waves-ppt.

Waves are everywhere in nature
©Sound waves, ©telephone chord

©visible light waves,
waves, ©stadium waves,
©radio waves, ©earthquake
©microwaves, waves,
©water waves, ©waves on a
©sine waves, string,
©slinky waves
What causes waves?
©Waves are created
when a source of
energy causes a
medium to vibrate.
©A vibration is a
repeated back and
forth or up and down
motion.
What is a wave?
©a wave is a disturbance that travels
through a medium from one location to
another.
©a wave is the motion of a disturbance
©a phenomenon in which energy is
transferred through vibrations
Slinky Wave
©Let’s use a slinky wave as an example.
©When the slinky is stretched from end to
end and is held at rest, it assumes a
natural position known as the
equilibrium or rest position.
©To introduce a wave here we must first
create a disturbance.
©We must move a particle away from its
rest position.
Slinky Wave
©One way to do this is to jerk the slinky forward
©the beginning of the slinky moves away from its
equilibrium position and then back.
©the disturbance continues down the slinky.
©this disturbance that moves down the slinky is
called a pulse.
©if we keep “pulsing” the slinky back and forth,
we could get a repeating disturbance.
Slinky Wave
©This disturbance would look something like this
©This type of wave is called a LONGITUDINAL wave.

©The pulse is transferred through the medium of the
slinky, but the slinky itself does not actually move.
©It just displaces from its rest position and then
returns to it.
©So what really is being transferred?
Slinky Wave
©Energy is being transferred.
©The metal of the slinky is the MEDIUM in that
transfers the energy pulse of the wave.
©The medium ends up in the same place as it
started … it just gets disturbed and then returns
to it rest position.
©The same can be seen with a stadium wave.
Longitudinal Wave
©The wave we see here is a longitudinal wave.

©The medium particles vibrate parallel to the
motion of the pulse.
©This is the same type of wave that we use to
transfer sound.
©Can you figure out how?
Transverse waves
©A second type of wave is a transverse
wave.
©We said in a longitudinal wave the pulse
travels in a direction parallel to the
disturbance.
©In a transverse wave the pulse travels
perpendicular to the disturbance.
Transverse Waves
©The differences between the two can be
seen
Transverse Waves
©Transverse waves occur when we wiggle
the slinky back and forth.
©They also occur when the source
disturbance follows a periodic motion.
©A spring or a pendulum can accomplish
this.
©The wave formed here is a SINE wave.
Anatomy of a Wave
©Now we can begin to describe the
anatomy of our waves.
©We will use a transverse wave to describe
this since it is easier to see the pieces.
Anatomy of a Wave
©In our wave here the dashed line represents the

equilibrium position.
©Once the medium is disturbed, it moves away
from this position and then returns to it
Anatomy of a Wave
crest
©The points A and F are called the CRESTS

of the wave.
©This is the point where the wave exhibits the
maximum amount of positive or upwards
displacement
Anatomy of a Wave
trough
©The points D and I are called the

TROUGHS of the wave.
©These are the points where the wave
exhibits its maximum negative or downward
displacement.
Anatomy of a Wave
Amplitude
©The distance between the dashed line and

point A is called the Amplitude of the wave.\
©This is the maximum displacement that the
wave moves away from its equilibrium.
Anatomy of a Wave
wavelength
©The distance between two consecutive similar

points (in this case two crests) is called the
wavelength.
©This is the length of the wave pulse.
©Between what other points is can a wavelength be
measured?
Anatomy of a Wave
©What else can we determine?
©We know that things that repeat have a
frequency and a period. How could we find
a frequency and a period of a wave?
Wave frequency
©We know that frequency measure how
often something happens over a certain
amount of time.
©We can measure how many times a pulse
passes a fixed point over a given amount
of time, and this will give us the
frequency.
Wave frequency
©Suppose I wiggle a slinky back and forth,
and count that 6 waves pass a point in 2
seconds. What would the frequency be?
©3 cycles / second
©3 Hz
©we use the term Hertz (Hz) to stand for
cycles per second.
Wave Period
©The period describes the same thing as it
did with a pendulum.
©It is the time it takes for one cycle to
complete.
©It also is the reciprocal of the frequency.
©T = 1 / f
©f = 1 / T
Wave Speed
©We can use what we know to determine
how fast a wave is moving.
©What is the formula for velocity?
©velocity = distance / time
©What distance do we know about a wave
©wavelength
©and what time do we know
©period
Wave Behavior
©We know that waves travel through
mediums.
Medium is the material through which
a wave travels. A medium can be gas,
liquid or gas. Not all waves require a
medium to travel (light from the sun)
©But what happens when that medium runs
out?
Boundary Behavior
©The behavior of a wave when it reaches
the end of its medium is called the wave’s
BOUNDARY BEHAVIOR.
©When one medium ends and another
begins, that is called a boundary.
24
Fixed End
©One type of boundary that a wave may

