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University of Algiers 1 Chimie Minérale Laboratory

Faculty of Science
Department of Material L2 2024-2025
Sciences

PW 02 : Solubility-complex

The purpose of this experiment:


Water is a compound widely used in chemistry and in daily life, particularly as a solvent.

This practical session aims to study and compare the solubility of some chemical elements.

These manipulations will serve to study solubility.:

_ Concept of salt in solution and precipitation.

_ Relationship of solubility and temperature.

_ Relationship of solubility and pH

_ Concept of solubility and complexation.

RAPPELS :

Definition of Solubility:

Solubility is the ability of a substance, called a solute, to dissolve in another substance, called
a solvent, to form a homogeneous mixture called a solution.

Solubility S is the maximum quantity of salt (in mol/l) or (g/l) that can dissolve in the solution.

Example : dissolve the ionic solid with the formula NaCl.

The dissolution is described by the following reaction:

NaCl (solide) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

S moles 0 0
0 moles S moles S moles

We replace in the equation of the solubility product: Ks= S⋅S= S2

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Solution Definition:

A solution consists of a salt called a solute and a liquid called a solvent.

There are two types of solutions:


1. homogeneous solution: it is a mixture of pure bodies. The physicochemical properties
of the solution are the same everywhere.
1. Heterogeneous solution: it is a mixture of two or more phases (liquid, gas, solid). The
physicochemical properties of the different phases are not the same.

The figure below shows the water solubility product at 25°C:

Practical part:
Concept of salt in solution and complexation:
1. Relationship of solubility and temperature:

Fill 1/4 of a test tube with distilled water, add a littel of salt, and shake the solution. Record
your observation.

Then add as many pinches of salt while stirring until it can not dissolve. Conclude

Heat in a bain-marie for 10 minutes. Record your observation.

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2. Precipitation and Characteristics of an Ion in Solution

1. Add to a tube containing a solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3), a few drops of


hydrochloric acid (HCl). Record your observations.
2. Add to a tube containing a solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3), a few drops of (K2CrO4).
Record your observations.
3. Add to a tube containing a solution of (CuCl2), a few drops of silver nitrate. Record your
observations.
4. Add to a tube containing a solution of copper sulphate (CuSO4), a few drops of barium
nitrate (Ba(NO3)2 ). Record your observations.
5. Add to a tube containing a solution of copper chloride (CuCl2), a few drops of barium
nitrate (Ba(NO3)2 ). Record your observations.

3. Relationship of solubility and pH :

Dissolution of calcium carbonate CaCO3 according to pH:

Fill 1/4 of a test tube with distilled water, add a piece of chalk, shake strongly by capping the
tube with your thumb. Record your observation.

1. Add a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid HCl. Record your observation.
2. Then add a few drops of concentrated NaOH until you get a change, which one?

4. Concept of Solubility and complex

1. Add to a tube containing a solution of copper chloride (CuCl2), a few drops of ammonia
NH3 (aq). Record your observations.

ACCOUNT
1/ Describe the experiments and note your observations using a diagram

2/ Give the results of a chemical reaction by specifying its physical state (aqueous (aq) – liquid
(l) – gaseous (g)

with precipitation symbol, rising from a gas « Using solubility table »

………………………………………….

observations using a diagram observations using small paragraph


…………………………………………

…………………………………………

……………………………… chemical reaction ………………………………………………...

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Solubility table:

positives ions (cations)

NH4+ Li+ Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Ba2+ Al3+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Ni2+ Zn2+ Hg2+ Ag+ Sn2+ Pb2+

CH3COO- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● -- ○

NO3- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Cl- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ●
Br- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ●

I- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ -- ○ ○ ● ● ○ ●
négatives ions (anion)

SO42- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ -- ○ ○ ●

SO32- ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● -- -- ● -- -- ● -- ● -- ●

S2- ○ ○ ○ ○ -- -- -- -- ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

CO32- ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● -- ● ● -- ● ● -- ● -- ●

OH- ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

PO43- ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● -- ●

CrO42- ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● -- ● -- ● ● ● ● ● -- ●

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