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    Formulas_forces (1)

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    Formulas_forces (1)

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    Formulas_forces (1)

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    Hydrostatic Forces on Plain Surface

    A submerged plane surface is inclined, the fluid surface is


    open to the atmosphere. The force acting on 𝑑𝐴 is
    perpendicular to the surface and equal to 𝑑𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑑𝐴. The
    magnitude of the resultant force:

    𝐹𝑅 = ∫𝐴 𝑑𝐹 = ∫𝐴 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝐴 𝜌𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝐴 (1)

    For constant 𝜌

    𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ∫𝐴 𝑦𝑑𝐴 (2)

    The integral in the last equation is the first moment of the


    area with respect to the 𝑥 axis ∫𝐴 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = 𝑦𝑐 𝐴. Here 𝑦𝑐 is the
    𝑦 coordinate of the centroid measured from the 𝑥. Then

    𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑐 𝐴 = 𝑝𝑐 𝐴 (3)

    Here ℎ𝑐 is the vertical distance from the fluid surface to the centroid of the area. The magnitude of the resultant force
    is equal to the pressure at the centroid of the area multiplied by the total area. The resultant is perpendicular to the
    surface.

    The 𝑦 coordinate 𝑦𝑅 , of the resultant force can be determined by summation of moments around the 𝑥 axis. That is, the
    moment of the resultant force must equal the moment of the distributed pressure force, or

    𝐹𝑅 𝑦𝑅 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐹 = ∫ 𝜌𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
    𝐴 𝐴

    and, since 𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

    ∫𝐴 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
    𝑦𝑅 =
    𝑦𝑐 𝐴

    The integral in the numerator is the second moment of the area (moment of inertia) with respect to 𝑥 axis 𝐼𝑥 = ∫𝐴 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴,
    thus

    𝐼𝑥
    𝑦𝑅 =
    𝑦𝑐 𝐴

    From the parallel axis theorem 𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥𝑐 + 𝐴𝑦𝑐2, where 𝐼𝑥𝑐 is the second moment of the area with respect to an axis
    passing through its centroid and parallel to the 𝑥 axis. Thus,

    𝐼𝑥𝑐
    𝑦𝑅 = + 𝑦𝑐 .
    𝑦𝑐 𝐴

    The resultant force always passes below the centroid.


    The x coordinate, for the resultant force can be determined in a similar manner by summing moments about the 𝑦 axis.

    𝐹𝑅 𝑥𝑅 = ∫ 𝜌𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝐴
    𝐴

    and, therefore,

    ∫𝐴 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝐴 𝐼𝑥𝑦
    𝑥𝑅 = =
    𝑦𝑐 𝐴 𝑦𝑐 𝐴

    here 𝐼𝑥𝑦 is the product of inertia with respect to the 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes. From the parallel axis theorem, 𝐼𝑥𝑦 = 𝐼𝑥𝑦𝑐 + 𝐴𝑥𝑐 𝑦𝑐 .
    Therefore

    𝐼𝑥𝑦𝑐
    𝑥𝑅 = + 𝑥𝑐
    𝑦𝑐 𝐴

    where 𝐼𝑥𝑦𝑐 is the product of inertia with respect to an orthogonal coordinate system passing through the centroid of
    the area and formed by a translation of the x-y coordinate system. If the submerged area is symmetrical with respect to
    an axis passing through the centroid and parallel to either the 𝑥 or 𝑦 axes, the resultant force must lie along the line
    𝑥 = 𝑥𝑐 since 𝐼𝑥𝑦𝑐 is identically zero in this case.

    The point through which the resultant force acts is called the centre of pressure.
    Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface

    The development of a free-body diagram of a


    suitable volume of fluid can be used to determine
    the resultant fluid force acting on a curved surface.

    Will consider the equilibrium of the fluid volume


    enclosed by the curved surface of interest and the
    horizontal and vertical projections of this surface.

    For example, consider the curved section BC of the


    open tank of Figure. We wish to find the resultant fluid force acting on this section, which has a unit length perpendicular
    to the plane of the paper. We first isolate a volume of fluid that is bounded by the surface of interest, in this instance
    section BC, the horizontal plane surface 𝐴𝐻 (AB on the Figure), and the vertical plane surface 𝐴𝑉 (AC on the Figure). The
    free-body diagram for this volume is shown in (b). The magnitude and location of forces 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 can be determined
    from the relationships for planar surfaces. The weight 𝑊, is simply the specific weight of the fluid times the enclosed
    volume and acts through the center of gravity (CG) of the mass of fluid contained within the volume. The forces 𝐹𝐻 and
    𝐹𝑉 represent the components of the force that the tank exerts on the fluid.

