback was valuable in highlighting items that were confusing or
unclear, leading to thoughtful revisions that made the scale clearer and more
relevant. These changes have helped create a tool that better reflects the
perspectives and attitudes of the older generation. While the refined 46-item scale
is promising, further testing with larger, more diverse groups is recommended to
ensure it truly resonates with a broader audience and captures the nuances of their
views.
Scale: All Variables
Case processing summary

N %

Cases Valid 30 93.8

Excluded 2 6.3

Total 32 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure

Table 2: Reliability statistics


Cronbach’s Alpha Cronbach’s Alpha Based on Standardised Items N of items

.909 .923 50

Reliability
Scale: All Variables
Case processing summary

N %

Cases Valid 30 85.7

Excluded 5 14.3

Total 35 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure


Reliability statistics

Cronbach’s Alpha Cronbach’s Alpha Based on Standardised Items N of items

.907 .921 46
ADMINISTRATION
The administration of a scale "Attitude of Older Generation Towards Mental
Health Treatment for Younger Generation" involves several steps to ensure that
data is collected effectively, analyzed properly, and that participants’ responses
are meaningful. Below is an outline that provides guidance for administering the
scale:
1. Preparation of the Scale
• Reliability and Validity: If you’re using a pre-existing scale, confirm that
it has been tested for reliability and validity (measuring what it’s intended
to measure). If it’s an original scale, it’s important to pilot test it first on a
small sample to ensure that it is clear, relevant, and reliable.
• Demographic Information: Collect relevant demographic data such as
age, gender, education level, and geographical location to help in data
analysis and identifying patterns or trends.
• Consent Process: Ensure that participants understand the purpose of the
study, their rights, and how their data will be used. Obtain informed consent
before they participate.
2. Defining the Target Population
The scale is intended for the older generation (typically, individuals aged 50+).
Therefore, target sample specifically meet this age criterion.
Eligibility Check:
• Age 50 or older
• Optional: Participants could be asked about their prior exposure to mental
health issues or treatment, but it’s not necessary to restrict them based on
this criterion unless it's relevant to the study.
3. Setting Up the Survey
• Design the Form: Include clear instructions, demographic questions, and
the attitude scale items. Structure it logically (e.g., intro, demographics,
attitude scale, concluding remarks).
• Randomization (optional): If there are multiple versions of the scale,
consider randomizing the order of questions or responses to reduce bias.
• Response Options: Ensure that response options are clear and consistent.
For example, use Likert scales with clear labels (e.g., 1 = Strongly Disagree
to 5 = Strongly Agree).
• Pilot Testing: Before sharing the form widely, conduct a pilot test with a
small number of participants to make sure there are no technical issues and
that the questions are clear.
4. Administration of the Scale
Share the form with your participants via email, social media, or any
platform that you think will reach individuals over 50. If you're collecting
responses through other means (like in-person or via phone), ensure you
have the appropriate tools to input responses.
Set a clear timeframe for when the survey will be open. Encourage
participants to complete the survey within that time frame to ensure a good
response rate.
5. Monitoring and Follow-up
If the survey is online, send out a polite reminder halfway through the data
collection period (e.g., a week after the initial invitation) to encourage
responses. Provide participants with a way to contact you if they
experience any issues completing the form.
6. Closing the Survey
• Once you’ve reached your desired sample size, close the survey (or stop
accepting responses).

SCORING AND INTERPRETATION

Reversed items - 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 30, 31, 32, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
46.
5-point Likert Scale
Normal Scoring:
1 = Strongly Disagree
2 = Disagree
3 = Neutral
4 = Agree
5 = Strongly Agree
Reverse Scoring:
1 = Strongly Agree
2 = Agree
3 = Neutral
4 = Disagree
5 = Strongly Disagree
Interpretation:
The attitude of the older generation towards mental health treatment for younger
generations can be interpreted as follows:
• Low Attitude (46 -107): Older individuals with scores in this range generally
hold negative or unfavourable views about mental health treatment for younger
people. This could reflect skepticism, misunderstandings, or reluctance to support
mental health interventions for the youth.
• Moderate Attitude (108 -169): This score reflects ambivalence or mixed
feelings. While there is some degree of openness to mental health treatment, the
older generation may still experience doubts or uncertainties about its
effectiveness or necessity for younger individuals.
• High Attitude (170 -230): Older individuals with scores in this range are highly
supportive of mental health treatment for younger generations. They recognize
its importance and are likely to advocate for or promote mental health services
for the youth.

PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES
Reliability
Reliability refers to the consistency of the measurement and indicates the extent
to which the scale produces stable and consistent results. There are several types
of reliability that can be assessed.
Internal Consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha)-Internal consistency assesses how
well the items on the scale measure the same underlying construct (i.e., attitudes
towards mental health treatment for younger generations).
Calculate Cronbach’s alpha for the scale. Higher values of Cronbach’s alpha
indicate better internal consistency. A value of 0.7 or above is considered
acceptable in most social science research.
Example:
o Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.85: This would indicate good internal
consistency and suggest that the items on the scale (e.g., "Mental
health treatment is important for younger people," "Younger
generations are more open to mental health treatment") are
measuring the same construct.

MEAN 160.76 0.00 50 5 5


SD 17.19 1.00 10 2 2
SDP 17.10 0.99 10 2 2
NORMS

Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
VAR0000 .104 98 .011 .954 98 .002
1
VAR0000 .105 98 .010 .953 98 .001
2
VAR0000 .179 98 <.001 .909 98 <.001
3
VAR0000 .119 98 .002 .973 98 .038
4
VAR0000 .149 98 <.001 .957 98 .003
5
VAR0000 .174 98 <.001 .960 98 .004
6
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Normal Test Summary


Total N 98
Most Extreme Absolute .179
Differences
Positive .179
Negative -.174
Test Statistic .179
Asymptotic Sig.(2-sided test)a <.001
Sig. <.001
99% Confidence Lower .000
Monte Carlo Sig.(2- Interval Bound
sided test)b Upper .000
Bound
a. Lilliefors Corrected
b. Lilliefors' method based on 10000 Monte Carlo samples with starting seed
1556559736.

APPLICATIONS

1. Public Health Campaigns


Understanding older generations’ attitudes toward mental health treatment for
younger people can help design targeted public health interventions to reduce
stigma and increase mental health awareness across all age groups.
• Anti-Stigma Campaigns: Older generations may have more traditional or
stigmatized views about mental health treatment. Identifying common
beliefs and misconceptions can help design public health messages to
challenge stigma and normalize help-seeking behaviours among younger
generations. This might include media campaigns, educational programs,
or community-based outreach.
Example: If the scale shows a high level of stigma among older generations (e.g.,
seeing mental health treatment as a sign of weakness), public health initiatives
can target older adults specifically to address and reduce these negative
perceptions.
• Tailored Messaging: Campaigns could emphasize how mental health
treatment is beneficial not only for individuals but also for families and
communities, thus appealing to the older generation’s concern for younger
people's well-being.

2. Intergenerational Programs and Initiatives


The attitudes of older generations towards younger people's mental health
treatment could be incorporated into intergenerational programs that aim to
bridge the gap in understanding between generations.
• Education Programs for Older Adults: Workshops, seminars, or
discussion groups can be organized to educate older generations about
modern mental health treatment options (e.g., therapy, counseling,
medication) and reduce outdated beliefs.
Example: Programs might involve psychologists or mental health experts
discussing how mental health treatment is an effective tool for coping with stress,
anxiety, depression, or other common issues among younger people. These could
be run in community centers, senior living facilities, or through church groups.
• Creating Dialogue Between Generations: Promoting intergenerational
communication where older adults learn about the mental health challenges
younger people face can also improve empathy and mutual understanding.
Programs could include mentorship or peer support between younger and
older generations to share experiences, challenges, and coping
mechanisms.
3. Policy Development and Advocacy
Data from this scale can inform mental health policy development, especially
policies that aim to improve access to mental health services and reduce barriers
to treatment. Policies that address generational attitudes towards mental health
can be developed to foster societal acceptance of mental health care.
• Policy Advocacy for Mental Health: If attitudes toward younger people’s
mental health treatment are predominantly negative in certain
communities, this data can be used to advocate for increased funding or
resource allocation for mental health services that target both the younger
generation and older caregivers/family members.
Example: Advocating for legislation that supports mental health education for
older generations in schools, workplaces, and senior citizen organizations to
promote understanding and reduce stigma.
• Guidelines for Healthcare Providers: If older generations are found to
have more conservative attitudes about mental health, healthcare providers
can incorporate educational materials into consultations with older adults,
explaining how mental health issues affect younger people and why
treatment is necessary.

