C20/25 C25/30

fck = 20Mpa fck = 25Mpa

𝟎.𝟖∗𝟎.𝟖𝟓∗𝟐𝟓 𝟎.𝟖∗𝟎 f .𝟖𝟓∗𝟑𝟎

fck,cube = 25Mpa fck,cube = 30Mpa

𝟏.𝟓 𝟏.𝟓
f = =
cd cd
fcm = 28Mpa fcm = 33Mpa = 13.6Mpa
=
11.33Mpa

fctm = 2.2Mpa = 0.3fck2/3 ≤ C50/C60 fctm = 2.6Mpa = 0.3fck2/3 ≤ C50/C60 ,

fcm fcm
, fctm = εc2(‰) = 2.0
2.12ln(1 + (
10 εcu2(‰) = 3.5
C50/C60

fctk,0.05 = 1.5Mpa
fctk,0.95 = 2.9Mpa
Ecm = 30Gpa

εc2(‰) = 2.0

εcu2(‰) = 3.5

n = 2.0
n = 2.0
εc3(‰) = 1.75
εc3(‰) = 1.75

Stress and Deformation Characteristics of Steel

S-400
S-300
fyk=400Mpa
fyk=300Mpa

𝐟𝐲 𝟒𝟎 = 347.83Mpa 𝐟𝐲 𝟑𝟎
𝐤 =𝟎 𝐤 = 𝟎 = 260.87Mpa
fyd=

𝛄𝐬 𝟏.𝟏 𝛄𝐬 𝟏.𝟏
fyd=

𝟓 𝟓
Es = 200GpEs =200Gpa
)) >
fctm = 2.12ln(1 + (
10
fctk,0.05 = 1.8Mpa

fctk,0.95 = 3.3Mpa
Ecm = 31Gpa
2.1.1 Unit weight of construction material

The material used for this project have the following densities based on EN 1991-1-1-1; 2001
Tables in Annex A.

Table2. 1 Unit weight of construction material

Material Unit Weight (KN/m3)

Concrete 25

Cement Screed 23

Plastering 23

RCC Slab 5.9

Porcelain tiles 27

Ceramic Tiles 23

Aluminum 27

Mortar cement 14

HCB 12
2.1.3 Concrete Cover Design as per ES EN 1992-1-1_2015
The concrete cover is the distance between the surface of the reinforcement closest to the nearest concrete
surface (including links and stirrups and surface reinforcement where relevant) and the nearest concrete
surface.

Nominal cover is designed as maximum cover Cmin plus allowance in design for deviation ∆Cdev .

Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev

Minimum concrete cover, Cmin, shall be provided in order to ensure:

The safe transmission of bond forces

The protection of the steel against corrosion (durability)

An adequate fire resistance

Cmin , Bonding
Cmin, dur + ∆Cdur, γ − ∆Cdur, st − ∆Cdur, add
Cmin = max { Cmin, fire
10mm
Exposure Class: - Environment Afar, Samara

Dry or permanently wet

The concrete exposure class considered for Beam, Slab and Column (super structure) is xc1 and it is xc2
for Foundation (Substructure).

Table2. 2 Exposure class related to environmental condition

Description of the
Exposure Class Structural Members Affected
Environment

Concrete inside building with low air humidity

xc1 Dry or Permanently wet
Beam, Slab Column and Shear/lift/ wall.

surface subjected to long term water contact

xc2 Wet, rarely dry concrete
Foundation (Footing, Retained Wall…)

Exposure classes related to environmental conditions in accordance with ES EN 1992-1-1:2015

In our case for design life of 50 years

For 50 years working life of structure Structural Class is 4 , ES EN 1992-1-1:2015, 4.4.1.2(5)

Foundation

Concrete grade C25/30 , ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 Annex E Concrete cover (assume for 50 years)

Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev , ES EN 1992-1-1:2015(4.1)

Cmin, b

{
Cmin = max Cmin, dur + ∆Cdur, γ − ∆Cdur, st − ∆Cdur, add

Cmin, fire 10mm

where:

Cmin,b minimum cover due to bond requirement, see ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 4.4.1.2 (3)

Cmin,dur minimum cover due to environmental conditions, see ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 4.4.1.2 (5)

ΔCdur,γ additive safety element, see ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 4.4.1.2 (6)

ΔCdur,st reduction of minimum cover for use of stainless steel, see ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 4.4.1.2
(7)

ΔCdur,add reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection, see ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
4.4.1.2 (8)

Foundation column

Cmin,b = Ø bar =20mm ( Assume Øbar for footing = 20mm) Cmin,dur =25mm(Depends on
exposure class and structural class) Recommended values for ΔCdur,γ , ΔCdur,st , ΔCdur,add = 0

∆Cdev = 10mm, see ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 4.4.1.3 (1)

Concrete Cover design for Fire Resistance

Minimum cover for fire resistance , EN 1992-1-2:2014 Table 5.8 REI (60 Minutes)

One way, a = 20mm

Two way, ly/lx ≤ 1.5 , a = 10mm

1.5 < ly/lx ≤ 2 , a =15mm

Max a = 20mm

a ≥ Cnom + Ølink + Øbar/2

20 ≥ Cnom + 12 + 16/2 0 ≥ Cnom

Cnom ≤ 0

Hence,

20mm

25mm + 0 + 0 + 0

Cmin = max{ 010mm

Cmin = 25mm

Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev = 25 + 10 = 35mm

But according to Article 4.4.1.3(4) for concrete cast against uneven surface the nominal cover
should be at least K1,mm for concrete cast against prepared ground (including bonding).