encounter is that it may be attached to a
fixed end.
©In this case, the end of the medium will
not be able to move.
©What is going to happen if a wave pulse
goes down this string and encounters the
fixed end?
Fixed End
©Here the incident pulse is an upward
pulse.
©The reflected pulse is upside-down. It is
inverted.
©The reflected pulse has the same speed,
wavelength, and amplitude as the incident
pulse.
Fixed End Animation
Free End
©Another boundary type is when a wave’s
medium is attached to a stationary object
as a free end.
©In this situation, the end of the medium is
allowed to slide up and down.
©What would happen in this case?
28
Free End
©Here the reflected pulse is not inverted.
©It is identical to the incident pulse, except
it is moving in the opposite direction.
©The speed, wavelength, and amplitude
are the same as the incident pulse.
Free End Animation
Change in Medium
©Our third boundary condition is when the
medium of a wave changes.
©Think of a thin rope attached to a thin
rope. The point where the two ropes are
attached is the boundary.
©At this point, a wave pulse will transfer
from one medium to another.
©What will happen here?
Change in Medium
© In this situation part of
the wave is reflected,
and part of the wave is
transmitted.
© Part of the wave energy
is transferred to the
more dense medium,
and part is reflected.
© The transmitted pulse is
upright, while the
reflected pulse is
inverted.
Change in Medium
©The speed and
wavelength of the
reflected wave
remain the same, but
the amplitude
decreases.
©The speed,
wavelength, and
amplitude of the
transmitted pulse are
all smaller than in
the incident pulse.
Change in Medium Animation
Wave Motion
Wave- phenomenon in which energy is transferred
through vibrations
Types of Waves
1.Transverse waves-waves which are travel in a direction
perpendicular to the direction of the vibrations,
examples electromagnetic, water and light waves
2. Longitudinal waves—travel in a direction parallel to
the direction of the vibrations
example, sound waves
Properties of wave motion
1. Interference-phenomenon by which wave can
interact or counteract with each other.
When two waves meet while traveling
along the same medium it is called
INTERFERENCE.
a. Destructive interference-if pulses are
identical but travel on opposite sides of the
string, then the sum of the amplitudes is zero
and the string is appear flat.
b. Constructive interference- when 2 identical
pulses travel on the same side of string, the
sum of the amplitude of a single pulse are
together
Wave Interaction
©All we have left to discover is how waves
interact with each other.
©When two waves meet while traveling
along the same medium it is called
INTERFERENCE.
Constructive Interference
©Let’s consider two waves moving towards
each other, both having a positive
upward amplitude.
©What will happen when they meet?
Constructive Interference
©They will ADD together to produce a
greater amplitude.
©This is known as CONSTRUCTIVE
INTERFERENCE.
Destructive Interference
©Now let’s consider the opposite, two
waves moving towards each other, one
having a positive (upward) and one a
negative (downward) amplitude.
©What will happen when they meet?
Destructive Interference
©This time when they add together they
will produce a smaller amplitude.
©This is know as DESTRUCTIVE
INTERFERENCE.
2. Reflection- phenomenon of wave motion, in
which a wave is returned after impinging on a
surface. The process or act of reflecting
something, especially light, sound, or heat
When two waves of equal wavelength and
amplitude travel in opposite directions at the
same velocity through a medium, stationary, or
standing, waves are formed.
For example, if one end of a rope is tied to a
wall and the other end is shaken up and down,
waves will be reflected back along the rope from
the wall. Assuming that the reflection is perfectly
efficient, the reflected wave will be half a
wavelength behind the initiating wave.
Reflection
©When an object or
wave hits a surface
through which it
cannot pass, it
bounces back.
©Angle of incidence
©Angle of reflection
©3. Refraction-the change in direction that
occurs when a wave of energy such as light
passes from one medium to another of a
different density, for example from air to
water.
Refraction is when a wave moves from
one medium into another medium at an
angle, it changes speed as it enters the
second medium which causes it to bend. The
bending of waves due to a change in speed is
called refraction.
©4.Diffraction the bending or spreading
out of waves, for example of sound or
light, as they pass round the edge of an
obstacle
47
5. Polarization-exhibited by transverse
waves, occurs when the transmitted
waves vibrates in only one perpendicular
plane

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Waves are everywhere in nature

©Sound waves, ©telephone chord

©This type of wave is called a LONGITUDINAL wave.

©The wave we see here is a longitudinal wave.

©In our wave here the dashed line represents the

©The points A and F are called the CRESTS

©The points D and I are called the

©The distance between the dashed line and

©The distance between two consecutive similar

©One type of boundary that a wave may

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