4. Community and Family Support Systems


Older generations often play a key role in the lives of younger people, particularly
in family and caregiving contexts. Understanding their attitudes towards mental
health can help family counselors, social workers, and community organizers
provide more effective interventions and support.
• Family Counseling: In families where older adults (e.g., grandparents)
have a negative or skeptical attitude towards mental health treatment for
younger members, family therapy or counseling can address
misconceptions and encourage a supportive environment for mental health
treatment.
Example: If a young person is struggling with mental health but faces resistance
from older family members, family counseling can help bridge this gap, allowing
for better acceptance of mental health care and treatment options.
• Support for Caregivers: If older generations are often caregivers for
younger people (e.g., grandparents raising grandchildren), understanding
their views on mental health is crucial in supporting them as they help
younger individuals cope with mental health challenges.

5. Educational and Training Programs for Professionals


Understanding older generations’ attitudes can guide the design of training
programs for healthcare professionals, especially those working in mental health
care, geriatrics, or family counseling.
• Cultural Sensitivity in Mental Health Training: Mental health
professionals can be trained to recognize and address generational
differences in attitudes toward mental health. By being aware of older
adults' possible skepticism or negative attitudes, healthcare providers can
tailor their approaches to be more culturally sensitive and empathetic.
Example: Mental health professionals working with families may need to take
extra care when discussing treatment plans with elderly family members who may
have misconceptions about mental health treatment for younger generations.
• Training Teachers and School Counselors: If younger generations are
hesitant to seek mental health help due to the stigma or negative attitudes
of older generations, training for school counselors and teachers can help
identify these barriers early on and provide strategies to foster school-wide
mental health support.

6. Research on Generational Mental Health Stigma


The scale can be used in academic research to examine generational differences
in attitudes toward mental health treatment, helping researchers to identify
underlying causes of stigma and resistance to treatment.
• Longitudinal Studies: Researchers can use this scale in longitudinal
studies to track how attitudes change over time, especially as younger
generations become more open to mental health care or as older
generations are exposed to more education about mental health.
• Cross-Cultural or Cross-National Comparisons: The scale can also be
used to compare attitudes across different cultural contexts or countries,
identifying how cultural norms and values shape attitudes toward mental
health treatment for young people. This can lead to cross-cultural strategies
to reduce stigma and increase mental health acceptance.
7. Media and Entertainment
Attitudes toward mental health in the older generation can also be shaped by
media, and the scale can help identify how media representation of mental health
issues affects the older generation's perceptions of treatment for younger people.
• Media Campaigns and Representation: Using the data from the scale,
media outlets (e.g., TV shows, movies, social media) can create content
that accurately portrays mental health issues for younger generations and
emphasizes the importance of support from older generations.
Example: A documentary series or social media campaign that shows real-life
stories of older adults becoming allies to younger people seeking mental health
treatment could be effective in changing attitudes and fostering empathy.

