****DOUBLE CHECK YOUR ANSWER*****

b−a
where : ∆x = and xi = a + i∆x.
Section 6: Applications of Integral n
Z b
V =π [f (x)]2 dx ∆x
a
Sn = [f (x0 ) + 4f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + · · · 4f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )]
3
Z b
[R(x)]2 − [r(x)]2 dx b−a


V =π where : n is even and ∆x = .
a n
b
Section 8.1: Arc Length
Z
W = F (x) dx r  2
a Rb dy
Z x
For y = f (x) from x = a to x = b: L = a
1+ dx dx.
1
W = kx dx = kx2 Parametric
0 2 r curve x = f (t), y = g(t) from t = a to t = b:
 2
dx 2
Rb
+ dy


Section 7: Integration techniques L= a dt dt dt.
Trigonomic: Section 8.5: Probability Density Functions
2 A probability density function (pdf) must satisfy f (x) ≥ 0 and
 cos2 (x) = 1 − sin (x), if n is odd,

Z R∞
m n 2 2 −∞
f (x) dx = 1.
sin (x) cos (x) dx = sin (x) = 1 − cos (x), if m is odd, R∞
 PDF Definition: f (x) is a pdf if f (x) ≥ 0 and −∞ f (x) dx = 1.
half-angle identities, if both even. Rb
Probability Calculation: P (a ≤ X ≤ b) = a f (x) dx.
R∞
Trigonometric Substitution Mean (Expected Value): E(X) = −∞ xf (x) dx.
p Section 10.1: Curves Defined by Parametric Equations
x = a sin θ, a2 − x2 = a cos θ
dx = a cos θ dθ,
p A curve is defined by x = f (t), y = g(t), t ∈ [a, b].
dy
x = a tan θ, dx = a sec2 θ dθ, a2 + x2 = a sec θ dy
Slope of Tangent Line: dx = dxdt
.
p dt

x = a sec θ, dx = a sec θ tan θ dθ, x2 − a2 = a tan θ Section 10.2: Calculus

r with Parametric Curves
R t2 2
 2
dx dy


Rational Functions by Partial Fractions Arc Length: L = t1 dt + dt dt.
0. Use long division if deg(P ) > deg(Q): r  2
dx 2
P (x) R t2
dy
1. For Q(x) where deg(P ) < deg(Q): Surface Area of Revolution: S = 2π t1 y dt + dt dt.
Section 10.3: Polar Coordinates
1 A B r = a cos(θ): Positioned right of the origin. r = −a cos(θ): Posi-
= +
(x − a)(x − b) x−a x−b tioned left of the origin.
r = a sin(θ): Positioned above the origin. r = −a sin(θ): Posi-
2. For repeated linear factors: tioned below the origin. p
1 A1 A2 An Conversion: x = r cos(θ), y = r sin(θ); r = x2 + y 2 ,
= + + ··· + θ = tan−1 xy .


(x − a)n x − a (x − a)2 (x − a)n
dy r ′ sin(θ)+r cos(θ)
Slope: dx = r ′ cos(θ)−r sin(θ) .
3. For irreducible quadratic factors:
Section 10.4: Calculus with Polar Coordinates
1 Ax + B Rβ
Area Enclosed by a Polar Curve: A = 12 α r2 dθ.
= 2
(x2 + bx + c) x + bx + c R β q dr
2
Arc Length in Polar Coordinates: L = α dθ + r2 dθ.
R∞ Rb
• Type 1: f (x) dx or −∞
f (x) dx. For a cardioid r = a(1 + cos θ) or r = a(1 + sin θ), limits of θ
R ab are 0 to 2π.
• Type 2: f (x) dx, where f (x) has a discontinuity within [a, b].
a Section 11.1: Sequences
• Steps:
Rt A sequence {an } is bounded if there exists a real number M such
1. Replace infinite limits: limt→∞ a f (x) dx. that |an | ≤ M for all n.
2. If discontinuous, split at discontinuity. Upper Bound: A real number U such that an ≤ U for all n.
3. Evaluate to check convergence (finite value) or divergence. Lower Bound: A real number L such that an ≥ L for all n.
Approximating definite integral Section 11.2: Series
Sum of an arithmetic sequence: Sn = n2 (2a + (n − 1)d).
Z b n-th term of an arithmetic sequence: an = a + (n − 1)d.
f (x) dx ≈ Mn = ∆x [f (x̄1 ) + f (x̄2 ) + · · · + f (x̄n )] Sum of a geometric sequence: Sn = a 1−r
n

a 1−r for r ̸= 1.

