In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.

Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and

easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code
def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.
python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25
8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.

python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python
Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code
def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.

python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

 print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.
python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code
def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.
python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25
8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.

python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python
Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code
def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.

python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

 print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.
python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code
def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.
python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25
8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.

python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python
Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code
def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.

python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

 print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.
python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code
def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.
python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25
8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.

python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python
Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code
def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.

python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

 print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.
python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code
def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.
python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25
8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.

python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python
Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code
def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.

python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

 print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.
python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code
def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.
python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25
8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.

python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python
Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code
def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.

python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

 print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.
python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code
def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.
python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25
8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.

python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python
Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code
def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.

python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

 print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.
python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code
def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.
python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25
8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.

python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python
Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code
def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.

python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

 print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.
python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code
def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.
python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25
8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.

python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python
Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code
def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.

python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

 print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.
python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code
def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.
python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25
8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.

python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python
Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code
def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.

python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

 print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.
python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code
def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.
python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25
8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.

python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python
Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.

In Python, functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks.
Functions help to modularize code, making it more readable, reusable, and
easier to maintain. Here's a detailed breakdown of Python functions:

1. Defining a Function

You define a function using the def keyword, followed by the function name
and parentheses. Inside the parentheses, you can specify parameters
(optional).

python

Copy code

def function_name(parameters):

# Function body

return value # Optional

Example:

python

Copy code
def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

2. Calling a Function

Once defined, you can call the function by using its name and passing
required arguments (if any).

python

Copy code

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

3. Parameters and Arguments

 Parameters are placeholders used in the function definition.

 Arguments are actual values passed to the function when it's called.

python

Copy code

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4) # result will be 7

4. Default Parameters

You can assign default values to parameters. If the caller doesn't pass a
value for that parameter, the default is used.

python

Copy code

def greet(name="Guest"):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!

greet("Ajay") # Output: Hello, Ajay!

5. Return Statement

The return statement is used to return a value from the function. If a function
doesn’t explicitly return a value, it implicitly returns None.

python

Copy code

def square(x):

return x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

6. Variable-length Arguments

Python allows functions to accept a variable number of arguments using

*args and **kwargs.

 *args allows you to pass a variable number of non-keyword

arguments.

python

Copy code

def multiply(*args):

result = 1

for num in args:

result *= num

return result

print(multiply(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 24

 **kwargs allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.

python

Copy code

def display_info(**kwargs):

for key, value in kwargs.items():

 print(f"{key}: {value}")

display_info(name="Ajay", age=30)

# Output:

# name: Ajay

# age: 30

7. Lambda Functions

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword. It can have any number of parameters but only one expression.

python

Copy code

square = lambda x: x * x

print(square(5)) # Output: 25

8. Recursive Functions

A function that calls itself to solve a problem in smaller parts is called a

recursive function.

python

Copy code

def factorial(n):

if n == 1:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

print(factorial(5)) # Output: 120

9. Higher-Order Functions

A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function is

called a higher-order function.
python

Copy code

def apply_twice(func, value):

return func(func(value))

def double(x):

return x * 2

print(apply_twice(double, 3)) # Output: 12

10. Docstrings

A docstring is a special string that describes what the function does. It’s
placed immediately after the function definition.

python

Copy code

def greet(name):

"""This function greets the person whose name is passed as an

argument."""

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__doc__)

Summary

 Functions help break down code into smaller, reusable chunks.

 Functions can have parameters, return values, default values, and

handle variable-length arguments.

 Python supports lambda (anonymous) functions and higher-order

functions.

 Functions improve code readability and maintainability.