8. Workplace Mental Health Programs


Older workers may hold influential roles in the workplace. Understanding their
views on mental health treatment for younger employees is key to designing
workplace wellness programs that address mental health needs across
generations.
• Mental Health Support in the Workplace: The scale can be used to
assess workplace culture and how attitudes toward mental health treatment
impact younger employees’ willingness to seek help. This can inform the
design of workplace initiatives that promote mental health resources,
reduce stigma, and encourage cross-generational conversations about
mental health.
LIMITATIONS
1. Generational Bias
• Limitation: The scale is specifically designed to measure the attitudes of
older generations toward mental health treatment for younger people. As a
result, it may not capture the complexity of attitudes across different age
cohorts within the older generation. Different subgroups (e.g., older adults
in their 50s vs. those in their 70s or 80s) might have very different views,
especially considering changing societal attitudes toward mental health.
• Example: Older adults who grew up during times when mental health
issues were stigmatized may hold different views than those who were
exposed to mental health education and awareness later in life.
2. Cultural and Contextual Limitations
• Limitation: Attitudes toward mental health vary significantly across
cultural and societal contexts. The scale may not account for cultural
differences in the perception of mental health and treatment. In some
cultures, mental health issues are seen as a private matter, while in others,
they may be more openly discussed.
• Example: The scale developed in one cultural or geographic context may
not be applicable to another without modification. For example, attitudes
toward mental health treatment for younger generations in a Western
country may differ greatly from those in Eastern or collectivist societies.
3. Potential for Social Desirability Bias
• Limitation: Participants may respond in a way that they perceive as
socially acceptable rather than reflecting their true beliefs, a phenomenon
known as social desirability bias. Older adults may overstate their
acceptance of mental health treatment for younger generations because
they feel it is a socially desirable stance in modern times, especially given
the growing emphasis on mental health awareness.
• Example: An older adult might report a more supportive attitude toward
mental health treatment for younger generations than they actually feel,
due to the social pressures to be seen as open-minded or progressive.
4. Limited Scope of the Scale
• Limitation: The scale may not capture all of the factors influencing
attitudes toward mental health treatment. Attitudes can be shaped by
various personal, social, and cultural factors, including religious beliefs,
education levels, exposure to mental health information, and family or
community values.
• Example: The scale might not include items that assess personal
experiences with mental health care or the influence of religion, both of
which could significantly impact an older adult’s view on mental health
treatment for younger people.
5. Self-Reported Data Limitations
• Limitation: As with any survey that relies on self-reported data, there may
be discrepancies between what participants say they believe or support and
how they actually behave in real-life situations. Participants may express
favourable attitudes towards mental health treatment but may not act in
ways that demonstrate support when interacting with younger people
seeking treatment.
• Example: An older adult may indicate that they believe mental health
treatment is important for young people but might not be willing to
encourage or support a family member’s decision to seek treatment.
6. Response Bias Due to Sample Characteristics
• Limitation: If the sample is not representative of the broader older
population (e.g., if the survey is filled out predominantly by individuals
from a specific socioeconomic or educational background), the findings
may not be generalizable. For instance, people with higher education levels
or who have had more exposure to mental health awareness programs may
exhibit more positive attitudes than those who have not.
• Example: If the survey primarily includes participants from urban areas, it
may not reflect the views of older adults from rural areas, who may hold
more conservative or traditional views toward mental health.
7. Lack of Depth in Measuring Complex Attitudes
• Limitation: The scale may fail to capture the nuanced and complex nature
of attitudes. For instance, an individual may have mixed views believing
that mental health treatment is important but also harboring concerns about
its accessibility, effectiveness, or potential side effects. A simple scale may
not be able to fully capture this complexity.
• Example: An older participant might express support for mental health
treatment in general but feel that younger people are too reliant on therapy
and should instead focus on personal resilience. A simple Likert-type scale
might not adequately measure this complexity.
8. Limited Focus on Specific Mental Health Conditions
• Limitation: The scale might treat "mental health treatment" as a general
concept, without accounting for different mental health conditions that may
require different types of treatment. Attitudes toward treatment for
conditions like depression, anxiety, or substance abuse may differ
significantly, and the scale may not capture these distinctions.
• Example: Older generations might have more favorable attitudes toward
treatment for depression (considered a more common and "acceptable"
mental health issue) but less favorable views toward treatment for
conditions like schizophrenia or substance use disorders, which may carry
more stigma.
9. Over-simplification of Attitudes
• Limitation: The scale may reduce complex attitudes to a series of
simplified categories (e.g., positive, neutral, negative), potentially missing
important subtleties or mixed attitudes toward mental health treatment. It
could fail to capture how attitudes shift based on specific situations,
individuals, or context.
• Example: An older person might have a generally supportive attitude
toward mental health care for young people but might oppose it in specific
situations, such as when they perceive the treatment as unnecessary or
when it is perceived as too expensive or burdensome.
10. Focus on Older Adults as Sole Informants
• Limitation: The scale primarily focuses on the perspectives of older
generations. While their attitudes are critical, it might miss important
insights into intergenerational dynamics. For instance, the attitudes of
younger people toward mental health treatment, or how they perceive the
support (or lack thereof) from older adults, could provide a more complete
picture.
• Example: The attitudes of older adults may be a significant barrier to
younger people seeking mental health treatment, but the younger
generations’ own views on the stigma or challenges they face in seeking
care may also be crucial to understanding the broader mental health
landscape.
REFERENCES