• A p-series 1
P 
b−a np converges if p > 1 and diverges if p ≤ 1;
where : ∆x =
n
• A geometric series
P 
1 arn−1 converges if |r| < 1 and
and : x̄i = (xi−1 + xi ) = midpoint of [xi−1 , xi ] diverges if |r| ≥ 1;
2
∞
X a
∆x arn−1 = for |r| < 1
Tn = [f (x0 ) + 2f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + · · · + 2f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )] 1−r
2 n=1
 Section 11.4: Comparison tests Section 11.10: Taylor Series
Taylor Series: For a function f (x), the Taylor series centered at
Direct Comparison Test: a is:
• If
P P
bn converges and an ≤ bn for all n, then an also
f ′′ (a) f (3) (a)
converges. f (x) = f (a) + f ′ (a)(x − a) + (x − a)2 + (x − a)3 + · · ·
2! 3!
• If
P P
bn diverges and an ≥ bn for all n, then an also di-
verges.
Limit Comparison Test: If limn→∞ abnn = c, where c > 0 is Compute derivatives f (a), f ′ (a), f ′′ (a) → Plug into formula →
finite: Simplify + find pattern → Ratio test to find I.O.C.

• Both series
P P
an and bn converge or diverge together. Maclaurin Series: Taylor series when a = 0:
P∞ Taylor Polynomial: The n-th degree Taylor polynomial for
Alternating Series Test: For n=1 (−1)n−1 bn with bn > 0: f (x) at a is:
• bn+1 ≤ bn for all n.
f ′′ (a) f (n) (a)
• limn→∞ bn = 0. Pn (x) = f (a)+f ′ (a)(x−a)+ (x−a)2 +· · ·+ (x−a)n
2! n!
If both conditions are satisfied, the series converges. Double angle Identities
Ratio Test: Define L = limn→∞ aan+1 n
: sin(2θ) = 2 sin(θ) cos(θ)
cos(2θ) = cos2 (θ) − sin2 (θ)
• If L < 1, the series
P
an converges absolutely.
Pythagorean Identities Half angle Identities
• If L > 1 or L = ∞, the series
P
an diverges.
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 sin2 x = 1−cos(2x)
2
• If L = 1, the test is inconclusive. 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
cos2 x = 1+cos(2x)
1 + cot2 x = csc2 x 2
tan2 x = 1−cos(2x)
p
Root Test: Define L = limn→∞ n |an |: 1+cos(2x)

• If L < 1, the series

P
an converges absolutely.
Differentiation Formulas R Integration Formulas
• If L > 1 or L = ∞, the series
P
an diverges. d
dx (sin x) = cos x c dx = cx + C
d n+1
dx (cos x) = − sin x x dx = xn+1 + C, n ̸= −1
R n
• If L = 1, the test is inconclusive.
d 2
dx (tan x) = sec x
R 1
R xxdx = lnx|x| + C
P
Absolute conv: A series an isPcalled absolutely conver- d 2
gent if the series of absolute values |an | is convergent. dx (cot x) = − csc x e dx = e + C
d x
dx (sec x) = sec x tan x a dx = lna a + C, a > 0, a ̸= 1
R x
d
Section 11.8:Power Series dx (csc x) = − csc x cot x R Trigonometric Integrals
d x x
dx (e ) = e R sin x dx = − cos x + C
A power series about a is given by: d 1
dx (ln x) = x R cos2x dx = sin x + C
R sec2 x dx = tan x + C
d x x
∞ dx (a ) = a ln a
R csc x dx = − cot x + C
X
cn (x − a)n = c0 + c1 (x − a) + c2 (x − a)2 + · · · d 1
dx (loga x) = x ln a
n=0 Chain Rule R sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
P∞ csc
R x cot x dx = − csc x + C
For a power series n=0 cn (x − a)n , there are only three pos- d
= f ′ (g(x)) · g ′ (x) √ 1 dx = arcsin x + C
dx (f (g(x))) 1−x2
sibilities: R
√ 1
1+x2
dx = arctan x + C
1. The series converges only when x = a. Inverse Trigonometric Exponential and Log
d √ 1
dx (arcsin x) =
R x
1−x2 e dx = ex + C
2. The series converges for all x. d √ −1 ax
(arccos x) =
R x
dx 1−x2 R a dx = ln a + C
3. There is a positive number R such that the series converges d
(arctan x) = 1 ln x dx = x ln x − x + C
dx 1+x2
if |x − a| < R and diverges if |x − a| > R.

Series Radius of C Interval of C

P∞ n
n=0 x R=1 (−1, 1)
P∞ (x−3)n
n=1 n R=1 [2, 4]
P∞ n
n=0 n! x R=0 {0}
P∞ n
x
n=0 (2n)! R=∞ (−∞, ∞)
Section 11.9:Functions as Power Series

∞
1 X
= 1 + x + x2 + x3 + · · · = xn for |x| < 1
1−x n=0