Note: - The value of K1, for use in a country may be found in its national Annex. The
recommended Value K1=40mm

And K2=75mm for concrete cast directly against soil.

Therefore use =40 mm (for Substructure like Foundation and Retained wall)

Footing (Substructure) C25/30, use bars Ø = 20mm Exposure class Xc2 Structural class S4

Using table 4.4N Cmin,dur =25mm

20mm

25mm + 0 + 0 + 0

Cmin = max{ 0

10mm

Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev =25+10=35mm

K1=40mm, K2= 75mm (if not used lean) Therefore use Cnom = 40mm (for footing
Slab

Exposure Class Xc1 (dry or Permanent wet) Structural class need to be adjusted from table 4.3N

Members with slab geometry, reduce Structure Class by 1

S4→S3

From table 4.4N using S3 and Xc1 Cmin,dur =10mm

12mm

10mm + 0 + 0 + 0

Cmin = max{ 10mm 10mm

Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev = 12+8 = 20mm (∆Cdev is between 0 and 10mm)

Beam, stair and Column (Super structure)

Nominal aggregate size is less than 32 mm.

If the nominal maximum aggregate size is greater than 32mm,

Cmin, b should be increased by 5mm.

In our case aggregate size less than 32mm, Cmin,dur =15

Exposure class XC1 and structure class S4

14mm

15mm + 0 − 0 − 0

Cmin = max{ 10mm 12mm

Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev =15+10=25mm (Concrete cover for Beam , stair and Column).

Summary
Table2. 3 summery of concert cover

Structural Member Nominal Concrete Cover(mm)

Footing and Foundation column 40
Slab 20
Beam, stair and Column 25

2.1.4 Section Property Beam Cross Section

The cross section being used for the design of beams is: b=300mm D = 400mm

D = 400mm

d’

b = 300mm
Column Layout and
Cross Section

C1 C2 C3 C4

C5 C6 C7 C8

C9 C10 C11 C12

C13 C14 C15 C16

The column cross section applied for the design column is: B = 400mm H = 400mm
 2.1.5
C1 C2 C3

C4
P P

C5

P P P

C6
P P P

C9 C8 C7
Loads and Load Combination

Structures are subjected to loads due to their own self-weight, live load and due to other unavoidable loads;
such as lateral and dynamic loads. The establishment of this loads which is acting on a structure is one of the most
difficult and yet important steps in the design process. The loads that act on a structure can be classified into three
categories: dead loads, live loads and environmental loads. Since the method of analysis is the same for each
category of loading, all loads can be combined before analysis is performed by the use of ETABS software. However,
separate analyses are usually carried out to facilitate the consideration of various load combinations. EBCS EN
provides design guidance for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works. It also provides

 Characteristic values for densities of specific building materials

 Methods for the assessment of the characteristic values of self-weight (dead load) of
construction elements
 Characteristic values of imposed (live loads) on floors and roofs in building structures

Dead Loads
Page 61
Dead loads are loads that act on structures as a result of the self-weight of the structure itself and
components that are immovable fixtures and permanent components remain stationary and relatively
constant over time. Examples of dead loads are the weights of the structural members such as beams, floor
slabs, columns and walls, the weight of permanent partitions, plaster board, roof materials, and ceilings and
of fixed service equipment.

Unit weights of materials taken from ESEN 1992: 2014 are used to compute these dead loads of the
structure.

Live Loads (Movable, Time dependent)

Examples for live loads are weight of persons, movable partitions, dust loads, weight of furniture etc.
Movable loads are those for which change in position take place over an extended period of time such as
people, merchandise, non-fixed furniture and equipment, stored material in a warehouse and movable
partitions in an office building. The live loads on a structure can be obtained from ES EN 1991-1-1:
2014 based on the function of building. According to table 6.1in

ES EN 1991-1-1: 2014 Sec 6.3.1.1

Page 62
 Function Category qk [KN/m2] Qk

Kitchen A 2.0 to 4.0 3.0 to 4.0

Laundry A 2.0 to 3.0 2.0 to 4.0

Shower A 2.0 to 3.0 2.0 to 3.0

Bed room A 2.0 to 3.0 2.0 to 3.0

Living Room A 2.0 to 2.5 2.0 to 3.0

Balcony A 2.5 to 4.0 2.0 to 3.0

Corridor C3 3.0 to 5.0 4.0 to 7.0

Landing A 3.0 to 4.0 2.0 to 3.0

Toilet A 2.0 to 4.0 2.0 to 3.0

Shop D1 4.0 to 5.0 4.0 to 7.0

Floor A 1.5 to2.0 2.0 to 3.0

Stairs A 2.0 to 4.0 2.0 to 4.0

Load Determination

We determine the combination we were going to use. The combinations were as follows:

Serviceability Limit State (SLS) =D.L+L.L

U l t i m a t e L i m i t s t a t e ( U L S ) =1.35 D.L+1.5L.L

Page 63
 Slab Analysis and Design
A reinforced concrete slab is a broad, flat plate, with top and bottom surfaces parallel. It is used to provide flat
surfaces mainly for roofs and floors of buildings, parking lots, roadways

and so on.

It may be supported by reinforced concrete beams, by masonry or reinforced

concrete Columns or continuously by the ground Beams (and is poured
monolithically)

3.1.1 etermining the loads

Slabs support area loads. The loads carried by slabs are of two types. These are live load and dead load.

Live load

Live load or imposed loads are loads on the structure are those arising from occupancy. They depend on the
particular function of the slab. To determine the live load on a slab, we first determine its occupancy or function. ES-
1991 Part 1-1 Table 6.1 puts possible buildings occupancy in different Categories. ES EN- 1991 Part 1-1 Table 6.2
also gives the respective live load value for each category. We will take this area loads and place them on each slab
according to their category.

Depth determination

C20/25 - cylindrical compressive strength = 20Mpa fck = 20 Mpa

fyk = 400 Mpa

3.1.2 etermining the loads

Slabs support area loads. The loads carried by slabs are of two types. These are live load and dead load.

Live load

Live load or imposed loads are loads on the structure are those arising from occupancy. They depend on the

Page 64
particular function of the slab. To determine the live load on a slab, we first determine its occupancy or function. ES-

Page 65
 1991 Part 1-1 Table 6.1 puts possible buildings occupancy in different Categories. ES EN- 1991 Part 1-1 Table 6.2
also gives the respective live load value for each category. We will take this area loads and place them on each slab
according to their category.

Depth determination

C20/25 - cylindrical compressive strength = 20Mpa fck = 20 Mpa

fyk = 400 Mpa

In order to determine the depth of the slab, first it is needed to find concrete cover and effective
depth since total depth, D=effective depth (d) +Clear concrete cover+ Φlong/2

According to ES EN 1992:2015; the limit state of deformation may be checked by either:

 By limiting the span/depth ratio, according to 7.4.2 or

 By comparing a calculated deflection, according to 7.4.3, with a limit value

𝐴𝑟𝑡. 7.4.2 (7.16𝑎) and 7.4.2 (7.16𝑏) respectively.

Where;
 l/d - is the limit span/depth
 K -is the factor to take into account the different structural systems
 ρo - is the reference reinforcement ratio=10-3√fck
 ρ- is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the
design loads (at support for cantilevers)
 ρ’ - is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due
to design loads (at support for cantilevers) fck is in MPa units.
 310 500
s,req
F1= =
σs fyk∗

s,prev
 F2=0.8, for flanged sections where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib breadth
exceeds 3. Otherwise; F2=1 for other cases.
  F3=7/leff, for beams and slabs, other than flat slabs, with spans exceeding 7 m, which
support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections (leff in meters, see Art.
5.3.2.2 (1)).or F3=8.5/leff, for flat slabs where the greater span exceeds 8.5 m, and which
support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections (leff in meters).
Otherwise; F3=1 for both cases

Assumption: Initially we can’t know ρ and ρ’. So, let’s assume ρ= ρo and use equation 7.16a. As,
req = As, provided.

l/d=k[11+1.5√fck(ρo/ρ)+3.2√fck(ρo/ρ−1)3/2]∗F1∗F2∗F3................𝑖𝑓𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑜,𝐴𝑟𝑡. 7.4.2 (7.16𝑎)

l/d=K∗N∗F1∗F2∗F3, where: -
 N=11+1.5√fck(ρo/ρ)+3.2√fck(ρo/ρ−1)3/2 But ρo=ρ(assumption)

 ρo=√fck∗10−3=√20∗10−3=0.447%

 N=11+1.5√fck=11+1.5√20=11.71 F1= 310= 500

500/400=1.25
Now: determine k using table 7.4N of ES EN 1992:2015
Basic ratios of span/effective depth for reinforced concrete members without axial compression

Table4. 1; basic ratio of effective depth for reinforced concrete

K Concrete highly Concrete lightly

stressed stressed
Structural System

Simply supported beam, one- or 1.0 14 20

two-way spanning simply supported slab

End span of continuous beam or 1. 18 26

one-way continuous slab or two- way 3

spanning slab continuous over

Interior span of beam or one-way or two- 1.5 20 30

way spanning slab

Slab supported on columns without beams 1.2 17 24

(flat slab) (based on longer

Cantilever 0.4 6 8