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3822658/#:~:text=The%20negative%
20stereotypes%20and%20attitudes,older%20women%20must%20be%20strengt
hened.&text=In%20conclusion%2C%20the%20promotion%20of,mental%20he
alth%20in%20old%20age.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19170041/#:~:text=A%20greater%20awarenes
s%20of%20factors,face%20of%20age%2Dassociated%20adversity.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/24291-diagnostic-and-statistical-
manual-dsm-
5#:~:text=The%20Diagnostic%20and%20Statistical%20Manual%20of%20Men
tal%20Disorders%2C%20often%20known,and%20publishing%20of%20this%2
0book.

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8938292/#:~:text=barriers%20to%20
care-
,OBJECTIVES:,engaging%20in%20mental%20health%20treatment.&text=Agi
ng%20is%20associated%20with%20unique,younger%20and%20middle%20ag
ed%20adults.&text=In%20addition%20to%20having%20lower,life%20satisfact
ion%20than%20younger%20cohorts.&text=However%2C%20the%20COVID
%2D19%20pandemic,%2C%20anxiety%2C%20and%20insomnia%20reported.
&text=We%20sought%20to%20evaluate%20how,in%20a%20nationally%20rep
resentative%20sample.
APPENDIX A
FINAL SCALE ITEMS
1. I know where to seek professional help for most of the mental health problems.
2. Mental health treatment should be kept private and not discussed with friends
or colleagues.
3. Young people today are good at bouncing back from difficult situations most
of the time.
4. Concealing family mental health issues from society will help us to cope
better/heal faster.
5. There is a lack of understanding about mental health problems in older
generations.
6. I selectively share behavioral and emotional issues about my family with
others.
7. I trust that younger generations can build resilience through proper mental
health support.
8. Mental health services are easily accessible in my community.
9. Many older adults recognize the importance of mental health and are
supportive of younger generations seeking professional help.
10. Discussing mental health issues with a therapist is an invasion of family
privacy.
11. Professional help is essential for young people dealing with mental health
issues.
12. I trust that mental health professionals have the expertise to help my
children/grandchildren with their mental health concerns.
13. Older generations had better coping mechanisms for stress.
14. Mental health issues are often exaggerated and not as serious as they are
made out to be.
15. I am willing to seek treatment for my family if they face any mental health
problems.
16. I know someone who has benefited from mental health treatment.
17. I would rather delay or deny professional mental health treatment for myself/a
family member when required.
18. Encouraging young people to seek mental health treatment is crucial.
19. I believe that today’s generation makes mental health unnecessarily
important.
20. Mental illness cannot be cured.
21. Mental health treatment helps young people become stronger.
22.I feel that seeking mental health treatment brings shame to the family.
23. The cost of mental health services is affordable for my family.
24. Therapy can provide young people with coping strategies for life challenges.
25. I believe that mental health treatments are not effective.
26. Therapy can help younger people manage their mental health effectively.
27. I tend to give more importance to my family’s physical health than their
mental health.
28. Addressing mental health issues early in life is beneficial for young people.
29. Mental health treatment is too expensive for me to afford.
30. I am willing to unconditionally accept my family’s issues/difficulties.
31. I feel it is okay for my child/grandchild to discuss their mental health
concerns with a professional.
32. Mental health problems should not be discussed outside the family.
33. I believe that coping mechanisms taught in therapy are useful for the younger
generation.
34. Mental health problems should be kept within the family.
35. My fixed income limits my ability to afford mental health treatment for my
children/grandchildren.
36. Mental health treatment makes young people more able to face future
challenges.
37. Young people have been able to access mental health services when they
needed them.
38. Mental health treatment can improve the quality of life for younger
generations.
39. I believe that mental health treatment is as important as physical health
treatment.
40. It’s better to handle mental health issues on our own rather than seeking
professional help.
41. I understand that mental health issues can affect anyone, regardless of age.
42. Younger generation easily gives up when faced with obstacles.
43. I am likely to seek help from my family/others in case of a mental health
crisis.
44. Mental health treatment is too expensive for me to afford.
45. Seeking mental health treatment is a sign of weakness.
46. I believe that there should be more mental health education and awareness
programs for younger generations.