    For this force system to be in equilibrium,

    𝐹𝐻 = 𝐹2 = 𝐴𝑉 (𝑝0 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐶𝐺 ) (1)

    𝐹𝑉 = 𝐹1 + 𝑊 = 𝑝0 𝐴𝐻 + 𝜌𝑔𝑉 (2)

    and the magnitude of the resultant is obtained from the equation

    𝐹𝑅 = √(𝐹𝐻 )2 + (𝐹𝑉 )2

    The resultant 𝐹𝑅 passes through the point O, which can be located by summing moments about an appropriate axis.

    Pay attention, that volume 𝑉 in equation (2) must be volume above curved surface and extend to free surface of the
    liquid. Since on the Figure only blue-coloured volume is considered, the free surface must coincide with the plane AB.
    For such case to be valid, the liquid above this plane must be rejected, replacing it with pressure (force). Then pressure
    on the new free surface, which is used in both equations (1) and (2), can be calculated

    𝑝0 = 𝑝0′ + 𝜌𝑔ℎ

    Here ℎ refers to the picture (a) of the Figure. Vertical distance from the fluid surface ℎ𝐶𝐺 in the equation (1) also refers
    to the same picture. Alternatively, it would be possible to use a real free surface and pressure 𝑝0′ for calculations, but in
    such case volume 𝑉 would have to extend to this free surface, and ℎ𝐶𝐺 should also be calculated from this free surface.
    Pay attention, that areas 𝐴𝑉 and 𝐴𝐻 does not depend on the selection of free surface. This same general approach can
    also be used for determining the force on curved surfaces of pressurized, closed tanks.
    Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability. Archimedes’ Principle

    When a stationary body is completely submerged in a fluid, or floating so that it


    is only partially submerged, the resultant fluid force acting on the body is called
    the buoyant force. This force can be determined through an approach like that
    used in the previous article for forces on curved surfaces.

    Consider a body of arbitrary shape, having a volume 𝑉 that is immersed in a fluid


    as illustrated in Figure. Note that the forces 𝐹𝑉 (1), 𝐹𝑉 (2) are the forces exerted
    on the body in vertical direction.

    𝐹𝑉 (1) = 𝑝0 𝐴𝐻 + 𝜌𝑔𝑉1 (1)

    𝐹𝑉 (2) = 𝑝0 𝐴𝐻 + 𝜌𝑔𝑉2 (2)

    Here 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 – volumes above respectively Surface 1 and Surface 2, extended to the free surface,

    The resulting force

    𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝑉 (2) − 𝐹𝑉 (1) = 𝑝0 𝐴𝐻 + 𝜌𝑔𝑉2 − 𝑝0 𝐴𝐻 − 𝜌𝑔𝑉1 = 𝜌𝑔(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )

    𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉 (3)
    Here 𝜌 is the density of liquid, and 𝑉 is the volume of body (displaced volume). The buoyant force has a magnitude equal
    to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body and is directed vertically upward. This result is commonly referred to as
    Archimedes’ principle in honour of Archimedes (287–212 B.C.), a Greek mechanician and mathematician who first
    enunciated the basic ideas associated with hydrostatics. The buoyant force passes through the centroid of the displaced
    volume. The point through which the buoyant force acts is called the centre of buoyancy.

    These same results apply to floating bodies which are only partially submerged, if the specific weight of the fluid above
    the liquid surface is very small compared with the liquid in which the body floats. Since the fluid above the surface is
    usually air, for practical purposes this condition is satisfied.

    In the derivations presented above, the fluid is assumed to have a constant density 𝜌. If a body is immersed in a fluid in
    which 𝜌 varies with depth, such as in a layered fluid, the magnitude of the buoyant force remains equal to the weight of
    the displaced fluid. However, the buoyant force does not pass through the centroid of the displaced volume, but rather,
    it passes through the centre of gravity of the displaced volume.

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