Reversed items – 2, 4, 10, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 29, 32, 34, 35, 40, 42,
44, 45.
APPENDIX B

Scoring Key for the attitude of older generation towards the mental health
treatment of younger generation.
Score Ranges Impact Description

46-107 Low Attitude Historical stigma and traditional


views that prioritize self-reliance
over professional help. Many older
adults view mental health struggles
as personal weaknesses or moral
failings rather than legitimate
medical issues. This generational
difference in perspectives can
hinder support for younger
individuals seeking mental health
care.

108-169 Moderate Attitude Acknowledging its importance


while still holding some
reservations. They might recognize
the need for therapy and
counseling but prefer a more
balanced approach, combining
professional help with family
support or self-reliance. While
more open than past generations,
they may still have concerns about
the long-term effectiveness or
over-reliance on mental health
services.

170-230 High Attitude Tends to fully support therapy and


counseling as essential for well-
being. They recognize mental
health issues as legitimate medical
conditions that deserve
professional care, acknowledging
the importance of early
intervention. This group is more
likely to encourage younger
individuals to seek help and be
proactive about mental health.
APPENDIX C
STUDENT TOTAL RANK PERCENTIL Z-SCORE T-SCORE STANINE STEN
S MHT E RANK
Student 197 99 101 2 71 9 10
36
Student 3 192 97 98 2 68 9 9
Student 192 97 98 2 68 9 9
47
Student 191 96 97 2 68 9 9
89
Student 190 95 96 2 67 8 9
11
Student 187 94 95 2 65 8 9
27
Student 186 91 92 1 65 8 8
24
Student 186 91 92 1 65 8 8
41
Student 186 91 92 1 65 8 8
81
Student 184 90 91 1 64 8 8
42
Student 180 89 90 1 61 7 8
53
Student 9 178 88 89 1 60 7 8
Student 177 85 86 1 59 7 7
22
Student 177 85 86 1 59 7 7
44
Student 177 85 86 1 59 7 7
92
Student 176 80 81 1 59 7 7
10
Student 176 80 81 1 59 7 7
12
Student 176 80 81 1 59 7 7
15
Student 176 80 81 1 59 7 7
69
Student 176 80 81 1 59 7 7
90
Student 175 78 79 1 58 7 7
52
Student 175 78 79 1 58 7 7
67
Student 4 174 76 77 1 58 7 7
Student 174 76 77 1 58 7 7
78
Student 173 75 76 1 57 6 7
16
Student 172 73 74 1 57 6 7
94
Student 172 73 74 1 57 6 7
97
Student 171 70 71 1 56 6 7
39
Student 171 70 71 1 56 6 7
49
Student 171 70 71 1 56 6 7
100
Student 170 67 68 1 55 6 7
13
Student 170 67 68 1 55 6 7
65
Student 170 67 68 1 55 6 7
91
Student 5 169 62 63 0 55 6 6
Student 169 62 63 0 55 6 6
20
Student 169 62 63 0 55 6 6
40
Student 169 62 63 0 55 6 6
74
Student 169 62 63 0 55 6 6
80
Student 1 168 61 62 0 54 6 6
Student 167 58 59 0 54 6 6
14
Student 167 58 59 0 54 6 6
51
Student 167 58 59 0 54 6 6
95
Student 6 166 55 56 0 53 6 6
Student 166 55 56 0 53 6 6
66
Student 166 55 56 0 53 6 6
85
Student 165 51 52 0 52 5 6
35
Student 165 51 52 0 52 5 6
45
Student 165 51 52 0 52 5 6
50
Student 165 51 52 0 52 5 6
93
Student 164 47 47 0 52 5 6
76
Student 164 47 47 0 52 5 6
84
Student 164 47 47 0 52 5 6
86
Student 164 47 47 0 52 5 6
99
Student 163 46 46 0 51 5 6
87
Student 162 45 45 0 51 5 6
96
Student 161 44 44 0 50 5 6
88
Student 160 43 43 0 50 5 5
26
Student 2 159 41 41 0 49 5 5
Student 159 41 41 0 49 5 5
62
Student 156 40 40 0 47 4 5
64
Student 155 39 39 0 47 4 5
77
Student 154 37 37 0 46 4 5
21
Student 154 37 37 0 46 4 5
63
Student 152 36 36 -1 45 4 4
48
Student 151 35 35 -1 44 4 4
79
Student 7 150 33 33 -1 44 4 4
Student 150 33 33 -1 44 4 4
19
Student 149 32 32 -1 43 4 4
46
Student 148 31 31 -1 43 4 4
17
Student 147 25 25 -1 42 3 4
25
Student 147 25 25 -1 42 3 4
31
Student 147 25 25 -1 42 3 4
34
Student 147 25 25 -1 42 3 4
54
Student 147 25 25 -1 42 3 4
73
Student 147 25 25 -1 42 3 4
82
Student 146 22 22 -1 41 3 4
30
Student 146 22 22 -1 41 3 4
32
Student 146 22 22 -1 41 3 4
43
Student 145 20 20 -1 41 3 4
83
Student 145 20 20 -1 41 3 4
98
Student 144 18 18 -1 40 3 4
70
Student 144 18 18 -1 40 3 4
72
Student 141 16 16 -1 39 3 3
55
Student 141 16 16 -1 39 3 3
75
Student 140 15 15 -1 38 3 3
68
Student 138 13 13 -1 37 2 3
18
Student 138 13 13 -1 37 2 3
60
Student 8 137 11 11 -1 36 2 3
Student 137 11 11 -1 36 2 3
37
Student 135 9 9 -1 35 2 3
57
Student 135 9 9 -1 35 2 3
71
Student 134 8 8 -2 34 2 2
29
Student 132 7 7 -2 33 2 2
59
Student 131 6 6 -2 33 2 2
58
Student 129 4 4 -2 32 1 2
56
Student 129 4 4 -2 32 1 2
61
Student 126 3 3 -2 30 1 1
33
Student 124 2 2 -2 29 1 1
28

MEAN 160.76 0.00 50 5 5


SD 17.19 1.00 10 2 2
SDP 17.10 0.99 10 2 2
GROUP SMES

Name: Uma Divekar


Qualification: M.A. in Counselling Psychology
Work Place: A. H. Wadia High School
Contact number: 9987317014
Email Id: umadivekar06@yahoo.com

Sign:

Name: Chandrika Kulkarni


Qualification: msc in life science , msc in psychology B.ed
Workplace: KLE BELGAUM
Contact Number: 9730114467
Email ID: Chandrikakulkarni08@gmail.com

Sign:
Name: Tejal. S. Pillai
Qualification: Msc in Child Psychology
Workplace: Little Step Rehabilitation Centre
Contact Number: +919833111632
Email ID: Tejalpillai55@gmail.com

Signature:

Name: Daffnie Chinnappan


Qualification: msc in clinical psychology
Workplace: Amaha - consultant psychologist
Contact Number: 99872 34737
Email ID: Chinnappandaffnie@gmail.com

Sign:
Name: Zainab Khan
Qualification: MA in clinical psychology
Workplace:J.J.hospital
Contact Number: +91 70398 96580
Email ID: zainabkhan7039896580@gmail.com

Sign:

Name: Ira Rane


Qualification: M.A in psychology,p.g. dip.in. School counselling .
Workplace: School counselor at Bhavan's A.H Wadia high school .
Email ID: Ira.rane@gmail.com

Sign:

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